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Ukwenzeka
Isifundo 9
9.1. I-Samāhāradvandva (समाहारद्वन्द्व = "I-Samāhāradvandva yokuhlanganisa")
Uma i-Dvandva kufanele ukukhombisa ukuthi uhla lweminto njll. lwakha yunithi, ngokuvamile lisebenzisa isimo se-Singular Neutrum:
isib. āhāra-nidrā-maithuna-bhayam = आहारनिद्रामैथुनभयम् akusho nje "ukudla (āhāra m.), ukulala (nidrā f.), ukudibana (maithuna n.) nobuhlungu (bhaya n.)", kodwa lezi ezine njenge-yunithi eyichaza impilo yezilwane.
Ngaphezu kwaleyo mthetho eyisisekelo yokwakhiwa kwe-Samāhāradvandvas, kunemithetho eminingi eyengeziwe ongayithola ku-Pāṇini 2,4,2-17 noma isib. ku-Mr. R. Kale, A higher Sanskrit grammar, reprint 1969, § 189 - 192 a. Akuvami ukuthi imithetho efanayo igcinwe ezinyathelweni ezahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwesiZwi!
9.2. Ngokwakhiwa kwamaNominal stems
9.2.1. -ka (taddhita)
Isuffix ye-taddhita -ka yakha phakathi kwako:
1. I-Diminutives (amafomu okunciphisa afana ne- -chen, -lein, -li, -le ngesiJamuzi):
putra m. "indodana" » putraka m. पुत्रक "indodana encane"
2. Izibizo ezichaza ukufana okulinganiselwe:
aśva m. "inja" » aśvaka m. अश्वक "inja encane, into efana nenja"
3. Izibizo ezingenalo umehluko wensimbi ezibizayo:
putraka m. पुत्रक = putra m. पुत्र
4. Izibizo ezikhombisa "zihlobene nencazelo yomgomo wesigaba":
kāśi f. "i-Benares" » kāśika 3 काशिक "ozalelwe e-Benares, ovela e-Benares"
rūpa n. "isimo" » rūpaka 3 रूपक "onesimo sominto"
9.2.2. -aka (kṛt), ifem. ngokuvamile -ikā
Isuffix kṛt -aka, ifem. ngokuvamile -ikā, yakha izigama zomsebenzi (izigama eziveza umenzi) kuyo yonke impande.
Ivokhali yokugcina yempande kanye -a- endaweni yesibili ukusuka ekugcineni yempande zifaka indawo yazo yokwandisa (vṛddhi) (kunezizathu ezimbalwa), amavokhali asele afaka indawo yabo ephezulu (guṇa).
Izibonelo:
| Impande धातु | + -aka / -ikā (kṛt) | Incazelo |
|---|---|---|
| kṛ 8 U कृ "wenza" | kāraka (कारक) | "Umwenzi, owenza" |
| śru 5 P श्रु "lalela" | śrāvaka m. (श्रावक) | "Umlaleli, ufundi, buddh.: Umlandeli kaBuddha" |
| nī 1 U नी "khokhela" | nāyaka m. (नायक) / nāyikā f. (नायिका) | "Umkhokheli, uMbusi, indoda yomshado, Umthandekayo / Umthandazekayo, uMakazi" |
| yaj 1 U यज् "nikela" | yājaka m. (याजक) | "Umuniki, umphristi weminikelo" |
| nṛt 4 P नृत् "dansa" | nartaka m. (नर्तक) / nartakī f. (नर्तकी) | "Umdansi / Umdansikazi" |
| ji 1 P जि "phumelela" | jayaka 3 (जयक) | "ophumelelayo" |
Ezinye zalezi zakhiwo zinencazelo emfushane: "owenza ngokuvamile noma njengesibopho noma kahle into evinjelwe yimpande."
bheka phezuma isib. śrāvaka, yājaka, jayaka
Izibonelo:
| Impande धातु | + -aka (kṛt) | Incazelo |
|---|---|---|
| kṛṣ 6 U कृष् "phula" | kṛṣaka m. (कृषक) | "Umhlali" (isigaba esiphansi!) |
| kliś 9 P क्लिशु "bulala" | kleśaka m. (क्लेशक) | "Ubulali" |
| khād 1 P खाद् "chitha, dla" | khādaka m. (खादक) | "Udli, udli" |
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona okunye ukusetshenziswa okubaluleke kancane kwesijobelelo -aka. Qhathanisa noWackernagel, Altindische Grammatik, II, §45ff.
9.3. Woordelys
Funda amagama alandelayo:
adhyayana n. (अध्ययन) : Leer, veral Vedastudie
Afbeelding: adhyayana = अध्ययन, Sri Skandaguru Vidyalayam, Tiruparankundram by Madurai.
(Beeldbron: Details)
kāru m. / kāruka m. (कारु / कारुक) : ambagsman
Afbeelding: kāru = कारु, Gujarat.
(Beeldbron: Details)
kuśīlava m. (कुशीलव) : (omzwervende) vertoonman, akteur, sanger
kusīda n. (कुसीद) : woeker
kṛṣ 1 P (karṣati) कृष् कर्षति : trek
kṛṣ 6 U (kṛṣati) कृष् कृषति : ploeg
daarvandaan: kṛṣi f. / kṛṣikā f. (कृषि / कृषिका) : landbou
dāna n. (दान) : gee, gawe, vrygewigheid
pratigraha m. (प्रतिग्रह) : ontvang, geskenk
pravacana n. (प्रवचन) : rede, (mondelinge) onderrig
pāśupālya n. (पाशुपाल्य) : veehouery, veeboerdery
vir yaj 1 U:
ijyā f. (इज्या) : offer (uit *yj » ij + suffix yā)
yajana n. (यजन) : offer in opdrag van iemand anders
rūpa n. (रूप) : voorkoms, vorm, mooi vorm, natuur, wese
vāṇijya n. / vāṇijyā f. / vaṇijyā f. (वाणिज्य / वाणिज्या / वणिज्या) : handel
śuśrūṣā f. (शुश्रूषा) : gehoorsaamheid, gehoorsame diens
9.4. Oefening
A) Zama ukunquma izincazelo ezingaba khona zamagama alandelayo:
1. brāhmāṇaka ब्राह्मणक
2. mati मति
3. śravaṇa श्रवण
4. dhenuka m. धेनुका
5. jayaka जयक
6. rakṣikā रक्षिका
7. karṣaka कर्षक
Isithombe: karṣaka = कर्षक.
(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)
8. kleśa (क्लेश)
9. nāyikātva (नायिकात्व)
10. tantraka (तन्त्रक)
11. nartaka (f. nartakī) (नर्तक / नर्तकी)
12. naraka (नरक)
13. lābhaka (लाभक)
14. īśvaratā (ईश्वरता)
15. dhenukā f. (धेनुका)
16. yodhaka (योधक)
17. kopa (कोप)
18. veśaka (वेशक)
19. darśaka (दर्शक)
20. kopaka (कोपक)
B) Hlola ukuthi:
Imisebenzi yonke yabazalwe kabili:
ijyādhyayanadānāni
इज्याध्ययनदानानि
(Yājñavalkyadharmaśāstra I, 118)Imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yomBrahman:
pravacanayājanapratigrahāḥ
प्रवचनयाजनप्रतिग्रहाः
(Gautamadharmasūtra X, 2)Imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ye-Kṣatriya:
rakṣaṇaṃ sarvabhūtānām
रक्षणं सर्वभूतानाम्
(sarvabhūtānām = Genitive (case of possession): "yonke izinto eziphilayo"; Gautamadharmasūtra X, 7)Imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ye-Vaiśya:
kṛṣivāṇijyapāśupālyakusīdam
कृषिवाणिज्यपाशुपाल्यकुसीदम्
(ngokuka-Gautamadharmasūtra X, 49)Imisebenzi ye-Śūdra:
dvijātīnāṃ śuśrūṣā vārttā kārukuśīlavakarma ca.
द्विजातीनां शुश्रूषा वार्त्ता कारुकुशीलवकर्म च
(ngokuka-Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra 1.3.8.)
Incazelo: dvijātīnām = Genitive (case of possession) plural ye-dvijāti (hloboza lapha: "ngokubhekisele kowabazalwe kabili"); kārukuśīlavakarma yi-Tatpuruṣa ene-Dvandva (kārukuśīlava) engqamulweni lokuqala. karma = Nom. sg. ye-karman n. "umsebenzi, ukusebenza, i-Karma" ku-root kṛ 8 U). Hloboza "umsebenzi / ukusebenza kwab... (Genitive)" (okuchazwe yi-Dvandva).kṛṣiḥ pāśupālyaṃ vāṇijyā ca vārttā.
कृषिः पाशुपाल्यं वाणिज्या च वार्त्ता ।
(ngokwe-Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra 1.4.1.)