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Lesson 45

45.1. Formation of the verbal forms of the 2nd person (मध्यमः) athematic stems without vocally ending suffix (continuation)

45.1.1. Third present class (जुहोत्यादि)

हु 3P

परस्मैपदम्आत्मनेपदम्
एकवचनम्बहुवचनम्एकवचनम्बहुवचनम्
Indicative Present
लट्
जुहोषिजुहुथजुहुषेजुहुध्वे
Imperfect
लङ्
अजुहोस्अजुहुतअजुहुथास्अजुहुध्वम्
Optative
विधिलिङ्
जुहुयास्जुहुयातजुह्वीथास्जुह्वीध्वम्

धा 2U

परस्मैपदम्आत्मनेपदम्
एकवचनम्बहुवचनम्एकवचनम्बहुवचनम्
Indicative Present
लट्
दधासिधत्थ
aus: dadh + tha
धत्सेधद्ध्वे
Imperfect
लङ्
अदधास्अधत्तअधत्थास्अधद्ध्वम्
Optative
विधिलिङ्
दध्यास्दध्यातदधीथास्दधीध्वम्

45.1.2. Seventh present class (रुधादि)

If a final k/g of the root comes to stand between the nasal ṅ and a dental of the ending, then the k/g may optionally drop out

e.g. युज् 3.sg.Ind.Pres.Ā युङ्क्ते or युङ्ते

युज् 7U

परस्मैपदम्आत्मनेपदम्
एकवचनम्बहुवचनम्एकवचनम्बहुवचनम्
Indicative Present
लट्
युनक्षि
yu-na-j + si
युङ्क्थ
युङ्थ
युङ्क्षेयुङ्ग्ध्वे
युङ्ध्वे
Imperfect
लङ्
अयुनक्
aus: a-yu-na-j + s
युङ्क्त
अयुङ्त
अयुङ्क्थास्
अयुङ्थास्
अयुङ्ग्ध्वम्
अयुङ्ध्वम्
Optative
विधिलिङ्
युञ्ज्यास्युञ्ज्यातयुञ्जीथास्युञ्जीध्वम्

रुध् 7U

परस्मैपदम्आत्मनेपदम्
एकवचनम्बहुवचनम्एकवचनम्बहुवचनम्
Indicative Present
लट्
रुणत्सि
ru + na + dh + si
रुन्द्ध
ru-n-dh + tha
रुन्त्सेरुन्द्ध्वे
Imperfect
लङ्
अरुणत्
aus a-ru-ṇa-dh + s
अरुण्स् (irregular!)
अरुन्द्ध
a-ru-n-dh + ta
अरुन्द्धास्अरुन्द्ध्वम्
Optative
विधिलिङ्
रुन्ध्यास्रुन्ध्यातरुन्धीथास्रुन्धीध्वम्

45.2. The Vocative Singular (आमन्त्रितमेकवचने)

Most vocatives of the singular are the stem with a high-level ending.

e.g. देव, कवे, शत्रो, राजन्, पितर् etc.

Exceptions are the feminine nouns ending in -ā and -ī as well as the stems ending in -in, whose vocative singular must be memorized especially carefully.

Vocative Singular
Masculine nouns ending in -aदेव
Neuter nouns ending in -aफल
Feminine nouns ending in -āदेवते
Masculine nouns ending in -iकवे
Feminine nouns ending in -iमते
Masculine nouns ending in -uशत्रो
Feminine nouns ending in -uधेनो
Feminine nouns ending in -īदेवि
Masculine nouns ending in -ṛपितर्
Feminine nouns ending in -ṛमातर्
Masculine nouns ending in -anराजन्
Neuter nouns ending in -anनामन्
नाम
Masculine nouns ending in -man/-vanआत्मन्
Masculine nouns ending in -inबलिन्
Masculine nouns ending in -antबलिन्
बलि
mahānt m.महन्
mahānt n.महत्
= Nominative
Masculine nouns ending in -mant/-vantगुणवन्
Neuter nouns ending in -mant/-vantगुणवत्
= Nominative
Pronounsa vocative is not formed


Fig.: भवति किं करोषि
(Image source: Details)

45.3. Vocabulary List

वा ... वा : either ... or

45.4. Exercise

A) Translate into Sanskrit (for past tense forms, please use the imperfect लङ्):

  1. You split the (Buddhist) community.

For schism in the community (सङ्घभेद) see:

Payer, Alois (1944–): Vinayamukha : Basic Concepts of the Monastic Rules and Monastic Law of Theravāda. -- Part I. -- (Materials on the Basic Concepts of Buddhism). -- URL: http://www.payer.de/buddhgrund/vinaya01.htm

  1. Have you enjoyed the earth?

  2. Did you receive a gift from the king?

Holy man, why do you not fear dangers?

Father, where are you leaving the family?

Śūdra woman, did you carry the load into the house of the rich Brāhmaṇa?

Goddess, you should fulfill the wish for happiness of the Vaiśya who has performed merit.

Elephants, you should not break the fetters.

You lion-like man, why do you not direct your entire attention to the Absolute (Brahman)?

Poet, have you measured the worlds?

B) Translate:

अर्जुन हतो वा प्राप्स्यसि स्वर्गं जित्वा वा भोक्ष्यसे महीं । तस्माद्भवता योध्यम् ॥१॥ भवति कथमनन्तदुःखमरुणत् ॥२॥ ब्राह्मण किमग्नौ घृतमजुहोः ॥३॥ शत्रो शस्तेण जीवं न छिनत्सि ॥४॥


Fig.: कन्ये किं लिखसि
(Image source: Details)

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