Lesson 13

13.1. PPP on -na-

No fixed rules can be established for the distribution of PPPs in -ta- versus -na-. However:

Almost all roots ending in -d form the PPP with -na-. In this case, -d-n- is replaced by -n-n-, which does not otherwise occur in word sandhi, but rather constitutes an imitation of sentence sandhi.

Example:
pad 4 Ā PPP: panna 3 = पन्न

13.2. Further on the Usage of the PPP

1. The PPP of verbs meaning "to think", "to wish", "to know", "to be acquainted with", "to revere" as well as some other verbs marked by ñi in the Dhātupāṭha, the root list of Pāṇini, does not only have a past tense meaning but can also be used with present-tense meaning:
e.g.

इष्ट "desired" (i.e. not only desired in the past, but also in the present)
त्वरित "hurrying, hasty" (PPP to tvar 1 Ā "to hurry"; Dhātupāṭha: ñitvárā)

2. The PPP can be used attributively as an adjective:
e.g.

इष्टं फलम् "the desired fruit (e.g. of actions)"

If in this case अपि follows the PPP, then अपि has the meaning "although":
e.g.

इष्टमपि फलं न लभते = "Although he desires the fruit, he does not obtain it."

3. The neuter singular of the PPP of any verb can also be used as a verbal abstract:
e.g.

गत n.: "the going, the walk"
नृत्त n.: "the dancing, the dance"

13.3. Attributive Determinations of Nouns (Word Order)

Attributes (modifiers) appear in prose before the word they modify, following normal word order. Adjectival attributes agree with the noun in number, case, and gender:

Example:

साधुरिष्टं फलं पश्यति = "A holy person sees the desired fruit (of his works)."

13.4. Formation of Adjectives in -mant and -vant (taddhita)

Using the taddhita suffixes -mant or -vant, possessive adjectives are formed from nouns. Their meaning is: "possessing that which is denoted by the underlying noun."

vant attaches to nouns whose final or penultimate sound is a, ā, or m, as well as to nouns ending in a stop consonant; otherwise -mant usually attaches.

Examples:

पशुमन्त् "possessing cattle"

गुणवन्त् "possessing good qualities / virtue"

13.5. Stem Gradation of Nouns

Stems in -mant or -vant belong to nominal stems with stem gradation.

For nominal stems with stem gradation, one distinguishes between strong and weak cases (vibhakti). In the strong cases, the stem-forming suffix — for root nouns, the root-like component — appears in the guṇa or vṛddhi grade; in weak cases, it appears in the zero-grade.

Strong cases are:

	Singular एकवचन	Dual द्विवचन	Plural बहुवचन
For Masculines and Feminines पुंस्, स्त्री	Nominative प्रथमा Accusative द्वितीया Vocative सम्बोधनप्रथमा	Nominative प्रथमा Accusative द्वितीया Vocative सम्बोधनप्रथमा	Nominative प्रथमा Vocative सम्बोधनप्रथमा
For Neuters नपुंसक	—	—	Nominative प्रथमा Accusative द्वितीया Vocative सम्बोधनप्रथमा

All other cases are weak.

As the first member of a compound, a noun with stem gradation appears in the weak stem (in the so-called middle for three-stem nouns).

13.6. On Word Sandhi

The following laws of word sandhi are necessary for understanding the individual forms of declension of nouns ending in -mant and -vant:

1. Number of final consonants in a word: If a word would end with two or more consonants, only the first consonant is retained; the others are dropped. The combination -r- + consonant is permitted.

2. A voiceless stop becomes a voiced stop corresponding to it when preceding another voiced stop (not nasal):

Examples:

t + bh- » -d-bh- द्भ्

k + bh- » -g-bh- ग्भ्

c + bh- » -g-bh- ग्भ्

c + dh- » -g-dh- ग्ध्

13.7. Case Endings of Consonant Stems

For consonant-final stems:

• the ending of the accusative (dvitīyā) plural masculine and feminine is -as.
• in regularly formed stems, the neuter nominative (prathamā) and accusative (dvitīyā) singular are without ending.
• in regularly formed stems, the neuter nominative and accusative plural ending is -i.

13.8. Declension of Stems in -mant and -vant

• strong stem: noun + -mant- / -vant-
• weak stem: noun + -mat- / -vat- (from: *-mnt- / *-vnt-)

		Masculine		Neuter
Singular एकवचन	Nominative प्रथमा	paśu-mān पशुमान्	guṇa-vān गुणवान्	paśu-mat पशुमत्	guṇa-vat गुणवत्
	Accusative द्वितीया	paśu-mant-am पशुमन्तम्	guṇa-vant-am गुणवन्तम्	paśu-mat पशुमत्	guṇa-vat गुणवत्
	Instrumental तृतीया	paśu-mat-ā पशुमता	guṇa-vat-ā गुणवता	paśu-mat-ā पशुमता	guṇa-vat-ā गुणवता
Plural बहुवचन	Nominative प्रथमा	paśu-mant-as पशुमन्तस्	guṇa-vant-as गुणवन्तस्	paśu-mant-i पशुमन्ति	guṇa-vant-i गुणवन्ति
	Accusative द्वितीया	paśu-mat-as पशुमतस्	guṇa-vat-as गुणवतस्	paśu-mant-i पशुमन्ति	guṇa-vant-i गुणवन्ति
	Instrumental तृतीया	paśu-mad-bhis पशुमद्भिस्	guṇa-vad-bhis गुणवद्भिस्	paśu-mad-bhis पशुमद्भिस्	guṇa-vad-bhis गुणवद्भिस्

Feminine:

The feminine stem of the stems in -mant- and -vant- ends in -mat-ī or -vat-ī. The declension follows that of devī, i.e., there is no stem gradation.

Example:

• paśumatī, guṇavatī पशुमती गुणवती

13.9. Vocabulary List

Learn the following words:

eva एव : emphasizes the preceding word
asura m. असुर : demon

ASURA. 'Spiritual, divine.'

In the oldest parts of the Ṛgveda this term is used for the supreme spirit, and is the same as the Ahura of the Zoroastrians. In the sense of 'god' it was applied to several of the chief deities, as to Indra, Agni, and Varuṇa. It afterwards acquired an entirely opposite meaning, and came to signify, as now, a demon or enemy of the gods.

The word is found with this signification in the later parts of the Ṛgveda, particularly in the last book, and also in the Atharvaveda. The Brāhmaṇas attach the same meaning to it, and record many contests between the Asuras and the gods. According to the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, the breath (asu) of Prajapati became alive, and "with that breath he created me Asuras." In another part of the same work it is said that Prajāpati "became pregnant. He created Asuras from his abdomen." The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa accords with the former statement, and states that "he created Asuras from his lower breath." The Taittirīya Āraṇyaka represents that Prajāpati created gods, men, fathers, Gandharvas, and Apsarases from water, and that the Asuras, Rakṣasas, and piśācas sprang from the drops which were spilt. Manu's statement is that they were created by the Prajāpatis.

According to the Viṣṇu Purāṇa, they were produced from the groin of Brahma (prajāpati). The account of the Vāyu Purāṇa is: "Asuras were first produced as sons from his (Prajāpati's) groin. Asu is declared by Brāhmaṇa to mean breath. From it these beings were produced; hence they are Asuras." The word has long been used as a general name for the enemies of the gods, including the Daityas and Danavas and other descendants of Kaśyapa, but not including the Rakṣasas descended from Pulastya.

In this sense a different derivation has been found for it: the source is no longer asu, 'breath,' but the initial a is taken as the negative prefix, and asura signifies 'not a god;' hence, according to some, arose the word sura, commonly used for 'a god.'"

[Source: Dowson, John (1820–1881): A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]

Fig.: महिषासुरः
(Image source: Details)

guṇa m. गुण : thread, cord; quality, good quality
pad 4 Ā (padyate), Pass.: padyate, PPP panna पद् पद्यते पद्यते पन्न : to go, to fall into
as 2 P (asti) अस् अस्ति : to be, to exist
as 4 P (asyati), Pass.: asyate, PPP asta अस् अस्यति अस्यते अस्त : to throw, (away-)cast
i 2 P (eti), Pass.: īyate, PPP ita इ एति ईयते इत : to go
pā 2 P (pāti), Pass. pāyate, PPP pāta पा पाति पायते पात : to protect, to guard

pā 1 P (pibati), Pass. pīyate, PPP pīta पा पिबति पीयते पीत : to drink (traditionally counted in the 1st class)

dviṣ 2 U (dveṣṭi), Pass. dviṣyate, PPP dviṣṭa द्विष् द्वेष्टि द्विष्यते द्विष्ट : to hate, to be hostile towards
ad 2 P (atti), Pass. adyate, PPP anna अद् अत्ति अद्यते अन्न : to eat, to consume
anna n. अन्न : food (from PPP: *ad-na: that which is eaten)

Fig.: अन्नम्
(Image source: Details)

Word formation:

pad 4 Ā:

pada n. पद : step, position, place

pāda m. पाद : foot, a quarter, verse line

Fig.: चत्वारः पादाः : गजः
(Image source: Details)

dviṣ 2 U:

dveṣa द्वेष : hatred

13.10. Exercise

A) Translate and convert into active present tense sentences:

१. अग्निना गृहं दग्धम् । २. बुद्धेन सत्यं बुद्धम् । ३. बोध्या गौतमो मुक्तः ।

Fig.: अत्र गौतमो बुद्धो बोध्या मुक्तः
(Image source: Details)

४. शूद्रा मूढाः । (2 possibilities)
५. ब्राह्मणेन मोक्ष इष्टः । ६. रामेण पुण्यं कृतम् । ७. ऋषिभिः सत्यमेवोदितमित्युदितम् । ८. धर्मेण स्वर्गं नीतम् । ९. साधुनाधर्मो न कृतम् । १०. मन्त्रेण मोक्षो लब्धः । ११. कया रक्षिकयेयं बाला रक्षिता ॥

B) Translate and convert into passive voice in the past tense:

१. राम इष्टमपि मोक्षं न लभते । २. योद्धा न मुञ्चति । ३. साधवो देवान्स्मरन्ति । ४. पुण्यवान्पुत्रो देवान् यजते । ५. सुखवान्क्षत्रियो धर्मं रक्षति । ६. पुत्रवान्नरकं न गच्छति । ७. धर्मवती पापं न करोतीति गुरुर्वदति । ८. बुद्धिमन्तः सत्यवतो धर्मं पृच्छन्ति । ९. धर्मवन्तः फलवत्पुण्यं कुर्वन्ति । १०. ब्राह्मणा गुणवतः पुत्रानिच्छन्ति । ११. कयर्ग्वेदं शृण्वन्ति । १२. किमीश्वरः सृजति । १३. साधुः कृतं पापं सहते । १४. पार्थिवो धनमिच्छतीति नीचा मन्यन्ते । १५. नैवासुरो जयतीत्यृषयः पश्यन्ति । १६. ब्राह्मणाः किं पिबन्ति खादन्ति च ॥

13.11. Review Exercise

A) Translate the following sentences:

१. रामो मार्गेण ग्रामं गच्छति । २. नरा धनेन सुखमिच्छन्ति । ३. नरः पुत्रेण नगरं पद्यते । ४. देवो लोकान्सृजति । ५. बाला जलं पिबति । ६. कवयो धनं लुभ्यन्ति । ७. बलवान्क्षत्रियः शूद्राञ्जयति । ८. गुणवान् द्विष्टमपि शत्रुं न युध्यते । ९. अधर्मः क्रोधश्च द्वेषश्च लोभश्चेत्यृषिर्वदति । १०. बाला अन्नेन बलमाप्नुवन्ति । ११. बुद्धिमन्तः सत्येन मोक्षं लभन्ते । १२. इमाः साध्व्यः पापं सहन्ते । १३. कां देवतामृषिः पश्यति । १४. कान्देवान्ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियवैश्या यजन्ते ।

B) Convert the sentences from Exercise A) into the passive voice.

C) Form a PPP construction for the sentences from Exercise A).

Fig.: सत्यमेव जयते
(Image source: Details)

D) From which sound combinations could the following Sandhi forms have arisen? Provide all possibilities:

1. -a before a vowel (except a-)
2. -ā-
3. -ā before a vowel
4. -ā before voiced consonants
5. -ī-
6. -ū-
7. -ṝ-
8. -e-
9. -e before Avagraha
10. -o-
11. -o before Avagraha
12. -o before voiced consonants
13. -ai-
14. -au-
15. -y before a vowel
16. -v before a vowel
17. -r before a vowel
18. -ay before a vowel
19. -av before a vowel
20. -ar-
21. -ir before a vowel or voiced consonant
22. -īr before a vowel or voiced consonant
23. -ur before a vowel or voiced consonant
24. -ūr before a vowel or voiced consonant
25. -er before a vowel or voiced consonant
26. -or before a vowel or voiced consonant
27. -air before a vowel or voiced consonant
28. -aur before a vowel or voiced consonant
29. -ñj-
30. -ñś-
31. -ñch-
32. -ṇḍ(h)-
33. -śc-
34. -ṣṭ-
35. -st(h)-
36. Anusvāra before a consonant
37. -ṃśc-
38. -ṃṣṭ-
39. -mst-

E) Translate into Sanskrit:

1. The goddess was angry.
2. Śūdras have reached a heaven.
3. The farmers have walked the path.
4. By the Buddha's teaching, people were liberated.
5. The son danced.
6. The amulet has protected the teacher.
7. A Brāhmaṇa has not told a falsehood.
8. Śūdra women have worshipped the goddess with offerings.
9. Buddha has awakened to the truth = Buddha has recognized the truth.
10. The Vedic sages have heard the Śruti.
11. The sacrificial priests have pressed the Soma.