Table of Contents

Lesson 1

• गणेशपूजनम् = gaṇeśapūjanam = Veneration of Gaṇeśa
• मङ्गलचरणम् = maṅgalacaraṇam = "Auspicious Beginning"
• 1. Literature for Beginners in Indology
• 2. The Sounds of Sanskrit According to the Traditional Indian Classification and Their Scientific Transcription
• 2.1. On the Pronunciation of Individual Sounds
• 3. Exercise

Lesson 2

• 1. The Nominal Sentence
• 2. On Declension (Inflection of Nouns)
  [L15] 3. The Nominative Singular = prathamā ekavacanam = प्रथमा एकवचनम्
  [L16] 3.1. Nominative Singular Ending in -s
• 4. Sandhi -- सन्धि
• 4.1. Sandhi of Final -s
• 5. Vocabulary List
• 6. Exercise

Lesson 3

[L24] 1. Nominative Singular = prathamā ekavacanam = प्रथमा एकवचनम् (Continuation)
[L25] 1.1. Nominative Singular Ending in -s (Continuation)
[L26] * 1.2. Nominative Singular Without Ending

• 2. Formation of Feminines from Masculines (Adjectives and Nouns)
  [L28] * 3. Nominative Plural = prathamā bahuvacanam = प्रथमा बहुचनम्
• 4. Vowel Sandhi
• 5. Sentence Sandhi of -ās
• 6. Vocabulary List
• 7. Exercise

Lesson 4

Spoken Sanskrit

• 1. Simple Alternative Questions (Word Questions) and Answers
• 1.1. Interrogative Pronouns (praśnārthakasarvanāma n.) and Demonstrative Pronouns (nidarśakasarvanāma n.) = प्रश्नार्थकसर्वनाम निदर्शकसर्वनामानि च
• 1.1.1. Interrogative Pronouns (praśnārthakasarvanāma n. = प्रश्नार्थकसर्वनामन्)
• 1.1.2. Demonstrative Pronouns (nidarśakasarvanāmāni n. = निदर्शकसर्वनामानि)
• 1.2. Sandhi of Final -m
• 1.3. Sandhi of Final -e
• 1.4. Sandhi of Final -d
• 1.5. Question Formulas
• 2. Exercise

Lesson 5

• 1. Nominal compounds = samāsa m. = समास
• 2. On Sanskrit terminology for compounds
• 3. Copulative compounds = Dvandva n. ("pair") = द्वन्द्व
• 3.1. First members of compounds
• 3.2. Plural-Itaretaradvandva
• 4. Vocabulary list
• 5. Exercises

Lesson 6

• 1. The verbal sentence
• 2. On the formation of verb forms
• 3. Indicative Present (laṭ = लट्)
• 4. Primary endings of the third person (prathama m. = प्रथम = "first (!) person")
• 5. Formation of the present stem
• 5.1. Verbs of the 6th present class (tudādi = तुदादि = "tud etc.")
• 5.2. Verbs of the 1st present class (bhvādi / bhūvādi = भ्वादि / भूवादि = "bhū etc.")
• 5.2.1. Word sandhi of e and o
• 5.2.2. Vowel gradation (Ablaut)
• 5.3. Verbs of the 4th present class (divādi = दिवादि = "div etc.")
• 5.4. Thematic vowel, thematic present classes
• 6. Spoken Sanskrit: Further questions (praśna m. = प्रश्न)
• 7. Vocabulary list
• 8. Exercises
• 9. Review exercises

Lesson 7

Weekly saying

• 1. The verbal sentence with direct object
• 2. The accusative (accusative case, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया = "second case ending")
• 2.1. Accusative singular and plural of the interrogative and demonstrative pronouns
• 2.2. Use of the accusative (accusative case, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया = "second case ending")
• 3. Sandhi of final -n
• 4. The neuter (napuṃsaka n. = नपुंसक)
• 4.1. Neuter of stems in -a
• 5. Athematic present classes
• 5.1. Primary endings of the 3rd person plural in athematic present stems
• 5.2. The 5th present class (svādi = स्वादि = "su etc."
• 6. Vocabulary list
• 7. Exercises

Lesson 8

• 1. Formation of Nouns
• 2. Classification of Nominal Suffixes
• 3. Some Important Nominal Suffixes
• 3.1. -a m. (kṛt)
• 3.2. -ana n. (kṛt)
• 3.3. -tra n. (kṛt)
• 3.4. -ti f. (kṛt)
• 3.5. -tva n., tā f. (taddhita)
• 4. The 8th Present Class (tanādi = तनादि = "tan etc.")
• 5. Vocabulary List
• 6. Exercises
• 7. Reading and Translation Exercise

Lesson 9

• 1. Samāhāradvandva = सआहारद्वन्द्व ("Summary dvandva")
• 2. Formation of Nominal Stems
• 2.1. -ka (taddhita)
• 2.2. -aka (kṛt), fem. often -ikā
• 3. Vocabulary List
• 4. Exercises

Lesson 10

[L119] * 1. The Passive Sentence

• 2. The Instrumental = tṛtīyā f. = तृतीया = "third case ending"
• 2.1. On the Usage of the Instrumental (tṛtīyā = तृतीया)
• 3. The so-called Cerebration Law for -n- (a word sandhi)
  [L123] 4. The Passive, Indicative Present (yak = यक्)
  [L124] 4.1. Special Rules for Forming the Passive
• 5. Vocabulary List
• 6. Exercises
• 7. Vocabulary List 2
• 8. Reading and Translation Exercise

Lesson 11

• 1. Double Accusative
• 2. Vocabulary List
• 3. Exercises
• 4. Review Exercise

Lesson 12

[L139] * 1. Perfect Passive Participle (PPP)

• 1.1. Schema for Transitive Verbs
• 1.2. Schema I for Intransitive Verbs and Verbs of Motion
• 1.3. Schema II for Intransitive Verbs and Verbs of Motion
• 2. On the Meaning of the PPP
• 3. Formation of the PPP
• 3.1. PPP in -ta (kta)
• 3.1.1. Without Connecting Vowel -i- (aniṭ)
• 3.1.2. With Connecting Vowel -i- (seṭ)
• 4. Laws of Sound Combination in Words
• 5. Vocabulary List
  [L150] * 5.1. Passive and PPP of the Roots Learned So Far
• 6. Exercises

Lesson 13

• 1. PPP in -na-
• 2. Further information on the use of the PPP
• 3. Attributive modifiers of nouns (word order)
• 4. Formation of adjectives in -mant and -vant (taddhita)
• 5. Stem gradation of nouns
• 6. On word sandhi
• 7. Case endings of consonant stems
• 8. Declension of the -mant and -vant stems
• 9. Vocabulary list
• 10. Exercise
• 11. Review exercise

Lesson 14

• 1. Expressing the relationship between entities designated by nouns: the genitive (ṣaṣṭhī f. = षष्टी = sixth case ending)
• 2. Formation of the genitive forms (ṣāṣṭhī f. = षष्ठी)
• 3. Further information on the use of the genitive (षष्ठी)
• 4. Vocabulary list
• 5. Subhāṣitāni = सुभाषितानि = Proverbs
• 6. Exercise

Lesson 15

• १. सुभाषितम्
• 2. Determinative compounds = Tatpuruṣa m. = तत्पुरुष
• 3. Determinative compounds with an attributive / appositional first member = Karmadhāraya m. = कर्मधारय
• 4. Determinative compounds with a first member that stands in a non-attributive/appositional case relationship to the second member = Tatpuruṣa in the narrower sense
• 5. Analysis of compounds (except Dvandvas)
• 6. The form of the first member in compounds (समास m.)
• 7. Classification of the तत्पुरुष
• 7.1. Classification of the कर्मधारय
• 8. Vocabulary list
• 9. Exercise 1
• 10. Exercise 2
• 11. Exercise 3

Lesson 16

• 1. On the sandhi of final consonants
• 2. Vocabulary list
• 3. Exercise
• 4. Review exercise

Lesson 17

• 1. Second present class (अदादि = अद् etc.)
• 2. Roots of the second present class with stem gradation strong grade - weak grade
• 3. Roots of the second present class with stem gradation lengthened grade - weak grade
• 4. Roots of the second present class without stem gradation
• 5. Two-syllable roots ending in -i/-ī with stem gradation
• 6. Vocabulary list
• 7. Exercise 1
• 8. Exercise 2

Lesson 18

• १. सुभाषितम्
• 2. Determinative compounds (तत्पुरुष) with adverbial first member
• 2.1. Compounds of the type सुकर / दुष्कर
• 2.2. Meanings of nañ-Tatpuruṣa (a- / an-)
• 3. Verbal compounds
• 3.1. Nominal formations from verbal compounds
• 4. Vocabulary list
• 5. Exercise
• 6. Review exercise

Lesson 19

• 1. The relative clause
• 2. The relative pronoun = व्यपेक्षकसर्वनाम n.
• 3. Vocabulary list
• 4. Exercise
• ५. सुभाषितानि

Lesson 20

• 1. Possessive compounds = बहुव्रीहि m.
• 2. Bahuvrīhi with attributive first member
• 3. Bahuvrīhi with appositional first member
• 4. Bahuvrīhi with causal first member
• 5. Bahuvrīhi with adverbial first member
• 6. Declension of the final member of a Bahuvrīhi
• 7. Another classification of the types of Bahuvrīhis
• 8. Relationship between Bahuvrīhi and relative clause
• 9. Vocabulary list
• 10. Exercise 1
• 11. Exercise 2
• 12. Translation exercise

Lesson 21

• 1. Further present stems ending in -nt
• 1.1. Present participle (लडादेशः) Parasmaipada
• 1.2. महान्त् "great"
• 2. Sandhi for final nasals
• 3. Polite forms of address
• 4. Vocabulary list
• 5. Exercise

Lesson 22

• 1. The Absolutives (क्त्वा । ल्यप्)
• 2. Formation of the Absolutives
• 2.1. Verbs without prefix: Absolutive in -त्वा
• 2.2. Verbs with prefix
• 2.2.1. Roots ending in a long vowel (except -ā) or consonant
• 2.2.2. Roots ending in -ā
• 2.2.3. Roots that end in short -i, -u, -ṛ in the guṇa grade
• 2.2.4. Roots ending in -am / -an, which end in -a in the guṇa grade
• 3. Vocabulary list
• 4. Exercises

Lesson 23

[L269] 1. The Infinitive (तुमुन्)
[L270] 2. Formation of the Infinitive (तुमुन्)
[L271] * 3. The Infinitive (तुमुन्) for the roots learned so far

• 4. Vocabulary list
• 5. Exercises
• 6. Review exercises

Lesson 24

• 1. The Dative (चतुर्थी = "fourth case ending")
• 2. Formation of the Dative (चतुर्थी)
• 2.1. Consonant stems
• 2.2. Interrogative pronouns
• 2.3. Demonstrative pronouns
• 2.4. Vowel stems
• 3. Sandhi of final -ai and -au
• 4. Vocabulary list
• 5. Exercises
• 6. Further exercises on the use of the Dative

Lesson 25

[L291] 1. Formation of the Ablative (पञ्चमी = "fifth case ending")
[L292] 2. Use of the Ablative (पञ्चमी)

• 3. The suffix -तस्
• 4. Other ways to express reasons
• 5. Vocabulary list
• 6. Exercises
• 7. सुभाषितानि
• 8. Translation exercises

Lesson 26

• 1. Law of cerebralization for -s- within the word
• 2. Law of cerebralization for dentals within the word
• 3. Word sandhi for Palatal, Guttural, ṣ, h + -s
• 4. Grassmann's Law of aspiration dissimilation
• 5. Word sandhi for -m, -n before sibilants
• 6. Use of the simple future (ऌत्, भविष्यन्ती f.)
• 7. Formation of the simple future (ऌत्, भविष्यन्ती f.)
• 8. Exercises

Lesson 27

• 1. Use of the Locative (सप्तमी f. = "seventh case ending")
• 2. Formation of the Locative (सप्तमी)
• 2.1. Consonant stems
• 2.2. Interrogative, demonstrative, and relative pronouns
• 2.3. Vowel stems
• 3. Overview of the regular case endings (विभक्ति) for singular and plural
• 4. A verse with all declension forms of the singular for राम
• 5. Vocabulary list
• 6. Exercises
• 7. Declension paradigms to memorize
• 7.1. Masculines in -a: नर
• 7.2. Neuters in -a: फल
• 7.3. Feminines in -ā: क्षत्रिया
• 7.4. Masculines in -i: अरि
• 7.5. Feminines in -i: मति
• 7.6. Masculines in -u: गुरु
• 7.7. Feminines in -u: धेनु#
• 7.8. Polysyllabic feminines in -ī: देवी
• 7.9. Present participle Parasmaipada in -ant: सन्त्
• 7.10. महान्त्
• 7.11. Masculines and Neuters in -vant / -mant: गुणवन्त्
• 7.12. Demonstrative pronouns: तद् । एतद् । इदम्
• 7.13. Relative pronouns: यद्
• 7.14. Interrogative pronouns: किम्

Lesson 28

• 1. The Causative (णि, णिच्, कारित)
• 2. Sentence construction with the Causative (णि, णिच्, कारित)
• 3. Formation of the present stem for the Causative (णि, णिच्, कारित)
  [L343] * 4. Formation of the Passive (यक्) for the Causative
• 5. Formation of the Future (ऌत्, भविष्यन्ती f.) for the Causative
• 6. Formation of the PPP (क्त) for the Causative
• 7. Formation of the Absolutive (क्त्वा । ल्यप्) for the Causative
  [L347] * 8. Formation of the Infinitive (तुमुन्) for the Causative
• 9. The tenth present class (चुरादि = चुर् etc.)
• 10. Vocabulary list
• 11. Exercises

Lesson 29

• 1. Use of the Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada in the Causative
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Translation exercise for review
• 1. Future and Causative forms of the roots learned so far

Lesson 30

• 1. The 9th Present class (क्र्यादि = "क्री etc.")
• 1. Usage of the Optative (लिङ्)
• 1. Secondary endings of the third person singular and plural
• 1. Formation of the Optative Present (लिङ्)
• 4.1. Thematic present classes
• 4.2. Athematic present classes
• 1. Sandhi of final -r
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercise
• 1. Review exercise on morphology

Lesson 31

• 1. The 7th Present class (रुधादि = "रुध् etc.")
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercise

Lesson 32

• 1. The past tenses
• 1. The Imperfect (लङ्)
• 1. Rules for the Augment
• 1. Examples of Imperfect formation in the individual present classes
• 4.1. Thematic present classes
• 4.2. Athematic present classes
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercise
• 1. Review exercise over the Christmas holidays

Lesson 33

• 1. Reduplication (अभ्यास m.)
• 1.1. The reduplicating consonant
• 1. The third present class (जुहोत्यादि = "जुहोति etc.")
• 2.1. The reduplicating vowel of the third present class
• 1. On the ablaut of ā
• 1. Roots ending in -ā of the third present class
• 4.1. The roots दा and धा
• 1. The Present Participle Parasmaipada of the roots of the third present class
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercise

Lesson 34

• 1. The Perfect (लिट्)
• 1. The reduplicated Perfect (द्वित्वलिट्)
• 2.1. Stem gradation
• 2.2. The Perfect endings
• 2.3. Connecting vowel -i-
• 2.4. Reduplication of roots beginning with a consonant
• 2.5. Reduplication of roots beginning with a vowel
• 1. Types of the reduplicated Perfect
• 1. Perfect Type I: Perfect without stem gradation
• 1. Perfect II: strong stem in guṇa grade, weak stem in zero grade
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercise
• 1. Translation exercise

Lesson 35

• 1. Perfect Type III: Strong stem in guṇa grade/lengthened grade
• 1.1. Perfect Type IIIa: Strong stem in guṇa grade/lengthened grade, weak stem in zero grade
• 1.2. Perfect Type IIIb: Strong stem in guṇa grade/lengthened grade, weak stem in guṇa grade
• 1. Perfect Type IV: Roots ending in -ā / -ai
• 1. Perfect Type V: Roots Consonant-a-Consonant
• 3.1. Perfect Type Va: weak stem in zero grade
• 3.2. Perfect Type Vb: Roots Consonant-a-Consonant, initial consonant not a guttural, aspirate, or h. Weak stem without reduplication, with -e-
• 3.3. Perfect Type Vc: Roots Consonant-a-Consonant. Strong stem in guṇa grade
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercise

Lesson 36

• 1. Special formations of the Perfect
• 1. The periphrastic Perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)
     [L436] * 3. Perfect Passive
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercise
• 1. The Perfect (लिट्) for the roots learned so far
• 1. Translation exercise
• 1. Review exercise on morphology

Lesson 37

• 1. The Adverb (क्रियाविशेषनम्)
• 2. Adverbial Use of Case Forms
• 2.1. Accusative (द्वितीया)
• 2.2. Instrumental (तृतीया)
• 2.3. Dative (चतुर्थी)
  [L450] * 2.4. Ablative (पञ्चमी)
• 2.5. Genitive (षष्ठी)
• 2.6. Locative (सप्तमी)
• 3. Adverbial Use of Case Forms No Longer in Common Usage
• 4. Formation of Adverbs with Adverbial Suffixes
• 5. Adverbial Compounds
• 5.1. Compounds with an Adverb or a Case Used Adverbially as the Second Member
• 5.2. Adverbial Use of बहुव्रीहि
• 5.3. अव्ययीभाव-Compounds
• 6. Syntax
• 7. Indefinite Pronouns
• 8. Interrogative Sentences
• 8.1. Word Questions (Substitution Questions)
• 8.2. Sentence Questions
• 9. Vocabulary List
• 10. Exercises
• 11. Review Exercises

Lesson 38

• 1. Solution of the Week
• 2. Sound Change of Nasals in Words
• 3. Declension of Stems Ending in -n
• 3.1. Nouns on -an as well as nouns ending in -man or -van after a Vowel
• 3.2. Nouns ending in -man or -van after a Consonant
• 3.3. Masculines and Neuters on -in, -min, -vin
• 4. On Nominal Formation: तद्धित Suffix -in
• 5. Syntax Regarding नामन्
• 6. Syntax Regarding आत्मन्
• 7. Consonant-final Stems as First Members of Compounds
• 8. Stems on -an as Second Member of a बहुव्रीहि
• 9. Vocabulary List
• 10. Exercises
• 11. Vocabulary List for Translation Exercise
• 12. Translation Exercise

Lesson 39

• 1. The personal endings of the first person (तृतीयः पुरुषः = "third person")
• 2. Formation of the verb forms of the first person thematic present stems
• 2.1. First present class (भ्वादि)
• 2.2. Sixth present class (तुदादि)
• 2.3. Fourth present class (दिवादि)
• 2.4. Tenth present class (चुरादि) and causatives (णिजन्त)
  [L494] * 2.5. Passive (suffix यक्)
• 3. Formation of the verb forms of the first person simple future (ऌत्)
• 3.1. अनिट्-formation
• 3.2. सेट्-formation
• 4. Formation of the verb forms of the first person athematic present stems
• 4.1. Second present class (अदादि)
• 4.2. Third present class (जुहोत्यादि)
• 4.3. Fifth present class (स्वादि)
• 4.4. Eighth present class (तनादि)
• 4.5. Seventh present class (रुधादि)
• 4.6. Ninth present class (क्र्यादि)
• 5. Exercise

Lesson 40

• 1. सुभाषितानि
• 2. Formation of the verb forms of the first person perfect (लिट्)
• 2.1. Perfect Type I: no stem gradation
• 2.2. Perfect Type II: strong stem guṇa grade, weak stem zero grade
• 2.3. Perfect Type III: Strong stem guṇa grade/lengthened grade
• 2.3.1. Perfect Type IIIa: Strong stem guṇa grade/lengthened grade, weak stem zero grade
• 2.3.2. Perfect Type IIIb: Strong stem guṇa grade/lengthened grade, weak stem guṇa grade
• 2.4. Perfect Type IV: Roots ending in -ā / -ai
• 2.5. Perfect Type V: Consonant-a-Consonant
• 2.5.1. Perfect Type Va: Consonant-a-Consonant, weak stem zero grade
• 2.5.2. Perfect Type Vb: Consonant-a-Consonant, initial consonant not guttural, aspirate, h, weak stem without reduplication, with -e-
• 2.5.3. Perfect Type Vc: Consonant-a-Consonant, weak stem guṇa grade
• 2.6. Special perfect formations
• 3. Formation of the verb forms of the first person periphrastic perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)
• 4. Syntax regarding the first person (तृतीयः)
• 5. Personal pronouns (पुरुषार्थकसर्वनाम) of the 1st person singular and plural
• 6. Vocabulary list
• 7. Exercise
• 8. Review exercise on morphology

Lesson 41

• 1. सुभाषिते (two proverbs)
• 2. Further कृत् formations on -a
  [L533] 2.1. Present Participle (लडादेशः) Ā, Passive Present Participle (लडादेशः), Future Participle (ऌडादेशः) Ā
  [L534] 2.1.1. Thematic present stems, passive and future
• 2.1.2. Athematic present classes
  [L536] * 2.2. "Participle" of passive necessity (Gerundivum) (कृत्य)
• 2.2.1. The suffix -तव्य / -तव्या
• 2.2.2. The suffix -अनीय / -अनीया
• 2.2.3. The suffix -य / -या
• 2.2.4. The suffix -त्य / त्या (instead of -य / -या)
  [L541] * 2.3. Syntax of the "Participle" of passive necessity (Gerundivum) (कृत्य)
• 2.4. Differences in the usage of gerundive suffixes
• 2.5. No connection with सु- and दुस्-
• 3. Vocabulary list
• 4. Exercise

Lesson 42

• 1. Stems on -ṛ
• 1.1. Stems with lengthened grade in the strong stem
• 1.2. Nominal formation: कृत्-suffix -तृ
• 1.3. Stems with full grade in the strong stem
• 1.4. Stems on -ṛ in compounds
• 2. Vocabulary list
• 2.1. Some kinship terms
• 3. Exercise
• 4. Translation exercise

Lesson 43

• 1. Personal endings of the second person (मध्यमः = "middle <person>")
• 2. Formation of verbal forms of the second person (मध्यमः)
• 2.1. Thematic stems
• 2.1.1. First present class (भ्वादि)
• 2.1.2. Sixth present class (तुदादि)
• 2.1.3. Fourth present class (दिवादि)
• 2.1.4. Tenth present class (चुरादि) and causatives
  [L568] * 2.1.5. Passive
• 2.1.6. Future (ऌट्)
• 2.1.6.1. अनिट् formations
• 2.1.6.2. सेट् formations
• 3. The second person personal pronoun
• 4. Vocabulary list
• 5. Exercise
• 6. संवादः = Conversation

Lesson 44

• 1. Formation of the second-person verbal forms (मध्यमः) of athematic stems with a suffix ending in a vowel
• 1.1. Fifth present class (स्वादि)
• 1.2. Eighth present class (तनादि)
• 1.3. Ninth present class (क्र्यादि)
• 1. On word sandhi
• 2.1. Word sandhi for dh-
• 2.2. Word sandhi for s-
• 1. Formation of the second-person verbal forms (मध्यमः) of athematic stems without a suffix ending in a vowel
• 3.1. Second present class (अदादि)
• 1. The vocative (आमन्त्रितम्)
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercises
• 1. Morphology review exercises

Lesson 45

• 1. Formation of the second-person verbal forms (मध्यमः) of athematic stems without a suffix ending in a vowel (continued)
• 1.1. Third present class (जुहोत्यादि)
• 1.2. Seventh present class (रुधादि)
• 1. The singular vocative (आमन्त्रितमेकवचने)
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercises

Lesson 46

• 1. Formation of the second-person verbal forms (मध्यमः) perfect (लिट्)
• 1.1. Endings
• 1.2. Sound change of the ending -dhve
• 1.3. Perfect Type I: no stem gradation
• 1.4. Perfect Type II: strong stem guṇa grade, weak stem zero grade
• 1.5. Perfect Type III: Strong stem guṇa grade/lengthened grade
• 1.5.1. Perfect Type IIIa: Strong stem guṇa grade/lengthened grade, weak stem zero grade
• 1.5.2. Perfect Type IIIb: Strong stem guṇa grade/lengthened grade, weak stem guṇa grade
• 1.6. Perfect Type IV: Roots ending in -ā / -ai
• 1.7. Perfect Type V: Consonant-a-Consonant
• 1.7.1. Perfect Type Va: Consonant-a-Consonant, weak stem zero grade
• 1.7.2. Perfect Type Vb: Consonant-a-Consonant, initial consonant not a guttural, aspirate, h; weak stem without reduplication, with -e-
• 1.7.3. Perfect Type Vc: Consonant-a-Consonant, weak stem guṇa grade
• 1.8. Special perfect formations
• 1.9. Periphrastic perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)
• 1. Vocabulary list
• 1. Exercises

Lesson 47

• 1. The Imperative (लोट्)
• 2. Formation of the Imperative (लोट्) thematic present stems
• 2.1. Endings of the Imperative on thematic present stems
• 2.2. First Present Class (भ्वादि)
• 2.3. Sixth Present Class (तुदादि)
• 2.4. Fourth Present Class (दिवादि)
• 2.5. Tenth Present Class (चुरादि) and Causatives
  [L631] * 2.6. Passive Voice
• 3. Exercises

Lesson 48

• 1. सुभाषितानि
• 2. Formation of the Imperative (लोट्) athematic present stems
• 2.1. Endings of the Imperative on athematic present stems
• 2.2. Form of the Present Stem
• 2.3. Second Present Class (अदादि)
• 2.4. Third Present Class (जुहोत्यादि)
• 3. On Nominal Derivation: तद्धित Suffixes -a and -ya
• 4. Vocabulary List
• 5. Exercises
• 6. Translation Exercise

Lesson 49

• 1. Formation of the Imperative (लोट्) athematic present stems (Continuation)
• 1.1. Seventh Present Class (रुधादि)
• 1.2. Fifth Present Class (स्वादि)
• 1.3. Eighth Present Class (तनादि)
• 1.4. Ninth Present Class (क्र्यादि)
• 2. Declension of Nominal Stems ending in -as, -is, -us
• 3. Nominal Derivation: कृत् Suffix -as Neuter
• 4. Vocabulary List
• 5. Review Exercises on Morphology
• 6. Translation Exercise

Lesson 50

• 1. Nominal Derivation: Regular Gradation (Guna)
• 2. Vocabulary List
• 3. Translation Exercise

Lesson 51

• 1. उपपद Compounds
• 2. Declension of Stems ending in a simple consonant (except Nasal, Semivowel, -s)
• 2.1. Stems ending in a non-palatal stop
• 2.2. Stems ending in a palatal stop (c, ch, j), ś, ṣ
• 2.3. Stems ending in -h
• 3. Sandhi of initial h-
• 4. Sandhi of initial ch-
• 5. -ch- within the word
• 6. Vocabulary List
• 7. Translation Exercise

Lesson 52

• 1. Neuter of stems ending in -i and -u
• 2. Nominal derivation
• 2.1. PPP + -vant: Past participle of the Parasmaipada
• 2.2. तद्धित-suffix -maya / -mayī
• 2.3. तद्धित-suffix -eya
• 3. Adverbial formation: adverbial suffix -śas
• 4. Verbal compounds expressing that something becomes or is made into what it was not before (अभुततद्भावः)
• 4.1. cvi-formations
• 4.2. Suffix -sāt
• 5. Word repetitions (द्विरुक्तम्)
• 6. The numeral (सम्ख्या f.)
• 6.1. Cardinal numbers
• 6.1.1. Numeral adjectives (for 1 to 19)
• 6.1.2. Numeral nouns (for 19 onwards)
• 6.1.3. Syntax of cardinal numbers
• 6.2. Ordinal numbers
• 6.3. Numeral adverbs
• 6.4. Numeral adjectives
• 6.5. Compounds with cardinal numbers in the first member
• 7. Word list
• 8. Translation exercise
• 9. Tasks during the semester break

Lesson 53 (Semester break)

• 1. The dual (द्विवचन n.) of nouns
• 2. Dual endings of the noun
• 3. The dual of consonant-final stems
• 3.1. Stems without stem gradation
• 3.2. Stems with stem gradation
• 4. The dual of vowel-final stems
• 5. Dual dvandva
• 6. The dual of pronouns
• 7. Pronominal adjectives
• 8. Irregular comparison
• 9. Declension of comparatives in -īyas
• 10. Metrics (the study of verse meters)
• 10.1. Significance of determining the meter
• 10.2. Types of meters
• 10.3. The metrical quantity of syllables
• 10.4. The epic Śloka (श्लोक m.)
• 11. Exercise

Lesson 54

• 1. Preliminary Remarks
• 2. Word Formation: कृत्-suffix -u on desiderative stems
• 3. Metrics II: the epic त्रिष्टुभ् and the जगती
• 4. Exercise on Metrics
• 5. Aorist Formation Types (लुङ्)
• 6. Root Aorist
  [L732] * 6.1. The Aorist of the 3rd person singular passive
• 7. Exercise

Lesson 55

• 1. The a-Aorist (Aorist with thematic vowel)
• 2. Exercise

Lesson 56

• 1. The reduplicated Aorist
• 1.1. Formation of the Aorist for causatives and roots of the 10th present class
• 2. The Injunctive
• 3. The Prohibitive Sentence
• 4. स्म
• 5. Exercise

Lesson 57

• 1. Aorist 4: s-Aorist
• 2. Exercise

Lesson 58

• 1. Primary endings of the dual (द्विवचनम्)
• 2. The dual of thematic present classes: Indicative Present (लट्)
• 2.1. First present class (भ्वादिगणः)
• 2.2. Fourth present class (दिवादिगणः)
• 2.3. Sixth present class (तुदादिगणः)
• 2.4. Tenth present class (चुरादिगणः) and causatives (णिजन्त)
• 3. The dual of the simple future (ऌत्)
• 3.1. अनिट्
• 3.2. सेट्
• 4. The dual passive (suffix -यक्)
• 5. The dual of athematic present classes: Indicative Present (लट्)
• 5.1. Second present class (अदादिगणः)
• 5.2. Third present class (जुहोत्यादिगणः)
• 5.3. Fifth present class (स्वादिगणः)
• 5.4. Eighth present class (तनादिगणः)
• 5.5. Seventh present class (रुधादिगणः)
• 5.6. Ninth present class (क्र्यादिगणः)
• 6. Aorist 5: iṣ-Aorist
• 7. Exercise

Lesson 59

• 1. The secondary endings and imperative endings of the dual (द्विवचनम्)
• 2. The dual of thematic present classes: Optative (विधिलिङ्), Imperfect (लङ्), Imperative (लोट्)
• 2.1. First present class (भ्वादिगणः)
• 2.2. Fourth present class (दिवादिगणः)
• 2.3. Sixth present class (तुदादिगणः)
• 2.4. Tenth present class (चुरादिगणः) and causatives (णिजन्त)
  [L784] * 2.5. The passive (suffix -यक्)
• 3. The dual of athematic present classes: Optative (विधिलिङ्), Imperfect (लङ्), Imperative (लोट्)
• 3.1. Second present class (अदादिगणः)
• 3.2. Third present class (जुहोत्यादिगणः)
• 3.3. Fifth present class (स्वादिगणः)
• 3.4. Eighth present class (तनादिगणः)
• 3.5. Seventh present class (रुधादिगणः)
• 3.6. Ninth present class (क्र्यादिगणः)
• 4. Dual (द्विवचनम्) Aorist (लुङ्)
• 4.1. Root aorist
• 4.2. a-aorist
• 4.3. Reduplicated aorist
• 4.4. s-aorist
• 4.5. iṣ-aorist
• 5. Aorist (लुङ्) 6: siṣ-aorist (only P)
• 6. Aorist (लुङ्) 7: sa-aorist (thematic s-aorist)
• 7. Exercise

Lesson 60

• 1. The perfect endings of the dual (द्विवचनम्)
• 2. The dual of the reduplicated perfect (द्वित्वलिट्)
• 2.1. Type 1: no stem gradation
• 2.2. Type 2: strong stem guṇa, weak stem zero grade
• 2.3. Type 3: Strong stem guṇa/dīrgha
• 2.3.1. Type 3a: Strong stem guṇa/dīrgha, weak stem zero grade
• 2.3.2. Type 3b: Strong stem guṇa/dīrgha, weak stem guṇa
• 2.4. Type 4: Roots ending in -ā / -ai
• 2.5. Type 5: Consonant-a-Consonant
• 2.5.1. Type 5a: Consonant-a-Consonant, weak stem zero grade
• 2.5.2. Type 5b: Consonant-a-Consonant, initial consonant not guttural, aspirate, h; weak stem without reduplication, with -e-
• 2.5.3. Type 5c: Consonant-a-Consonant, weak stem guṇa
• 3. The dual of the periphrastic perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)
• 4. The participle परस्मैपद of the reduplicated perfect (द्वित्वलिट्)
• 5. Declension of stems ending in -añc (-ac)
• 5.1. Three-stem stems ending in -añc
• 5.2. Two-stem stems ending in -añc
• 6. The desiderative (सन्)
• 6.1. Formation of the desiderative stem
• 6.2. Conjugation of the desiderative (सन्)
• 7. Exercise

Lesson 61

• 1. Declension of root nouns in -ā, -ī, -ū
• 1.1. Root nouns in -ā at the end of तत्पुरुष
• 1.2. Feminine root nouns in -ī
• 1.3. Root nouns in -ī at the end of तत्पुरुष
• 1.4. Monosyllabic, feminine root nouns in -ū
• 1.5. Root nouns in -ū at the end of तत्पुरुष
• 1.6. Declension of polysyllabic feminines in -ū
• 2. The periphrastic future (लुट्)
• 3. The intensive (frequentative) (चर्करीतम्)
• 3.1. Ātmanepada intensive
• 3.2. Parasmaipada intensive
• 4. Denominatives (नामधातु)
• 4.1. Formation without special suffix, Parasmaipada
• 4.2. Formation with suffix -ya, Parasmaipada
• 4.3. Formation with the suffix -kāmya, Parasmaipada
• 4.4. Formation with the suffix -sya or -asya, Parasmaipada
• 4.5. Formation with the suffix -ya, Ātmanepada
• 4.6. Formation with the suffix -aya, -āpaya
• 5. The benedictive (आशीर्लिङ्)
• 6. The conditional (ऌङ्)
• 7. Declension of nouns in -ai, -o, -au
• 8. Remaining pronouns
• 8.1. Personal pronouns of the dual
• 8.2. Demonstrative pronoun अदस् "that (distant)"
• 9. Dismissal into the ocean of Sanskrit literature: ಶ್ರೀಗಣನಾಥ / श्रीगणनाथ

END OF THE SANSKRIT COURSE