Lesson 35
35.1. Perfect Type III: Strong Stem, Guṇa/Ḍīrgha Grade
Formation:
strong stem:
- 3.sg.P: Ḍīrgha grade
- 2.sg.P: Guṇa grade
- 1.sg.P: optionally Guṇa grade or Ḍīrgha grade
weak stem: see the subtypes
35.1.1. Perfect Type IIIa: Strong stem in guṇa/long grade, weak stem in zero grade
Formation:
weak stem: zero grade
Formed from roots of the following types:
- (Consonant)-(Consonant) - i/ī/u/ū
- (Consonant) - ṛ
Before endings beginning with a vowel, the following replacements occur:
- -i/-ī becomes -iy
- -u/-ū becomes -uv
- -ṛ becomes r
Examples:
| Root | 3. sg. Perf. P. | 3. pl. Perf. P. | 3. sg. Perf. Ā. | 3. pl. Perf. Ā. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| इ 2P | इयाय iy-ai + a | ईयुर् i + iy + ur | ||
| नी 1U | निनाय | निन्युर् ni-nī + ur | निन्ये | निन्यिरे |
| स्तु 2U | तुष्टाव tu + stau + a | तुष्टुवुर् tu + stuv-ur | तुष्टुवे | तुष्टुविरे |
| पू | पुपाव pu-pau + a | पुपुवुर् pu-puv-ur | पुपुवे | पुपुविरे |
| कृ | चकार | चक्रुर् ca-kr-ur | चक्रे | चक्रिरे |
35.1.2. Perfect Type IIIb: Strong stem in guṇa/long grade, weak stem in guṇa grade
Formation:
weak stem: guṇa grade
Formed from roots of the following types:
- (Consonant)-(Consonant)-ṝ
- Consonant-Consonant-ṛ (i.e., roots ending in -ṛ preceded by multiple consonants)
Examples:
| Root | 3. sg. Perf. P. | 3. pl. Perf. P. | 3. sg. Perf. Ā. | 3. pl. Perf. Ā. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| पॄ 3P | पपार | पपरुर् | ||
| स्मृ 1P | सस्मार | सस्मरुर् | ||
| संस्कृ 8U | सञ्चस्कार sam + ca-skār-a | सञ्चस्करुर् | सञ्चस्करे | सञ्चस्करिरे |
35.2. Perfect Type IV: Stems ending in -ā / -āi
Formation:
strong stem:
- 3rd/1st sg. P Perfect ends in -au
- 2nd sg. P : Strengthened grade -ā or Weakened grade -i
weak stem:
- before consonant: Weakened grade -i
- before vowel: Weakened grade Ø
Formed from stems ending in -ā / -āi
Example:
| Root | 3. sg. Perf. P. 1. sg. Perf. P. | 3. pl. Perf. P. | 3. sg. Perf. Ā. | 3. pl. Perf. Ā. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| दा 3U | ददौ | ददुर् da-d-ur | ददे | ददिरे da-d-i-re |
35.3. Perfect Type V: Roots Consonant-a-Consonant
Formation:
strong stem:
- 3.sg.P: guṇa grade
- 2.sg.P: zero grade
- 1.sg.P: optionally zero grade or guṇa grade
weak stem: see subtypes
Formed from roots of the type (Consonant)-Consonant-a-Consonant
35.3.1. Perfect Type Va: Weak Stem, Guṇa Grade
Formation:
weak stem: Guṇa grade
Formed by various roots, including:
- गम्
- हन्
- जन्
- वच्
- वद्
- यज्
Examples:
| Root | 3. sg. Perf. P. | 3. pl. Perf. P. | 3. sg. Perf. Ā. | 3. pl. Perf. Ā. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| गम् 1P | जगाम | जग्मुर् ja-gm-ur | ||
| हन् 2P | sig[जघान] ja-ghān-a | जघ्नुर् | ||
| जन् 4Ā | जज्ञे ja-jñ-e | जज्ञिरे | ||
| वच् 2P | उवाच | ऊचुर् u + uc-ur | ||
| वद् 1P | उवाद | ऊदुर् | <ऊदे> | <ऊदिरे> |
| यज् 1U | इयाज | ईजुर् i + ij-ur | ईजे | ईजिरे |
35.3.2. Perfect Type Vb: Weak Stem Contraction (e-Type)
Formation:
weak stem: no reduplication. Replacement of the root’s -a- with -e-
(for explanation, see Thumb-Hauschild 1,2 p. 286f.)
Formed from roots containing -a- between two simple consonants, whose initial consonant remains unchanged in the reduplicating syllable (i.e., whose initial consonant is not a guttural, aspirate, or h).
Example:
Example:
| Root | 3. sg. Perf. P. | 3. pl. Perf. P. | 3. sg. Perf. Ā. | 3. pl. Perf. Ā. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| पच् 1U | पपाच | पेचुर् | पेचे | पेचिरे |
35.3.3. Perfect Type Vc: Roots Consonant-a-Consonant. Weak Stem Strong Grade
Formation:
weak stem: strong grade
Formed from all other roots with medial -a-, i.e., roots with medial -a-
- that begin with two consonants
- that begin with a guttural
- that begin with an aspirate
- that begin with h
provided they do not belong to Perfect Type Va.
Example:
| Root | 3. sg. Perf. P. | 3. pl. Perf. P. | 3. sg. Perf. Ā. | 3. pl. Perf. Ā. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| क्रम् 1U | चक्राम | चक्रमुर् | चक्रमे | चक्रमिरे |
35.4. Word List
नश् 4P नश्यति : to perish, to be destroyed, to disappear
Perf. Vb ननाश, नेशुर्:br
Fut. नशिष्यति । नङ्क्ष्यति:br
Kaus. नाशयति:br
PPP नष्ट
नश् + प्र 4P प्रणश्यति** : to disappear, to perish, to be destroyed
क्रम् 1U क्रामति, 4P क्राम्यति : to stride, to go
Perf. Vc चक्राम, चक्रमुर्:br
Fut. क्रमिष्यति:br
Pass. क्रम्यते:br
Kaus. क्रमयति:br
PPP क्रान्त:br
Inf. क्रमितुम्:br
Absol. क्रमित्वा । क्रन्त्वा । क्रान्त्वा
Fig.: क्रामन्ति
People walking, Senegal.
(Image source: Details)
गै 1P गायति (gai + a-ti): to sing, to recite in a singing tone, to proclaim in verse
Perf. IV जगौ, जगुर्:br
Fut. गास्यति:br
Pass. गीयते:br
Kaus. गापयति:br
PPP गीत:br
Inf. गातुम्
derived from:
गीता f.: song, chant
Fig.: जगुः
Temple musicians, Kaadu Malleswara Temple, Bangalore.
(Image source: Details)
35.5. Exercise
A) Form the corresponding perfect forms for the following verb forms:
- गायन्ति
- स्मरन्ति
- एष्यति
- गच्छन्ति
- कुरुते
- नेष्यन्ते
- जायते
- जानाति
- संस्करोति
- पुनीते
- बिभ्यति
- पिपुरति
- दत्ते
- यजन्ते
- भजन्ति irregular, according to Type Vb!
- वक्ति
- अदधुः
- बिभ्रते
- मरिष्यन्ति
- अशक्नुवन्
- अवदन्
- अपिबत्
- अपान्
- अलभत
- अहन्
- मन्यन्ते
- अक्रामन्
- अशृण्वन्
- मिमति
Fig.: मिमति
Market in Vadaseri, Tamil Nadu.
(Image source: Details)
- अपद्यत
- सुनोति
- अतिष्ठत्
- पतिष्यन्ति
- अपचत्
- अजहुर्
- धक्ष्यन्ति
- स्तौति
- तनुते
- अचरत्
- जुह्वति
- अहरत्
B) Translate:
एकस्मिन्नेव काले क्षत्रियो महान्यष्टुमुपचक्रमे । तस्य यज्ञपशुमिन्द्रो जहार । प्रनष्टे तु पशौ दुर्ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियमब्रवीत् । पशुर्हृतः क्षत्रियस्य दुर्नयादिति ॥१॥
रामो ऽपुत्र आस । स पुत्रमियेष न तु लेभे । तस्माद्देवानीजे ब्रह्मचर्यादिव्रतानि च चकार । देवा रामस्येष्टिं शुश्रुवुर् रामाय चेष्टपुत्रं ददुः ॥२॥
ब्राह्मण्यो यज्ञाय घृतं पेचुः । ब्राह्मणीषु पचन्तीषु ब्राह्मणा यज्ञस्थानं सञ्चस्करुः । ततः क्षत्रियाः शिवादिदेवानीजिरे ब्राह्मणाश्चेजुः ॥३॥
Fig.: ... ब्राह्मणाश्चेजुः
Yajña ceremony, Shiva Ashram, Ganeshpuri.
(Image source: Details)
अर्हन्तः कुलबन्धनं बिभिदुर्लोभं च क्रोधं च मोहं च रुरुधुः सत्यं प्रजज्ञुर्दुःखान्मुक्ता मोक्षसुखमापुः ॥४॥
C) Transform the sentences from Exercise B) by replacing perfect forms with imperfect forms.
lekt3501: Temple musicians, Kaadu Malleswara Temple, Bangalore. [Image source: Samuelraj / Flickr. CC BY-NC]
lekt3502: People walking, Senegal. [Image source: Curt Carnemark / World Bank. CC BY-NC-ND]
lekt3503: Market in Vadaseri, Tamil Nadu. [Image source: kifo / Flickr. CC BY-SA]
lekt3504: Yajña ceremony, Shiva Ashram, Ganeshpuri. [Image source: Dey / Flickr. CC BY-NC-SA]