Table of Contents

Lesson 1

• 1.1. Literature for Beginners in Indology
• 1.2. The Sounds of Sanskrit
  • 1.2.1. On the Pronunciation of Individual Sounds
• 1.3. Exercise

Lesson 2

• 2.1. The Nominal Sentence
• 2.2. On Declension (Inflection of Nouns)
• 2.3. The Nominative Singular
  • 2.3.1. Nominative Singular ending in -s
• 2.4. Sandhi -- सन्धि
  • 2.4.1. Sandhi of final -s
• 2.5. Word List
• 2.6. Exercise

Lesson 3

• 3.1. Nominative Singular of the Feminine
  • 3.1.1. Nominative Singular ending in -s
  • 3.1.2. Nominative Singular without Ending
• 3.2. Formation of Feminines from Masculines
• 3.3. Nominative Plural Masculine and Feminine
• 3.4. Vocal Sandhi
• 3.5. Sentence sandhi of -ās
• 3.6. Word List
• 3.7. Exercise

Lesson 4

• 4.1. Simple Complement Questions (Word Questions) and Answers
  • 4.1.1. Interrogative and Demonstrative Pronouns
  • 4.1.2. Sandhi of final -m
  • 4.1.3. Sandhi of final -e
  • 4.1.4. Sandhi of final -d
  • 4.1.5. Question Formulas
• 4.2. Exercise

Lesson 5

• 5.1. Nominal Compounds (samāsa m. = समास)
• 5.2. On Sanskrit Terminology for Compounds
• 5.3. Copulative Compounds (Dvandva n. = द्वन्द्व)
  • 5.3.1. Prefixes of Compounds
  • 5.3.2. Plural-Itaretaradvandva
• 5.4. Word List
• 5.5. Exercise
• 5.6. Review Exercise

Lesson 6

• 6.1. The Verbal Sentence
• 6.2. On the Formation of Verbal Forms
• 6.3. Indicative Present (laṭ = लट्)
• 6.4. Primary endings of the third person (prathama m. = प्रथम = "first (!) person")
• 6.5. Formation of the Present Stem
  • 6.5.1. Verbs of the 6th Present Class (tudādi = तुदादि = "tud etc.")
  • 6.5.2. Verbs of the 1st Present Class (bhvādi / bhūvādi = भ्वादि / भूवादि = "bhū etc.")
  • 6.5.3. Verbs of the 4th Present Class (divādi = दिवादि = "div etc.")
  • 6.5.4. Theme Vowel, Thematic Present Classes
• 6.6. Spoken Sanskrit: Further Questions (praśna m. = प्रश्न)
• 6.7. Word List
• 6.8. Exercise
• 6.9. Review Exercise

Lesson 7

• Weekly Verse
• 7.1. The verbal sentence with direct object
• 7.2. The Accusative (Objective Case, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया = "second case ending")
  • 7.2.1. Accusative singular and plural of the interrogative and demonstrative pronouns
  • 7.2.2. Use of the Accusative (Wenfall, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया = "second case ending")
• 7.3. Sandhi of final -n
• 7.4. The Neuter (napuṃsaka n. = नपुंसक)
  • 7.4.1. Neuter of stems ending in -a
• 7.5. Athemeatic Present Classes
  • 7.5.1. Primary endings of the 3rd person plural in athematic stems
  • 7.5.2. The 5. Present Class (svādi = स्वादि = "su etc.")
• 7.6. Word List
• 7.7. Exercise

Lesson 8

• 8.1. On the Formation of Nouns
• 8.2. Classification of Nominal Suffixes
• 8.3. Some Important Nominal Suffixes
  • 8.3.1. -a m. (kṛt)
  • 8.3.2. -ana n. (kṛt)
  • 8.3.3. -tra n. (kṛt)
  • 8.3.4. -ti f. (kṛt)
  • 8.3.5. -tva n., -tā f. (taddhita)
• 8.4. The 8th Present Class (tanādi = तनादि = "tan etc.")
• 8.5. Word List
• 8.6. Exercise
• 8.7. Reading and Translation Exercise

Lesson 9

• 9.1. Samāhāradvandva (समाहारद्वन्द्व = "Summary dvandva")
• 9.2. On the Formation of Nominal Stems
  • 9.2.1. -ka (taddhita)
  • 9.2.2. -aka (kṛt), fem. oft -ikā
• 9.3. Word List
• 9.4. Exercise

Lesson 10

• 10.1. The Passive Sentence
• 10.2. The Instrumental (tṛtīyā f. = तृतीया = "third case ending")
  • 10.2.1. On the Use of the Instrumental (tṛtīyā = तृतीया)
• 10.3. The so-called Cerebralisationsgesetz for -n- (a word-sandhi)
• 10.4. The Passive, Indicative Present (yak = यक्)
  • 10.4.1. Special Rules for Forming the Passive
• 10.5. Word List
• 10.6. Exercise
• 10.7. Word List 2
• 10.8. Reading and Translation Exercise

Lesson 11

• 11.1. Double Accusative
• 11.2. Word List
• 11.3. Exercise
• 11.4. Review Exercise

Lesson 12

• 12.1. Perfect Passive Participle (PPP)
  • 12.1.1. Schema for transitive verbs
  • 12.1.2. Schema I for Intransitive Verbs and Verbs of Motion
  • 12.1.3. Schema II for Intransitive Verbs and Verbs of Motion
• 12.2. On the Significance of the PPP
• 12.3. Formation of the PPP
  • 12.3.1. PPP on -ta (kta)
• 12.4. Laws of Sound Combination in the Word
• 12.5. Word List
  • 12.5.1. Passive and PPP of the Roots Learned So Far
• 12.6. Exercise

Lesson 13

• 13.1. PPP on -na-
• 13.2. Further on the Use of the PPP
• 13.3. Attributive Determinations of Nouns (Word Order)
• 13.4. Formation of Adjectives in -mant and -vant (taddhita)
• 13.5. Stem Inflection of Nouns
• 13.6. On Word Sandhi
• 13.7. Case endings of consonant stems
• 13.8. Declension of stems in -mant and -vant
• 13.9. Word List
• 13.10. Exercise
• 13.11. Review Exercise

Lesson 14

• 14.1. The Expression of the Relationship of that Designated by Nouns: the Genitive (ṣaṣṭhī f. = षष्टी = sixth case ending)
• 14.2. Formation of Genitive Forms (ṣaṣṭhī f. = षष्ठी)
• 14.3. Further on the Use of the Genitive (षष्ठी)
• 14.4. Word List
• 14.5. Subhāṣitāni = सुभाषितानि = Proverbs
• 14.6. Exercise

Lesson 15

• 15.1. सुभाषितम्
• 15.2. Determinative Compounds = Tatpuruṣa m. = तत्पुरुष
• 15.3. Determinative Compounds with Attributive / Appositional First Member = Karmadhāraya m. = कर्मधारय
• 15.4. Determinative Compounds with a First Member in a Non-Attributive/Appositional Case Relation to the Second Member = Tatpuruṣa in the Narrower Sense
• 15.5. Decomposition of Compounds (excluding Dvandvas)
• 15.6. The Form of the First Member in Compounds (समास m.)
• 15.7. Classification of तत्पुरुष
  • 15.7.1. Classification of कर्मधारय (Karmadhāraya)
• 15.8. Word List
• 15.9. Exercise 1
• 15.10. Exercise 2
• 15.11. Exercise 3

Lesson 16

• 16.1. On the Sandhi of Final Consonants
• 16.2. Word List
• 16.3. Exercise
• 16.4. Review Exercise

Lesson 17

• 17.1. Second Present Class (अदादि = अद् etc.)
• 17.2. Roots of the Second Present Class with Stem Ablation: Strong Grade – Weak Grade
• 17.3. Roots of the Second Present Class with Stem Gradation: Guṇa Grade - Zero Grade
• 17.4. Roots of the Second Present Class without Stem Gradation
• 17.5. Disyllabic roots ending in -i/-ī with stem gradation
• 17.6. Word List
• 17.7. Exercise 1
• 17.8. Exercise 2

Lesson 18

• 18.1. सुभाषितम्
• 18.2. Determinative Compounds (तत्पुरुष) with Adverbial First Member
  • 18.2.1. Compounds of Type सुकर / दुष्कर
  • 18.2.2. Meanings of nañ-Tatpuruṣa (a- / an-)
• 18.3. Verbal Compounds
  • 18.3.1. Nominal formations from verbal compounds
• 18.4. Word List
• 18.5. Exercise
• 18.6. Review Exercise

Lesson 19

• 19.1. The Relative Clause
• 19.2. The Relative Pronoun = व्यपेक्षकसर्वनाम n.
• 19.3. Word List
• 19.4. Exercise
• 19.5. सुभाषितानि

Lesson 20

• 20.1. Possessive Compounds = बहुव्रीहि m.
• 20.2. Bahuvrīhi with attributive first member
• 20.3. Bahuvrīhi with Appositional First Member
• 20.4. Bahuvrīhi with a case-marked first member
• 20.5. Bahuvrīhi with adverbial first member
• 20.6. Inflection of the Final Member of a Bahuvrīhi
• 20.7. Another Classification of Types of Bahuvrīhis
• 20.8. Relationship between Bahuvrīhi and Relative Clause
• 20.9. Word List
• 20.10. Exercise 1
• 20.11. Exercise 2
• 20.12. Translation Exercise

Lesson 21

• 21.1. Further Present Stems in -nt
  • 21.1.1. Present Participle (लडादेशः) Parasmaipada
  • 21.1.2. महान्त् "great"
• 21.2. Sandhi for final nasals
• 21.3. Polite Forms of Address
• 21.4. Word List
• 21.5. Exercise

Lesson 22

• 22.1. The Absolutive (क्त्वा । ल्यप्)
• 22.2. Formation of the Absolutive
  • 22.2.1. Verbs without prefix: Absolutive in -त्वा
  • 22.2.2. Verbs with Preverbs
• 22.3. Word List
• 22.4. Exercise

Lesson 23

• 23.1. The Infinitive (तुमुन्)
• 23.2. Formation of the Infinitive (तुमुन्)
• 23.3. The Infinitive (तुमुन्) for the roots learned so far
• 23.4. Word List
• 23.5. Exercise
• 23.6. Review Exercise

Lesson 24

• 24.1. The Dative (चतुर्थी = "fourth case ending")
• 24.2. Formation of the Dative (चतुर्थी)
  • 24.2.1. Consonantal Stems
  • 24.2.2. Interrogative Pronouns
  • 24.2.3. Demonstrative Pronouns
  • 24.2.4. Vowel Stems
• 24.3. Sandhi of final -ai and -au
• 24.4. Word List
• 24.5. Exercise
• 24.6. Further Exercises on the Use of the Dative

Lesson 25

• 25.1. Formation of the Ablative (पञ्चमी = "fifth case ending")
• 25.2. Use of the Ablative (पञ्चमी)
• 25.3. The Suffix -तस्
• 25.4. Other Ways to Express Reasons
• 25.5. Word List
• 25.6. Exercise
• 25.7. सुभाषितानि
• 25.8. Translation Exercise

Lesson 26

• 26.1. Rule of Cerebralization for -s- within the Word
• 26.2. Law of Cerebralisations of Dental Stops within Words
• 26.3. Word Sandhi for Palatals, Velars, ṣ, h + -s
• 26.4. Grassmann's Law of Breath Dissimilation
• 26.5. Word Sandhi for -m, -n before Sibilants
• 26.6. Use of the Simple Future (ऌत्, भविष्यन्ती f.)
• 26.7. Formation of the simple future (ऌत्, भविष्यन्ती f.)
• 26.8. Exercise

Lesson 27

• 27.1. Use of the Locative (सप्तमी f. = "seventh case ending")
• 27.2. Formation of the Locative (सप्तमी)
  • 27.2.1. Consonantal Stems
  • 27.2.2. Interrogative, Demonstrative, and Relative Pronouns
  • 27.2.3. Vocalic Stems
• 27.3. Overview of the regular case endings (विभक्ति)
• 27.4. A Verse with All Declension Forms (Singular) to राम
• 27.5. Word List
• 27.6. Exercise
• 27.7. Declension Paradigms to Memorize
  • 27.7.1. Masculine nouns ending in -a: नर
  • 27.7.2. Neuters on -a: फल
  • 27.7.3. Feminine nouns ending in -ā: क्षत्रिया
  • 27.7.4. Masculines in -i: अरि
  • 27.7.5. Feminine nouns ending in -i: मति
  • 27.7.6. Masculine nouns ending in -u: गुरु
  • 27.7.7. Feminine nouns ending in -u: धेनु
  • 27.7.8. Multisyllabic Feminines in -ī: देवी
  • 27.7.9. Present Participle Parasmaipada ending in -ant: सन्त्
  • 27.7.10. महान्त्
  • 27.7.11. Masculine and Neuter nouns ending in -vant / -mant: गुणवन्त्
  • 27.7.12. Demonstrative Pronouns: तद् । एतद् । इदम्
  • 27.7.13. Relative Pronoun: यद्
  • 27.7.14. Interrogative Pronouns: किम्

Lesson 28

• 28.1. The Causative (णि, णिच्, कारित)
• 28.2. Sentence Construction with the Causative (णि, णिच्, कारित)
• 28.3. Formation of the present stem for the causative (णि, णिच्, कारित)
• 28.4. Formation of the Passive (यक्) from the Causative
• 28.5. Formation of the Future (ऌट्, भविष्यन्ती f.) of the Causative
• 28.6. Formation of the PPP (क्त) for the Causative
• 28.7. Formation of the Absolutiv (क्त्वा . ल्यप्) from the Causative
• 28.8. Formation of the Infinitive (तुमुन्) for the Causative
• 28.9. The 10th Present Class (चुरादि = चुर् etc.)
• 28.10. Word List
• 28.11. Exercise

Lesson 29

• 29.1. Use of the Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद) and Ātmanepada (आत्मनेपद) in the Causative
• 29.2. Word List
• 29.3. Translation Exercise for Review
• 29.4. Future and Causative for the Roots Learned So Far

Lesson 30

• 30.1. The 9th Present Class (क्र्यादि = "क्री etc.")
• 30.2. Use of the Optative (लिङ्)
• 30.3. Secondary endings of the 3rd person singular and plural
• 30.4. Formation of the Optative Present (लिङ्)
  • 30.4.1. Thematic Present Classes
  • 30.4.2. Atheric Present Classes
• 30.5. Sandhi of final -r
• 30.6. Word List
• 30.7. Exercise
• 30.8. Form Exercise

Lesson 31

• 31.1. The 7th Present Class (रुधादि = "रुध् etc.")
• 31.2. Word List
• 31.3. Exercise

Lesson 32

• 32.1. The Past Tenses
• 32.2. The Imperfect (लङ्)
• 32.3. Rules for the Augment
• 32.4. Examples of Imperfect Formation
  • 32.4.1. Thematic Present Classes
  • 32.4.2. Atherematic Present Classes
• 32.5. Word List
• 32.6. Exercise
• 32.7. Review Exercise for the Christmas Holidays
• 32.8. Review Exercise
• 32.9. Translation Exercise

Lesson 33

• 33.1. Reduplication (अभ्यास m.)
  • 33.1.1. The Reduplicating Consonant
• 33.2. The Third Present Class (जुहोत्यादि = "जुहोति et al.")
  • 33.2.1. The Reduplicating Vowel of the 3rd Present Class
• 33.3. On the Ablaut of ā
• 33.4. Roots ending in -ā of the third present class
  • 33.4.1. The Roots दा and धा
• 33.5. The Present Active Participle of the Roots of the 3rd Present Class
• 33.6. Word List
• 33.7. Exercise
  • Sources

Lesson 34

• 34.1. The Perfect (लिट्)
• 34.2. The reduplicated perfect (द्वित्वलिट्)
  • 34.2.1. Stem Gradation
  • 34.2.2. The Perfect Endings
  • 34.2.3. Connecting Vowel -i-
  • 34.2.4. Reduplication of roots beginning with a consonant
  • 34.2.5. Reduplication of Vowel-Initial Roots
• 34.3. Types of the reduplicated perfect
• 34.4. Perfect Type I: Perfect without stem gradation
• 34.5. Perfect Type II: Strong stem with Vṛddhi grade, weak stem with Guṇa grade
• 34.6. Word List
• 34.7. Exercise
• 34.8. Translation Exercise

Lesson 35

• 35.1. Perfect Type III: Strong Stem, Guṇa/Ḍīrgha Grade
  • 35.1.1. Perfect Type IIIa: Strong stem in guṇa/long grade, weak stem in zero grade
  • 35.1.2. Perfect Type IIIb: Strong stem in guṇa/long grade, weak stem in guṇa grade
• 35.2. Perfect Type IV: Stems ending in -ā / -āi
• 35.3. Perfect Type V: Roots Consonant-a-Consonant
  • 35.3.1. Perfect Type Va: Weak Stem, Guṇa Grade
  • 35.3.2. Perfect Type Vb: Weak Stem Contraction (e-Type)
  • 35.3.3. Perfect Type Vc: Roots Consonant-a-Consonant. Weak Stem Strong Grade
• 35.4. Word List
• 35.5. Exercise

Lesson 36

• 36.1. Special Formations of the Perfect
• 36.2. The periphrastic perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)
• 36.3. Perfect Passive
• 36.4. Word List
• 36.5. Exercise
• 36.6. The Perfect (लिट्) for the roots learned so far
• 36.7. Translation Exercise
• 36.8. Form Exercise

Lesson 37

• 37.1. The Adverb (क्रियाविशेषणम्)
• 37.2. Adverbial Use of Case Forms
  • 37.2.1. Accusative (द्वितीया)
  • 37.2.2. Instrumental (तृतीया)
  • 37.2.3. Dative (चतुर्थी)
  • 37.2.4. Ablative (पञ्चमी)
  • 37.2.5. Genitive (षष्ठी)
  • 37.2.6. Locative (सप्तमी)
• 37.3. Adverbial Use of Case Forms No Longer in Common Use
• 37.4. Formation of Adverbs with Adverbial Suffixes
• 37.5. Adverbial Compounds
  • 37.5.1. Compounds with an Adverb or a Case Used Adverbially as the Second Member
  • 37.5.2. Adverbial use of बहुव्रीहि
  • 37.5.3. अव्ययीभाव-Composites
• 37.6. Syntactical
• 37.7. Indefinite Pronouns
• 37.8. The Interrogative Sentence
  • 37.8.1. Word Questions (Supplementary Questions)
  • 37.8.2. Interrogative Sentences
• 37.9. Word List
• 37.10. Exercise
• 37.11. Review Exercise

Lesson 38

• 38.1. Solution of the Week
• 38.2. Sound Change of Nasals in the Word
• 38.3. Declension of stems ending in -n
  • 38.3.1. Nouns ending in -an as well as nouns ending in -man or -van after a vowel
  • 38.3.2. Nouns ending in -man or -van after a consonant
  • 38.3.3. Masculine and Neuter nouns ending in -in, -min, -vin
• 38.4. On nominal formation: तद्धित suffix -in
• 38.5. Syntax regarding नामन्
• 38.6. Syntax regarding आत्मन्
• 38.7. Consonant-ending stems as the first member of compounds
• 38.8. Stems in -an as the second member of a बहुव्रीहि
• 38.9. Word List
• 38.10. Exercise
• 38.11. Word List for Translation Exercise
• 38.12. Translation Exercise

Lesson 39

• 39.1. The Personal Endings of the First Person (तृतीयः पुरुषः = "third Person")
• 39.2. Formation of the verb forms of the first person thematic present stems
  • 39.2.1. First Present Class (भ्वादि)
  • 39.2.2. Sixth Present Class (तुदादि)
  • 39.2.3. Fourth Present Class (दिवादि)
  • 39.2.4. Tenth Present Class (चुरादि) and Causatives (णिजन्त)
  • 39.2.5. Passive (Suffix यक्)
• 39.3. Formation of the verb forms of the first person of the simple future - ऌत्
  • 39.3.1. अनिट्-Formation
  • 39.3.2. Formation of सेट्
• 39.4. Formation of the verb forms of the first person athematic present stems
  • 39.4.1. Second Present Class (अदादि)
  • 39.4.2. Third Present Class (जुहोत्यादि)
  • 39.4.3. Fifth Present Class (स्वादि)
  • 39.4.4. Eighth Present Class (तनादि)
  • 39.4.5. Seventh Present Class (रुधादि)
  • 39.4.6. Ninth Present Class (क्र्यादि)
• 39.5. Exercise

Lesson 40

• 40.1. सुभाषितानि
• 40.2. Formation of the first person perfect verb forms (लिट्)
  • 40.2.1. Perfect Type I: no stem gradation
  • 40.2.2. Perfect Type II: strong stem in strong grade, weak stem in weak grade
  • 40.2.3. Perfect Type III: Strong Stem High Grade/Lengthened Grade
  • 40.2.4. Perfect Type IV: Roots ending in -ā / -ai
  • 40.2.5. Perfect Type V: Consonant-a-Consonant
  • 40.2.6. Special Perfect Constructions
• 40.3. Formation of the verb forms of the first person of the periphrastic perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)
• 40.4. Syntax regarding the first person (तृतीयः)
• 40.5. Personal Pronouns (पुरुषार्थकसर्वनाम) of the First Person Singular and Plural
• 40.6. Word List
• 40.7. Exercise
• 40.8. Form Exercise

Lesson 41

• 41.1. सुभाषिते (two proverbs)
• 41.2. Further कृत् formations with -a
  • 41.2.1. Present Participle (लडादेशः) Ā, Present Participle (लडादेशः) Passive, Future Participle (ऌडादेशः) Ā
  • 41.2.2. "Participle" of passive necessity (Gerundivum) (कृत्य)
  • 41.2.3. Syntactic aspects of the "Participle" of passive necessity (Gerundivum) (कृत्य)
  • 41.2.4. Differences in the Usage of the Gerundive Suffixes
  • 41.2.5. No connection with सु- and दुस्-
• 41.3. Word List
• 41.4. Exercise

Lesson 42

• 42.1. Tribes ending in -ṛ
  • 42.1.1. Tribes with lengthened grade in the strong stem
  • 42.1.2. Nominal Derivation: कृत् Suffix -तृ
  • 42.1.3. Tribes with strong stem grade
  • 42.1.4. Stems ending in -ṛ in compounds
• 42.2. Word List
  • 42.2.1. Some Kinship Terms
• 42.3. Exercise
• 42.4. Translation Exercise

Lesson 43

• 43.1. Personal endings of the 2nd person (मध्यमः = "middle <person>")
• 43.2. Formation of the verbal forms of the 2nd person (मध्यमः)
  • 43.2.1. Thematic Stems
• 43.3. The Second Person Personal Pronoun
• 43.4. Word List
• 43.5. Exercise
• 43.6. संवादः = Conversation

Lesson 44

• 44.1. Formation of the verbal forms of the 2nd person (मध्यमः) athematic stems with vocally ending suffix
  • 44.1.1. Fifth Present Class (स्वादि)
  • 44.1.2. Eighth Present Class (तनादि)
  • 44.1.3. Ninth Present Class (क्र्यादि)
• 44.2. On Word-Sandhi
  • 44.2.1. On Word-Sandhi for dh-
  • 44.2.2. On s-Sandhi
• 44.3. Formation of the verbal forms of the 2nd person (मध्यमः) athematic stems without a vocally ending suffix
  • 44.3.1. Second Present Class (अदादि)
• 44.4. The Vocative (आमन्त्रितम्)
• 44.5. Word List
• 44.6. Exercise
• 44.7. Form Review Exercise

Lesson 45

• 45.1. Formation of the verbal forms of the 2nd person (मध्यमः) athematic stems without vocally ending suffix (continuation)
  • 45.1.1. Third Present Class (जुहोत्यादि)
  • 45.1.2. Seventh Present Class (रुधादि)
• 45.2. The Vocative Singular (आमन्त्रितमेकवचने)
• 45.3. Word List
• 45.4. Exercise

Lesson 46

• 46.1. Formation of the verbal forms of the 2nd person (मध्यमः) Perfect (लिट्)
  • 46.1.1. Endings
  • 46.1.2. Sound Change of the Ending -dhve
  • 46.1.3. Perfect Type I: no stem gradation
  • 46.1.4. Perfect Type II: strong stem full grade, weak stem reduced grade
  • 46.1.5. Perfect Type III: Strong Stem Full/Extended Grade
  • 46.1.6. Perfect Type IV: Roots ending in -ā / -ai
  • 46.1.7. Perfect Type V: Consonant-a-Consonant
  • 46.1.8. Special Perfect Conjugations
  • 46.1.9. Periphrastic Perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)
• 46.2. Word List
• 46.3. Exercise

Lesson 47

• 47.1. The Imperative (लोट्)
• 47.2. Formation of the Imperative (लोट्) of thematic present stems
  • 47.2.1. Endings of the Imperative for thematic present stems
  • 47.2.2. First Present Class (भ्वादि)
  • 47.2.3. Sixth Present Class (तुदादि)
  • 47.2.4. Fourth Present Class (दिवादि)
  • 47.2.5. Tenth Present Class (चुरादि) and Causatives
  • 47.2.6. Passive
• 47.3. Exercise

Lesson 48

• 48.1. सुभाषितानि
• 48.2. Formation of the Imperative (लोट्) athematic present stems
  • 48.2.1. Endings of the Imperative on athematic present stems
  • 48.2.2. Form of the Present Stem
  • 48.2.3. Second Present Class (अदादि)
  • 48.2.4. Third Present Class (जुहोत्यादि)
• 48.3. On nominal derivation: तद्धित suffixes -a and -ya
• 48.4. Word List
• 48.5. Exercise
• 48.6. Translation Exercise

Lesson 49

• 49.1. Formation of the Imperative (लोट्) athematic present stems (continued)
  • 49.1.1. Seventh Present Class (रुधादि)
  • 49.1.2. Fifth Present Class (स्वादि)
  • 49.1.3. Eighth Present Class (तनादि)
  • 49.1.4. Ninth Present Class (क्र्यादि)
• 49.2. Declension of nominal stems ending in -as, -is, -us
• 49.3. Nominal Derivation: कृत्-Suffix -as Neuter
• 49.4. Word List
• 49.5. Form Review Exercise
• 49.6. Translation Exercise

Lesson 50

• 50.1. Nominal formation: regular comparison
• 50.2. Word List
• 50.3. Translation Exercise

Lesson 51

• 51.1. उपपद-Compounds
• 51.2. Declension of stems ending in a simple consonant (except nasal, semivowel, -s)
  • 51.2.1. Tribes on non-palatal plosive
  • 51.2.2. Tribes with palatal stop (c, ch, j), ś, ṣ
  • 51.2.3. Stems ending in -h
• 51.3. Sandhi of initial h-
• 51.4. Sandhi of initial ch-
• 51.5. -ch- within the word
• 51.6. Word List
• 51.7. Translation Exercise

Lesson 52

• 52.1. Neuter of stems ending in -i and -u
• 52.2. Nominal Derivation
  • 52.2.1. PPP + -vant: Past Participle of the Parasmaipada
  • 52.2.2. तद्धित-Suffix -maya / -mayī
  • 52.2.3. तद्धित-Suffix -eya
• 52.3. Adverbial Formation: Adverbial Suffix -śas
• 52.4. Verbal compounds that express that something becomes or is made what it was not before (अभुततद्भावः)
  • 52.4.1. cvi-formations
  • 52.4.2. Suffix -sāt
• 52.5. Word repetitions (द्विरुक्तम्)
• 52.6. The Numeral (सम्ख्या f.)
  • 52.6.1. Cardinal Numbers
  • 52.6.2. Ordinal Numbers
  • 52.6.3. Numeral Adverbs
  • 52.6.4. Numeral Adjectives
  • 52.6.5. Compounds with Cardinal Numbers in the First Member
• 52.7. Word List
• 52.8. Translation Exercise
• 52.9. Tasks during the semester break

Lesson 53

• 53.1. The Dual (द्विवचन n.) of Nouns
• 53.2. Dual Endings of Nouns
• 53.3. The Dual of Consonant-Stems
  • 53.3.1. Stems without Stem Gradation
  • 53.3.2. Stems with Stem Gradation
• 53.4. The Dual of Stems Ending in Vowels
• 53.5. Dualdvandva
• 53.6. The Dual of Pronouns
• 53.7. Pronominal Adjectives
• 53.8. Irregular Comparison
• 53.9. Declension of Comparatives in -īyas
• 53.10. Metrics (Study of Verse Measures)
  • 53.10.1. Significance of Determining the Meter
  • 53.10.2. Types of Metra
  • 53.10.3. The metrical quantity of syllables
  • 53.10.4. The Epic Śloka (श्लोक m.)
• 53.11. Exercise

Lesson 54

• 54.1. Preliminary Note
• 54.2. Word Formation: कृत् Suffix -u on Desiderative Stems
• 54.3. Meter II: the epic त्रिष्टुभ् and the जगती
• 54.4. Exercise on Metrics
• 54.5. Types of Aorist Formation (लुङ्)
• 54.6. Root Aorist
  • 54.6.1. The Aorist of the 3rd sg. Passive
• 54.7. Exercise

Lesson 55

• 55.1. The a-aorist (Aorist with thematic vowel)
• 55.2. Exercise

Lesson 56

• 56.1. The reduplicated aorist
  • 56.1.1. Formation of the Aorist of Causatives and Roots of the 10th Present Class
• 56.2. The Injunctive
• 56.3. The Prohibitive Sentence
• 56.4. स्म
• 56.5. Exercise

Lesson 57

• 57.1. Aorist 4: s-Aorist
• 57.2. Exercise

Lesson 58

• 58.1. The Primary Endings of the Dual (द्विवचनम्)
• 58.2. The Dual of the Thematic Present Classes: Indicative Present (लट्)
  • 58.2.1. First Present Class (भ्वादिगणः)
  • 58.2.2. Fourth Present Class (दिवादिगणः)
  • 58.2.3. Sixth Present Class (तुदादिगणः)
  • 58.2.4. Tenth Present Class (चुरादिगणः) and Causatives (णिजन्त)
• 58.3. The Dual of the Simple Future (ऌत्)
  • 58.3.1. अनिट्
  • 58.3.2. सेट्
• 58.4. The Dual Passive (Suffix -यक्)
• 58.5. The Dual of athematic present classes: Indicative Present (लट्)
  • 58.5.1. Second Present Class (अदादिगणः)
  • 58.5.2. Third Present Class (जुहोत्यादिगणः)
  • 58.5.3. Fifth Present Class (स्वादिगणः)
  • 58.5.4. Eighth Present Class (तनादिगणः)
  • 58.5.5. Seventh Present Class (रुधादिगणः)
  • 58.5.6. Ninth Present Class (क्र्यादिगणः)
• 58.6. Aorist 5: iṣ-Aorist
• 58.7. Exercise

Lesson 59

• 59.1. The Secondary Endings and Imperative Endings of the Dual (द्विवचनम्)
• 59.2. The Dual of Thematic Present Classes: Optative (विधिलिङ्), Imperfect (लङ्), Imperative (लोट्)
  • 59.2.1. First Present Class (भ्वादिगणः)
  • 59.2.2. Fourth Present Class (दिवादिगणः)
  • 59.2.3. Sixth Present Class (तुदादिगणः)
  • 59.2.4. Tenth Present Class (चुरादिगणः) and Causatives (णिजन्त)
  • 59.2.5. The Passive (Suffix -यक्)
• 59.3. The Dual of Athematic Present Classes: Optative (विधिलिङ्), Imperfect (लङ्), Imperative (लोट्)
  • 59.3.1. Second Present Class (अदादिगणः)
  • 59.3.2. Third Present Class (जुहोत्यादिगणः)
  • 59.3.3. Fifth Present Class (स्वादिगणः)
  • 59.3.4. Eighth Present Class (तनादिगणः)
  • 59.3.5. Seventh Present Class (रुधादिगणः)
  • 59.3.6. Ninth Present Class (क्र्यादिगणः)
• 59.4. Dual (द्विवचनम्) Aorist (लुङ्)
  • 59.4.1. Root Aorist
  • 59.4.2. a-Aorist
  • 59.4.3. Reduplicated Aorist
  • 59.4.4. s-Aorist
  • 59.4.5. iṣ-Aorist
• 59.5. Aorist (लुङ्) 6: siṣ-Aorist (P only)
• 59.6. Aorist (लुङ्) 7: sa-Aorist (thematic s-aorist)
• 59.7. Exercise

Lesson 60

• 60.1. The Dual Endings of the Perfect (द्विवचनम्)
• 60.2. The Dual of the Reduplicated Perfect (द्वित्वलिट्)
  • 60.2.1. Type 1: no stem gradation
  • 60.2.2. Type 2: strong stem strong grade, weak stem weak grade
  • 60.2.3. Type 3: Strong Stem High Grade/Lengthened Grade
  • 60.2.4. Type 4: Roots ending in -ā / -ai
  • 60.2.5. Type 5: Consonant-a-Consonant
• 60.3. The Dual of the Periphrastic Perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)
• 60.4. The Participle परस्मैपद of the reduplicated perfect (द्वित्वलिट्)
• 60.5. Declension of stems ending in -añc (-ac)
  • 60.5.1. Tri-stemmed stems in -añc
  • 60.5.2. Two-stemmed tribes on -añc
• 60.6. The Desiderative (सन्)
  • 60.6.1. Formation of the Desiderative Stem
  • 60.6.2. Conjugation of the Desiderative (सन्)
• 60.7. Exercise

Lesson 61

• 61.1. Declension of Root Nouns ending in -ā, -ī, -ū
  • 61.1.1. Root nouns ending in -ā in तत्पुरुष
  • 61.1.2. Feminine root nouns ending in -ī
  • 61.1.3. Root nouns ending in -ī in तत्पुरुष
  • 61.1.4. Monosyllabic feminine root nouns in -ū
  • 61.1.5. Root nouns ending in -ū in तत्पुरुष
  • 61.1.6. Declension of multisyllabic feminine nouns ending in -ū
• 61.2. The periphrastic future (लुट्)
• 61.3. The Intensivum (Frequentativum) (चर्करीतम्)
  • 61.3.1. Ātmanepada Intensive
  • 61.3.2. Parasmaipada-Intensivum
• 61.4. Denominatives (नामधातु)
  • 61.4.1. Formation without special suffix, Parasmaipada
  • 61.4.2. Formation with the suffix -ya, Parasmaipada
  • 61.4.3. Formation with the Suffix -kāmya, Parasmaipada
  • 61.4.4. Formation with the Suffix -sya or -asya, Parasmaipada
  • 61.4.5. Formation with the suffix -ya, Ātmanepada
  • 61.4.6. Formation with the suffix -aya, -āpaya
• 61.5. The Benedictive (आशीर्लिङ्)
• 61.6. The Conditional (ऌङ्)
• 61.7. Declension of Nouns in -ai, -o, -au
• 61.8. Remaining Pronouns
  • 61.8.1. Personal pronouns of the dual
  • 61.8.2. Demonstrative Pronouns अदस् "that (distant)"
• 61.9. Release into the Ocean of Sanskrit Literature: ಶ್ರೀಗಣನಾಥ / श्रीगणनाथ