Lektion 9
In hac lectione discetis:
- Samāhāradvandva ("Dvandva collectio")
- Nominalium radicum formationes cum suffixis -ka (taddhita) et -aka (kṛt)
- Lexica ad argumentum officia et roles sociales
- Citationes e textibus classicis iuris (Dharmaśāstras)
9.1. Samāhāradvandva (समाहारद्वन्द्व = "Zusammenfassungsdvandva")
Si Dvandva exprimere vult quod series rerum etc. unitatem constituat, tum in genere neutro numero singulari ponitur:
z.B. āhāra-nidrā-maithuna-bhayam = आहारनिद्रामैथुनभयम् non simpliciter significat "cibum (āhāra m.), somnum (nidrā f.), coitum (maithuna n.) et timorem (bhaya n.)", sed has quattuor ut unitatem, quae vitam bestialem characterizat.
Praeter hanc regulam primam ad formandos Samāhāradvandvas, aliae quoque regulae sunt, quae apud Pāṇinum 2,4,2-17 vel exempli gratia Mr. R. Kale, A higher Sanskrit grammar, reprint 1969, § 189 - 192 a inveniri possunt. In variis gradibus evolutionis linguae non semper eadem regulae servatae sunt!
9.2. De formatione stemmatium nominalium
9.2.1. -ka (taddhita)
Suffixum taddhita -ka praebet, inter alia:
1. Diminutiva (formae diminutivae ut Latine -ulus, -iculus, -ellus, -ulus):
putra m. "filius" » putraka m. पुत्रक "filiolus"
2. Nomina, quae similitudinem approximativam significant:
aśva m. "equus" » aśvaka m. अश्वक "pullus, res equo similis"
3. Nomina sine differentia significati ad nomen subiectum:
putraka m. पुत्रक = putra m. पुत्र
4. Nomina, quae exprimunt "ad notionem radicis verbi pertinentia":
kāśi f. "Benares" » kāśika 3 काशिक "nativus Benares, oriundus Benares"
rūpa n. "forma" » rūpaka 3 रूपक "formam alicuius habens"
9.2.2. -aka (kṛt), fem. oft -ikā
Suffixum kṛt -aka, femininum saepe -ikā, nomina agentis (nomina, quae agentem exprimunt) ad omnes radices format.
Vocalis finalis radicis, necnon -a- in penultima syllaba radicis, per gradum productiōnis (vṛddhi) mutantur (sunt nonnullae exceptiones); ceterae vocales per gradum elevātum (guṇa) mutantur.
Exempla:
| Wurzel धातु | + -aka / -ikā (kṛt) | Bedeutung |
|---|---|---|
| kṛ 8 U कृ "machen" | kāraka (कारक) | "Bewirker, machend" |
| śru 5 P श्रु "hören" | śrāvaka m. (श्रावक) | "Hörer, Schüler, buddh.: Anhänger des Buddha" |
| nī 1 U नी "führen" | nāyaka m. (नायक) / nāyikā f. (नायिका) | "Führer, Gebieter, Gatte, Liebhaber / Geliebte, Dame" |
| yaj 1 U यज् "opfern" | yājaka m. (याजक) | "Opferer, Opferpriester" |
| nṛt 4 P नृत् "tanzen" | nartaka m. (नर्तक) / nartakī f. (नर्तकी) | "Tänzer / Tänzerin" |
| ji 1 P जि "siegen" | jayaka 3 (जयक) | "siegreich" |
Quaedam horum compositionum angustius significant: "quod per radicem expressum consuetudinarie vel ut officium vel bene faciens".
vide supra e.g. śrāvaka, yājaka, jayaka
Exempla:
| Wurzel धातु | + -aka (kṛt) | Bedeutung |
|---|---|---|
| kṛṣ 6 U कृष् "pflügen" | kṛṣaka m. (कृषक) | "Ackerbauer" (tiefstufig!) |
| kliś 9 P क्लिशु "quälen" | kleśaka m. (क्लेशक) | "Quäler" |
| khād 1 P खाद् "kauen, essen" | khādaka m. (खादक) | "Esser, Fresser" |
Praeterea sunt nonnullae usus minus importantes suffixi -aka. Vgl. Wackernagel, Altindische Grammatik, II, §45ff.
9.3. Vocabularium
Haec verba discite:
- adhyayana n. (अध्ययन) : Discere, praesertim Vedarum studium
Fig.: adhyayana = अध्ययन, Sri Skandaguru Vidyalayam, Tiruparankundram prope Madaiam.
(Fons imaginis: Details)
- kāru m. / kāruka m. (कारु / कारुक) : artifex
Fig.: kāru = कारु, Gujarat.
(Fons imaginis: Detalia)
- kuśīlava m. (कुशीलव) : (ambulant) spectaculi magister, actor, cantor
- kusīda n. (कुसीद) : usura
- kṛṣ 1 P (karṣati) कृष् कर्षति : trahere
- kṛṣ 6 U (kṛṣati) कृष् कृषति : arare
- unde: kṛṣi f. / kṛṣikā f. (कृषि / कृषिका) : agricultura
- dāna n. (दान) : dandum, donum, largitas
- pratigraha m. (प्रतिग्रह) : accipere, donum
- pravacana n. (प्रवचन) : oratio, (oralis) doctrina
- pāśupālya n. (पाशुपाल्य) : pecorum custodia, pecorum educatio
- ad yaj 1 U:
- ijyā f. (इज्या) : sacrificium (ex *yj » ij + suffixo yā)
- yajana n. (यजन) : sacrificium pro alio
- rūpa n. (रूप) : aspectus, forma, forma pulchra, natura, essentia
- vāṇijya n. / vāṇijyā f. / vaṇijyā f. (वाणिज्य / वाणिज्या / वणिज्या) : mercatura
- śuśrūṣā f. (शुश्रूषा) : oboedientia, obsequium
9.4. Exercitium
A) Conare possibile significata sequentium verborum determinare:
1. brāhmāṇaka ब्राह्मणक
2. mati मति
3. śravaṇa श्रवण
4. dhenuka m. धेनुका
5. jayaka जयक
6. rakṣikā रक्षिका
7. karṣaka कर्षक
Fig.: karṣaka = कर्षक.
(Fons imaginis: Detalia)
8. kleśa (क्लेश)
9. nāyikātva (नायिकात्व)
10. tantraka (तन्त्रक)
11. nartaka (f. nartakī) (नर्तक / नर्तकी)
12. naraka (नरक)
13. lābhaka (लाभक)
14. īśvaratā (ईश्वरता)
15. dhenukā f. (धेनुका)
16. yodhaka (योधक)
17. kopa (कोप)
18. veśaka (वेशक)
19. darśaka (दर्शक)
20. kopaka (कोपक)
B) Translate:
Officia bis-natorum:
ijyādhyayanadānāni
इज्याध्ययनदानानि
(Yājñavalkyadharmaśāstra I, 118)Officia specifica Brahmanici:
pravacanayājanapratigrahāḥ
प्रवचनयाजनप्रतिग्रहाः
(Gautamadharmasūtra X, 2)Officia specifica Kṣatriya:
rakṣaṇaṃ sarvabhūtānām
रक्षणं सर्वभूतानाम्
(sarvabhūtānām = Genitivus (casus obliquus): "omnium entium"; Gautamadharmasūtra X, 7)Officia specifica Vaiśya:
kṛṣivāṇijyapāśupālyakusīdam
कृषिवाणिज्यपाशुपाल्यकुसीदम्
(secundum Gautamadharmasūtra X, 49)Officia Śūdrae:
dvijātīnāṃ śuśrūṣā vārttā kārukuśīlavakarma ca.
द्विजातीनां शुश्रूषा वार्त्ता कारुकुशीलवकर्म च
(secundum Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra 1.3.8.)
Explicatio: dvijātīnām = Genitivus (casus obliquus) pluralis ad dvijāti (hic translate: "contra bis natos"); kārukuśīlavakarma est Tatpuruṣa cum Dvandva (kārukuśīlava) in membro anteriori. karma = Nominativus singularis ad karman n. "factum, operatio, Karma" ad radicem kṛ 8 U). Translate "factum / operatio ... (Genitivus)" (per Dvandva designatis).kṛṣiḥ pāśupālyaṃ vāṇijyā ca vārttā.
कृषिः पाशुपाल्यं वाणिज्या च वार्त्ता ।
(secundum Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra 1.4.1.)