Citation Style & Rights

Word List (Complete Overview)

All new words from the course in the order of their introduction, with thematic explanations.

Lesson 2

deva m. -- देव : Heavenly one, god; prince, king.

īśvara m. -- ईश्वर : Lord, ruler, god (monotheistic).

brāhmaṇa m. -- ब्राह्मण : Brahmin (priestly estate).

kṣatriya m. -- क्षत्रिय : Kṣatriya (noble and military estate).

vaiśya m. -- वैश्य : Vaiśya (agricultural and merchant estate).

śūdra m. -- शूद्र : Śūdra (service estate).

Die vier Stände (varna)

According to classical theory (e.g., Manusmṛti I, 88-91), the duties are distributed:

of the Brahmins
- Study of the Vedas
- Teaching
- Sacrifice for oneself
- Sacrifice for others
- Giving
- Receiving gifts
of the Kṣatriyas
- Protect the people
- Give gifts (to Brahmins)
- Sacrifice for oneself
- Study of the Vedas
of the Vaiśyas
- Animal husbandry
- Agriculture
- Trade
- Money lending
- Sacrifice for oneself
- Give gifts (to Brahmins)
- Sacrifice for oneself
- Study of the Vedas
of the Śūdras
- Serve the three upper estates

dvija m. -- द्विज : "Twice-born" (initiates of the upper three estates: Brāhmaṇa, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya).

varṇa m. -- वर्ण : Color, birth estate (aspiration).

The four estates (varṇa m.) are often confused with castes. However, the four estates are -- in contrast to castes -- not specifically Indian; in Europe, we also had (partly up to the First World War) an estate system, as the following illustration from the 15th century confirms:

Fig.: Representation of the estate division of the European Middle Ages (woodcut from the late 15th century).
(Image source: Details)

Caption:

Priestly estate (~Brāhmaṇa): Tu supplex ora = You pray earnestly!
Noble estate (~Kṣatriya): Tu protege = You protect!
Peasant estate (~Vaiśya/Śūdra): Tuque labora = And you work!

The three estates wear the respective estate attire. Above the -- thus designated as willed by God -- estates, Christ reigns.

Max Weber <1864 – 1920> defines estate as follows:

"Estate" should mean a multitude of people who, within an association, effectively
a) claim an estate-specific special estimation, - possibly also
b) estate-specific special monopolies.

Estates can arise
a) primarily, through their own estate-specific way of life, particularly through the type of profession (way-of-life or professional estates),
b) secondarily, hereditarily charismatic, through successful prestige claims based on estate-specific descent (birth estates),
c) through estate-specific appropriation of political or hierocratic lordships as monopolies (political or hierocratic estates).

The hereditary estate development is regularly a form of (hereditary) appropriation of privileges to an association or to qualified individuals. Any fixed appropriation of opportunities, particularly [of] lord [powers or occupational] opportunities, tends to lead to estate formation. Any estate formation tends to lead to the monopolistic appropriation of lordships and occupational opportunities.

While occupational classes grow on the ground of the market-oriented economy, estates arise and exist preferably on the ground of the monopolistically led liturgical or the feudal or the estate-patrimonial supply of associations.

»Estatal« is meant to describe a society when the social stratification occurs preferably by estates, »class-based«, when it occurs preferably by classes. The »estate« is closest to the »social« class among the »classes«, the »occupational class« is furthest away. Estates are often formed by property classes according to their focus.

Every estate-based society is conventional, ordered by rules of conduct, therefore creates economically irrational consumption conditions and hinders free market formation in this way through monopolistic appropriations and by excluding free disposal over one's own earning capacity.

[**Weber, Max <1864 – 1920>: Economy and Society : Outline of Understanding Sociology. – 5th, revised ed. – Tübingen : Mohr, 1976. – p. 625 ff.]

Varṇas are accordingly birth estates.

kavi m. -- कवि : poet.

agni m. -- अग्नि : fire, god Agni.

Fig.: God Agni, miniature, 18th century.
(Image source: Details)

sādhu 3 -- साधु : correct, good.

sādhu m. -- साधु : "holy" man, Sādhu.

Fig.: Sādhu (साधु), Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu.
(Image source: Details)

guru 3 -- गुरु : heavy, significant, worthy of veneration

guru m. -- गुरु : worthy of veneration person: father, mother, older relative, esp. teacher, master

Lesson 3

Learn the following words:

śruti f. = श्रुति : hearing, the eternal tradition (designation for the Vedas and Brāhmaṇa's).

smṛti f. = स्मृति : recollection, memory, meditative recollection = mindfulness, tradition (counter-concept to śruti). Includes:

the six vedāṅga n. (वेदाङ्ग)
1. śikṣā f. (शिक्षा): correct pronunciation
2. chandas n. (छन्दस्): meter
3. vyākaraṇa n. (व्याकरण): grammar
4. nirukta n. (निरुक्त) : word explanation, etymology
5. jyotiṣa n. (ज्योतिष) : astronomy, calendar science
6. kalpa m. (कल्प) : ceremonial
śrautasūtra n. (श्रौतसूत्र) : treatises for the performance of the great sacrifices
gṛhyasūtra n. (गृह्यसूत्र) : treatises for the ceremonies and sacrifices of daily life
dharmasūtra n. (धर्मसूत्र) and dharmaśāstra n. (धर्मशास्त्र) : treatises on law and custom (right conduct)
the great epics mahābhārata n. (महाभारत) and rāmāyaṇa n. (रामायण)
the purāṇa n. (पुराण)
nītiśāstra n. (नीतिशास्त्र) : treatises on worldly wisdom

smṛti is also particularly designation for Dharma treatises.

dhenu f. = धेनु : (milk) cow.

paśu m. = पशु : domesticated livestock, cattle (collective noun).

devatā f. = देवता : deity (abstract and concrete).

brāhmaṇī f. = ब्राह्मणी : Brahman woman.

kṣatriyā f. = क्षत्रिया : female Kṣatriya.

kṣatriyī f. = क्षत्रियी : wife of a Kṣatriya.

vaiśyā f. = वैश्या : female Vaiśya.

śūdrā f. = शूद्रा : female Śūdra.

śūdrī f. / śūdrāṇī f. = शूद्री शूद्राणी : wife of a Śūdra.

devī f. = देवी : goddess, esp. Durgā f. = दुर्गा, the consort of Śiva = शिव.

Fig.: Durgā = दुर्गा, Orissa
(Image source: Details)

sādhvī f. = साध्वी : fem. of sādhu.

gurvī f. = गुर्वी : fem. of guru.

asmitā f. = अस्मिता : "I-ness", i.e., the (false) belief: I am the one who sees, etc.

ānvīkṣikī f. = आन्वीक्षिकी : philosophy (the science that arrives at its conclusions through logically correct reasoning).

upekṣā f. = उपेक्षा : non-regard, equanimity.

karuṇā f. = करुणा : compassion, pity.

muditā f. = मुदिता : joy, specifically sympathetic joy (opposite of envy).

Lesson 5

Learn the following words:

abhiniveṣa m. = अभिनिवेष : inclination, tenacity, insistence; specifically: attachment to the body as if it were something belonging to oneself.

kāma m. = काम : desire, longing, desired gift, sensual pleasure, love; love god Kāma.

Fig.: God Kāma = kāmadeva = कामदेव, 18th century.
(Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain)

krodha m. = क्रोध : anger.

kleśa m. = क्लेश : affliction, torment.

trayī f. = त्रयी : triad; esp. the three Vedas (Ṛgveda, Sāmaveda, Yajurveda).

daṇḍanīti f. = दण्डनीति : politics (a Tatpuruṣa compound from daṇḍa m. = "staff, power, rule, punishment" and nīti f. = "right guidance").

dvijāti 3 / dvija 3 = द्विजाति / द्विज : twice-born.

dveṣa m. = द्वेष : hatred.

maitrī f. = मैत्री : friendship, friendliness, friendly goodwill.

rāga m. = राग : (red) color, passion, love.

lobha m. = लोभ : greed, avarice.

varṇa m. = वर्ण : color, genus, social class.

vārttā f. = वार्त्ता : livelihood, economics (economy).

vidyā f. = विद्या : knowledge, science.

avidyā f. = अविद्या : ignorance, non-knowledge.

ca = च : and.
(It is placed after the word it connects. When connecting multiple words, it ideally stands after the first word of the last connected element: brāhmaṇāḥ kṣatriyā vaiśyāḥ śūdrāś ca = ब्राह्मणाः क्षत्रिया वैश्याः शूद्राश्च).

ca ... ca = च ... च : both ... and.

Lesson 6

In Sanskrit, verbs are listed in the root form. The number following the root indicates the conjugation class.

P: Root is only Parasmaipada
Ā: Root is only Ātmanepada
U: Ubhayapada ("both word forms"): Root is used in both Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada.
(): In parentheses is the 3rd person singular present indicative (laṭ).

Learn the following words:

yaj 1 U (yajati) यज् यजति : honor with a sacrifice, sacrifice
bhū 1 P (bhavati) भू भवति : become, arise, be
smṛ 1 P (smarati) स्मृ स्मरति : make present, remember
nṛt 4 P (nṛtyati) नृत् नृत्यति : dance
nī 1 U (nayati) नी नयति : lead
man 4 Ā (manyate) मन् मन्यते : think
muh 4 P (muhyati) मुह् मुह्यति : be confused
yudh 4 Ā (yudhyate) युध् युध्यते : fight
viś 6 P (viśati) विश् विशति : enter
sṛj 6 P (sṛjati) सृज् सृजति : let go, release, emanate

Lesson 7

Learn the following words:

aś 5 Ā (aśnute) अश् अश्नुते : reach, arrive at, attain
āp 5 P (āpnoti) आप् आप्नोति : reach, attain
kup 4 P (kupyati) कुप् कुप्यति : be angry
krudh 4 P (krudhyati) क्रुध् क्रुध्यति : be angry
khād 1 P (khādati) खाद् खादति : chew, eat
śru 5 P (śṛṇoti !) श्रु शृणोति : hear (something: Accusative, someone: Genitive or Accusative; about: Accusative; from someone: Genitive, Ablative, Instrumental)
su 5 U (sunoti) सु सुनोति : press out
soma m. सोम : pressed drink, Soma; moon (Which plant Soma was pressed from remains disputed to this day).

Fig.: Was this the Vedic Soma plant?: Fly agaric: Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.
(Image source: Details)

phala n. फल : fruit (also in a figurative sense: (karmic) fruit of an action)
nṛtya n. नृत्य : dance
svarga m. स्वर्ग : heaven
naraka m. नरक : hell (according to a Hindu conception, the universe has the form of an egg (Brahmāṇḍa m.n. = ब्रह्माण्ड = "Egg of Brahmā"): above the earth are six heavens with increasing bliss, below the earth are seven so-called pātāla n. = पाताल, dwellings of the nāga m. = नाग (snakes) and other mythical beings, among them come 7 hells with increasing torments)
aṅga n. अङ्ग : limb of the body, component; also = vedāṅga = वेदाङ्ग
gam 1 P (gacchati) गम् गच्छति : go (According to the indigenous verb classification, it belongs to present class 1, but in reality it is a formation with a present stem formation suffix -ccha-: gam » Middle grade (gm ») ga-ccha-ti)

Lesson 8

Learn the following words:

ji 1 P (jayati) जि जयति : triumph, conquer, defeat
labh 1 Ā (labhate) लभ् लभते : grasp, obtain, seize
tu तु : but (appears after the first word of the opposing sentence or sentence part)
paś 4 P (paśyati) पश् पश्यति : see, behold (used as a present stem instead of the root dṛś 0 "see, behold")
kṛ 8 U (karoti) कृ करोति : make, do
tan 8 U (tanoti) तन् तनोति : stretch
rakṣ 1 P (rakṣati) रक्ष् रक्षति : guard
sārathi m. सारथि : charioteer, driver
kapi m. कपि : monkey
kumārī f. कुमारी : the girl, the maiden
nāga m. नाग : the naked one, the elephant, the snake (Elephants and snakes have no fur, just like the "naked ape" human)
gaja m. गज : elephant
śuc 1 P (śocati) शुच् शोचति : mourn
śuka m. शुक : parrot
pat 1 P (patati) पत् पतति : fall, fly
patrikā f. पत्रिका : letter
likh 1 P (likhati) लिख् लिखति : engrave, write (originally with a stylus on a palm leaf, but then generally)

Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Indian steel stylus for incising palm leaves
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Writing stick of the Batak (Sumatra), as it was presumably also used in India
(Image source: Details)

sukha n. सुख : happiness, well-being
duḥkha n. दुःख : misfortune, suffering

Lesson 9

Learn the following words:

adhyayana n. (अध्ययन) : learning, esp. Vedic study

Fig.: adhyayana = अध्ययन, Sri Skandaguru Vidyalayam, Tiruparankundram near Madurai.
(Image source: Details)

kāru m. / kāruka m. (कारु / कारुक) : craftsman

Fig.: kāru = कारु, Gujarat.
(Image source: Details)

kuśīlava m. (कुशीलव) : (wandering) showman, actor, singer
kusīda n. (कुसीद) : usury
kṛṣ 1 P (karṣati) कृष् कर्षति : to pull
kṛṣ 6 U (kṛṣati) कृष् कृषति : to plow
- from this: kṛṣi f. / kṛṣikā f. (कृषि / कृषिका) : agriculture
dāna n. (दान) : giving, gift, generosity
pratigraha m. (प्रतिग्रह) : receiving, gift
pravacana n. (प्रवचन) : speech, (oral) instruction
pāśupālya n. (पाशुपाल्य) : cattle keeping, cattle breeding
to yaj 1 U:
- ijyā f. (इज्या) : sacrifice (from *yj » ij + suffix yā)
- yajana n. (यजन) : sacrifice on behalf of someone else
rūpa n. (रूप) : appearance, form, beautiful form, nature, essence
vāṇijya n. / vāṇijyā f. / vaṇijyā f. (वाणिज्य / वाणिज्या / वणिज्या) : trade
śuśrūṣā f. (शुश्रूषा) : obedience, obedient service

Lesson 10

Learn the following words:

gṛha n. गृह : house
grāma m. ग्राम : village
nagara n. नगर : city
For city and village life, see Basham, Wonder, Chapter 6.
- yajña m. यज्ञ : sacrifice
In India, sacrifice is primarily an act of reverence towards the deity as a guest. By this, one obligates oneself to the deity.
Word formation: yaj 1 U + kṛt suffix -na-.
- puṇya n. पुण्य : good deed, merit
By which one earns well-being and good rebirths.
- pāpa n. पाप : evil deed, evil (opposite of puṇya)
satya n. सत्य : truth

In India, the true word was attributed with magical power; indeed, the entire cosmic order is maintained and created by the true word. For this important concept, see the fundamental work:

Lüders, Heinrich <1869 - 1943>: Varuna / Heinrich Lüders. Edited from the estate by Ludwig Alsdorf. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. -- Vol. 2: Varuna and Ṛta. -- 1959. -- XXIII pages, pp. 340 - 764

Fig.: वरुणः
(Image source: Details)

anṛta n. अनृत : untruth, lie (opposite of satya)
Word formation an- ("un-") + ṛta n.
ṛta is a central concept in the Veda, whose translation is disputed: "truth" (Lüders, Thieme), "order" (Renou).
- ṛṣi m. ऋषि : Vedic sage, author of Vedic songs
The names of these ṛṣis are mentioned in the Brāhmaṇas as well as in separate lists of the Vedas. All Brahmins trace their origin to such ṛṣis, after whom their gotra (गोत्र) are named. For the concept gotra see Basham, Wonder, Chap. 5.

Fig.: विश्वामित्रः
(Image source: Details)

vad 1 P (vadati) वद् वदति : to say, to speak
prach 6 P (pṛcchati !) प्रच्छ् पृच्छति : to ask (someone: Acc.; about something: Acc.)
saha सह : together with, jointly with (also in "to fight with" etc.) (postposition with instrumental)

Lesson 11

Learn the following words:

iti इति : thus
- Stands after the formulation of a thought, wish, utterance, quote, so to speak as quotation marks (").
- e.g. sādhavaḥ svargaṃ gacchantīti brāhmaṇā vadanti "Brahmins say: 'The righteous go to heaven'" = "Brahmins say that the righteous go to heaven".
- In Sanskrit there is no indirect speech; formations with iti often need to be rendered in German in indirect speech.
- ... (quote) ... iti śrutiḥ = "thus the Veda".
- Often a verb of thinking is to be added after iti: "thinking: '...' he does that". Render idiomatically in German (e.g. "Because he is hungry, he goes...").
evam एवम् : thus (adverbial, e.g. evaṃ jayati "thus he wins").
na न : not
- Negates individual words (stands immediately before it: na sādhuḥ "a not good one") or entire sentences (stands at the beginning or immediately before the verb).
putra m. पुत्र : son (In India it was necessary to beget a son who could perform the sacrifices for the ancestors.)
dharma m. धर्म : ("that which is firm", i.e.) right, law, custom, character.
- Corresponds most closely to natural law/moral law. Everyone has his own duties (svadharma) according to varṇa and āśrama (stage of life).
adharma m. अधर्म : injustice (opposite of dharma).
iṣ 6 P (icchati) इष् इच्छति : to wish (iṣ-ccha-ti).

Some nominal formations:

vad 1 P वद् : to say
- vāda m. वाद : utterance, statement, word
- vadana n. वदन : speaking; speaking instrument: mouth, face

Fig.: vadanāni = वदनानि
(Image source: Details)

prach 6 P प्रच्छ् : to ask
- praśna m. प्रश्न : question (suffix -na as in yaj-ña)
iṣ 6 P इष् : to wish
- iṣṭi f. इष्टि : wish (iṣ + -ti)

Lesson 12

budh 4 Ā (budhyate) / 1 U (bodhati), PPP buddha बुध् बुध्यते बोधति बुद्ध : to awaken, to awaken to knowledge, to recognize; PPP buddha 3 awakened, hence Buddha = "the Awakened" (not: the Enlightened)

Fig.: गौतमो बुद्धः
(Image source: Details)

dah 1 P (dahati), PPP dagdha दह् दहति दग्ध : (to) burn
sah 1 Ā (sahate), PPP soḍha सह् sahate soḍha : to manage, to endure, to bear patiently = to forgive
mṛga m. मृग : wild animal
mārga m. मार्ग : path (paths were often game trails)

Fig.: मार्गः
(Image source: Details)

api अपि : also (postposed)

Indigenous grammarians count some roots for the 6th conjugation class that form the present stem with a nasal infix and thematic vowel a, e.g.:

muc 6 U (muñcati), PPP mukta मुच् मुञ्चति मुक्त : to unfasten, to let go, to liberate; to liberate from the cycle of rebirths (saṃsāra m.) = to redeem
sic 6 U (siñcati), PPP sikta सिच् सिञ्चति सिक्त : to sprinkle

Regarding word formation:

muc: mokṣa m. मोक्ष : release, liberation, redemption
sic + abhi-: abhiṣeka m. अभिषेक : sprinkling of a king during the royal consecration, royal consecration
budh: bodhi m./f. बोधि : awakening (through which a Buddha or Jina attains liberating insight)

Fig.: महावीरो जिनः
(Image source: Details)

buddhi f. (budh + -ti) बुद्धि : insight, organ of insight.

12.5.1. Passive and PPP of the roots learned so far

Root धातु	Passive Present 3. sg. Indicative यक् लट्	PPP क्त
aś 5 Ā अश्	aśyate अश्यते	aṣṭa अष्ट
āp 5 P आप्	āpyate आप्यते	āpta आप्त
as 2 P अस्	—	bhūta भूत
bhaj 1 U भज्	bhajyate भज्यते	bhakta भक्त
bhū 1 P भू	bhūyate भूयते	bhūta भूत
budh 4 Ā / 1 U बुध्	budhyate बुध्यते	buddha बुद्ध
dah 1 P दह्	dahyate दह्यते	dagdha दग्ध
div 4 P दिव्	dīvyate दीव्यते	dyūta द्यूत
dṛś दृश्	dṛśyate दृश्यते	dṛṣṭa दृष्ट
gam 1 P गम्	gamyate गम्यते	gata गत
grah 9 U ग्रह्	gṛhyate गृह्यते	gṛhīta गृहीत
hṛ 1 U हृ	hriyate ह्रियते	hṛta हृत
i 2 P इ	īyate ईयते	ita इत
iṣ 6 P इष्	iṣyate इष्यते	iṣṭa इष्ट
jan 4 Ā जन्	janyate जन्यते	jāta जात
ji 1 P जि	jīyate जीयते	jita जित
kath 10 U कथ्	kathyate कथ्यते	kathita कथित
khād 1 P खाद्	khādyate खाद्यते	khādita खादित
kṛ 8 U कृ	kriyate क्रियते	kṛta कृत
krudh 4 P क्रुध्	krudhyate क्रुध्यते	kruddha क्रुद्ध
kup 4 P कुप्	kupyate कुप्यते	kupita कुपित
labh 1 Ā लभ्	labhyate लभ्यते	labdha लब्ध
man 4 Ā मन्	manyate मन्यते	mata मत
mṛ 6 Ā मृ	mriyate म्रियते	mṛta मृत
muc 6 U मुच्	mucyate मुच्यते	mukta मुक्त
nī 1 U नी	nīyate नीयते	nīta नीत
paś पश्	(dṛśyate) दृश्यते	(dṛṣṭa) दृष्ट
pat 1 P पत्	patyate पत्यते	patita पतित
prach 6 P प्रच्छ्	pṛcchyate पृच्छ्यते	pṛṣṭa पृष्ट
pūj 10 U पूज्	pūjyate पूज्यते	pūjita पूजित
rakṣ 1 P रक्ष्	rakṣyate रक्ष्यते	rakṣita रक्षित
ram 1 Ā रम्	ramyate रम्यते	rata रत
sah 1 Ā सह्	sahyate सह्यते	soḍha सोढ
sic 6 U सिच्	sicyate सिच्यते	sikta सिक्त
śru 5 P श्रु	śrūyate श्रूयते	śruta श्रुत
su 5 U सु	sūyate सूयते	suta सुत
svap 2 P स्वप्	supyate सुप्यते	supta सुप्त
tyaj 1 P त्यज्	tyajyate त्यज्यते	tyakta त्यक्त
uch उछ्	—	uṣita उषित
vad 1 P वद्	udyate उद्यते	udita उदित
vas 1 P वस्	uṣyate उष्यते	uṣita उषित
vadh वध्	vadyate वद्यते	hata हत
yaj 1 U यज्	ijyate इज्यते	iṣṭa इष्ट
yudh 4 Ā युध्	yudhyate युध्यते	yuddha युद्ध

Lesson 13

Learn the following words:

eva एव : emphasizes the preceding word
asura m. असुर : demon

ASURA. 'Spiritual, divine.'
In the oldest parts of the Ṛgveda this term is used for the supreme spirit, and is the same as the Ahura of the Zoroastrians. In the sense of 'god' it was applied to several of the chief deities, as to Indra, Agni, and Varuṇa. It afterwards acquired an entirely opposite meaning, and came to signify, as now, a demon or enemy of the gods.
The word is found with this signification in the later parts of the Ṛgveda, particularly in the last book, and also in the Atharvaveda. The Brāhmaṇas attach the same meaning to it, and record many contests between the Asuras and the gods. According to the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, the breath (asu) of Prajapati became alive, and "with that breath he created me Asuras." In another part of the same work it is said that Prajāpati "became pregnant. He created Asuras from his abdomen." The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa accords with the former statement, and states that "he created Asuras from his lower breath." The Taittirīya Āraṇyaka represents that Prajāpati created gods, men, fathers, Gandharvas, and Apsarases from water, and that the Asuras, Rakṣasas, and piśācas sprang from the drops which were spilt. Manu's statement is that they were created by the Prajāpatis.
According to the Viṣṇu Purāṇa, they were produced from the groin of Brahma (prajāpati). The account of the Vāyu Purāṇa is: "Asuras were first produced as sons from his (Prajāpati's) groin. Asu is declared by Brāhmaṇa to mean breath. From it these beings were produced; hence they are Asuras." The word has long been used as a general name for the enemies of the gods, including the Daityas and Danavas and other descendants of Kaśyapa, but not including the Rakṣasas descended from Pulastya.
In this sense a different derivation has been found for it: the source is no longer asu, 'breath,' but the initial a is taken as the negative prefix, and asura signifies 'not a god;' hence, according to some, arose the word sura, commonly used for 'a god.'"
[Source: Dowson, John <1820-1881>: A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]

Fig.: महिषासुरः
(Image source: Details)

guṇa m. गुण : thread, cord; quality, good quality
pad 4 Ā (padyate), Pass.: padyate, PPP panna पद् पद्यते पद्यते पन्न : to go, to arrive at
as 2 P (asti) अस् अस्ति : to be, to exist
as 4 P (asyati), Pass.: asyate, PPP asta अस् अस्यति अस्यते अस्त : to throw, to hurl (away)
i 2 P (eti), Pass.: īyate, PPP ita इ एति ईयते इत : to go
pā 2 P (pāti), Pass. pāyate, PPP pāta पा पाति पायते पात : to protect, to guard

pā 1 P (pibati), Pass. pīyate, PPP pīta पा पिबति पीयते पीत : to drink (traditionally counted in the 1st class)

dviṣ 2 U (dveṣṭi), Pass. dviṣyate, PPP dviṣṭa द्विष् द्वेष्टि द्विष्यते द्विष्ट : to hate, to be hostile towards
ad 2 P (atti), Pass. adyate, PPP anna अद् अत्ति अद्यते अन्न : to eat, to consume
anna n. अन्न : food (from PPP: *ad-na: that which is eaten)

Fig.: अन्नम्
(Image source: Details)

Word formation:

pad 4 Ā:

pada n. पद : step, position, place

pāda m. पाद : foot, a quarter, verse line

Fig.: चत्वारः पादाः : गजः
(Image source: Details)

dviṣ 2 U:

dveṣa द्वेष : hatred

Lesson 14

śīla n. (शील) : (good) character, morality
bhūṣ-aṇa n (भूषण) : ornament
dīpa m. (दीप) : lamp

Fig.: दीपाः
(Image source: Details)

bala n. (बल) : violence, power, strength; military force, army
bāla 3 (बाल) : young, childish, foolish; m. boy
bālā f. (बाला) : young girl
nara m. (नर) : man, human being
śatru m. (शत्रु) : enemy
loka m. (लोक) : world; Sing. and Plur.: the people, the humans, the public
jala n. (जल) : water
jan 4 Ā (jāyate), Pass. janyate / jāyate, PPP jāta (जन् जायते जन्यते जायते जात) : to be born, to arise, to appear
- jan-a m. (जन) : creature, human being, people
vac 2 P (vakti, no 3rd plural!), Pass. ucyate, PPP ukta (वच् वक्ति उच्यते उक्त) : to say, to speak to (accusative)
- uk-ti f. (उक्ति) : utterance, word
- vac-ana n. (वचन) : speaking, the word
- vāk-ya n. (वाक्य) : word, speech

Lesson 15

पुष्कल 3: splendid, magnificent, abundant

वा : or (postposed)

अथवा : or (preposed)

चतुर्थ 3 (f.: चतुर्थी): fourth

विद् "to find" 6 U विन्दति ; Pass. विद्यते ; PPP विन्न / वित्त

विद् "to know" 2 P वेत्ति ; Pass. विद्यते ; PPP विदित

पत् "to fly, to fall" 1 P पतति ; Pass. पत्यते ; PPP पतित

अर्ध 3: half, m.n. half

पूजा f.: honor, honorable reception, religious worship (Pūjā)

Fig.: पूजा
(Image source: Details)

कुल n.: herd, multitude, race, descent, family

इन्द्र m.: prince, first, best among ; king of gods Indra

Fig.: इन्द्रः
(Image source: Details)

दास m.: slave, serf, servant

दासी f.: slave, serf, servant

काल m.: time, (right) moment ; fate, death ; death god Kāla

काल 3: black, bluish-black, dark

पुरुष m.: human, man, servant

-जन as the second member of Tatpuruṣas often expresses the plural

स्तु 2 स्तौति ; Pass. स्तूयते ; PPP स्तुत : to praise, to extol

therefrom:

स्तुति f.: praise, hymn of praise

स्तोत्र n.: (means of praise =) hymn of praise, hymn

सिंह m.: lion (Panthera leo persica)

Fig.: सिंहः
(Image source: Details)

व्याघ्र m.: tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) (lit.: yawner)

Fig.: व्याघ्रः
(Image source: Details)

इव (postposed): as if, like (in comparisons: व्याघ्र इव पुरुषः = "a man like a tiger", "a tiger-like man"

एव (postposed): emphasizes the preceding, in German often corresponds to emphasis, a kind of emoticon \<!\>, e.g. सत्यमेव जयति "only the truth prevails", "precisely the truth prevails", "the truth prevails"

अरि m.: enemy (according to Thieme, Der Fremdling im Ṛgveda: originally = foreigner)

आर्य 3: Aryan, noble ; m. Aryan (self-designation of the Sanskrit-speaking ancient Indians, literally: hospitable (Thieme)) ; noble, gentleman

to जन्

जाति f.: birth, kind, caste (to जाति as caste see Basham, Wonder, p. 148ff.)

मृ 4 Ā म्रियते ; Pass. म्रियते ; PPP मृत : to die (according to Indian grammarians: 6 Ā)

therefrom:

मरण n.: dying, death

मृति f.: dying, death

मृत्यु m.: death ; personified: death god

Lesson 16

अध्यापन n.: teaching, instruction

Fig.: अध्यापनम्
"This is a special ceremony in a small temple in Satara (सातारा). It is performed by the students of the Swami Muktananda Vedashala on the celebration of Mahāśivarātri. This is a vedic school, where children by heart the sacred texts called the Vedas. This school teaches the Krishna Yajurveda and some portions of the Samaveda. I'm doing my master's thesis on this school."
(Image source: Details)

अनसूया f.: non-murmuring, envylessness

नृशंस्य n.: malice, baseness

therefrom:

अनृशंस्य n.: non-maliciousness

जीव् 1 P जीवति ; Pass. जीव्यते ; PPP जीवित : to live

therefrom:

आजीव m.: livelihood

क्षमा f.: patience, forbearance, leniency

क्षेम n.: rest, peace, well-being, secure possession

चित्त n.: consciousness, thinking, mind

निरोध m.: stopping, bringing to a standstill

bhūta n. (भूत) (PPP to bhū): being, ghost

योग m.: yoking, connection, union, acquisition ; Yoga

Fig.: योगी
Birla Mandir, Delhi
(Image source: Details)

वृत् 1 Ā वर्तते ; Pass. वृत्यते ; PPP वृत्त : to turn, to turn oneself, to be (somewhere), to dwell

शस्त्र (śastra) n.: cutting tool, cutting weapon, sword, weapon

शौच n.: purification, purity

साधन m.,n. साधनी साधना f.: leading to the goal, effective

अहिंसा f.: non-injury to anyone, non-violence, non-harming

Fig.: अहिंसा
"The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes the Jain Vow of Ahimsa. The word in the middle is "ahimsa". The wheel represents the dharmacakra which stands for the resolve to halt the cycle of reincarnation through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence."
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 17

हन् 2 P हन्ति, घ्नन्ति Pass. हन्यते PPP हत : to strike, to kill, to slay

therefrom:

घात m.: killing

Fig.: घाताः
Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Image source: Details)

आस् 2Ā आस्ते Pass. आस्यते PPP आसित : to sit

therefrom:

आसन n.: the sitting, seat; also: sitting positions of the yogin

Fig.: योगासनम्
(Image source: Details)

रुद् 2 P रोदिति Pass. रुद्यते PPP रुदित : to weep, to howl

therefrom:

रुद्र m.: (the howler =) the storm god Rudra

ब्रू 2 U ब्रवीति Ā ब्रूते no passive and PPP: to speak, to say (something to someone: double accusative)

दुह् 2 U दोग्धि Pass. दुह्यते PPP दुग्ध : to milk

Fig.: दोग्धि
(Image source: Details)

दिश् 6 U दिशति Pass. दिश्यते PPP दिष्ट : to show, to instruct, to command

therefrom:

दिष्टि f.: instruction, fortunate circumstance

दिष्ट्या Instr.: (lit.: by a fortunate circumstance) O fortunate circumstance (exclamation of joy and bliss)

Lesson 18

सुष्टु 3: highly praised, excellent, good

शोभन 3: brilliant, magnificent, splendid, beautiful, good

सम 3: equal, even, similar (with instrumental)

व्याधि m.: illness

रिपु m. = शत्रु , fraudster

वह्नि m. = अग्नि

ज्ञान n.: knowledge

शूर 3: brave, heroic; m.: hero

शब्द m.: sound, tone, signal sound: word

उदक n.: water

अन्त m.: end, boundary

आदि m.: beginning

दण्ड m.: stick, club, punishment

मात्रा f. मात्र n.: measure, limitation

सहित 3: united, provided with

हस्त m.: hand

प्रभृति f.: beginning

Lesson 19

अर्थ m.: purpose, goal, meaning (of a word), wealth, property, assets. अर्थम् (acc.), अर्थेन (instr.) with gen. or as the second member of a tatpuruṣa compound: for the sake of ..., in order to.

अर्थ is one of the three aims of life (पुरुषार्थ), as described in secular and religious literature:

धर्म m.: acquisition of merit through doing what is right, or at least avoiding evil, which would result from non-observance of dharma

अर्थ m.: purpose-rational behavior, attainment of prosperity

काम m.: sensual pleasure, esp. also in the sexual sphere

Fig.: कामः
Illustration to कामसूत्र
(Image source: Details)

स्था 1 P तिष्ठति Pass. स्थीयते PPP. स्थित : to stand, to remain, to persist, to be located. (Traditionally counted among the 1st present class, although it is a reduplicating thematic present class, as पा 1 पिबति)

स्था + उप 1 U उपतिष्ठति : to step forward, to place oneself in a reverent posture before someone

स्था + प्र 1 Ā प्रतिष्ठते : to break up, to go away

from स्था :

स्थान n.: place, (right) location, site

स्थिति f.: staying, steadfastness, persistence

गर्भ m.: womb, lap, interior, embryo / fetus. At the end of a Bahuvrīhi often: "interior", e.g.

धनगर्भ 3: "whose interior is money = in which money is located"

गर्भगृह n.: the innermost shrine room of a Hindu temple, which contains the most important deity image of the temple (for the structure of Hindu temples see: Volwahsen, A.: India: Buildings of the Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. -- Munich, 1968)

Fig.: गर्भगृहम्
Badami (ಬದಾಮಿ)
(Image source: Details)

वारिद m.: water-pourer = rain cloud

Fig.: वारिदः
Goa (गोंय)
(Image source: Details)

वा 2 P वाति Pass. वायते PPP. वान / वात : to blow

thereof:

वात m.: wind

वह् 1 U वहति Pass. उह्यते PPP ऊढ : to lead, to drive (trans.)

छत्त्र n.: parasol, umbrella

Fig.: छत्त्रम्
"Onappottan (ഓണപ്പൊട്ടന്‍), in traditional costume is a custom in sourthern parts of Kerala. Onappottan visists houses during the onam and gives blessings. Off late onappottan has become a rare sight, confined to villages."
(Image source: Details)

पण्डित m.: scholar, sage ; 3: clever, knowledgeable (in)

Fig.: पण्डितः जवाहरलाल नेहरू
१९५९
(Image source: Details)

सेव् 1 Ā सेवते Pass. सेव्यते PPP सेवित : to reside with, to inhabit (Acc., Loc.) ; to visit, to go to (Acc.) ; to serve, to tend, to worship ; to practice, to use ; to cohabit, to have sexual intercourse

नि prefix: down, into

सेव् + नि 1 Ā निषेवते : to reside with, to inhabit, to visit

अमुत्र : there, in the hereafter

इह : here, in this world

विद् 6 U विन्दति Pass. विद्यते PPP विन्न / वित्त : to find

भार्या f.: that which is to be preserved = wife

प्रिय 3: dear, pleasant

मित्र n. (!): friend

बान्धव m.: relative

हि : for, indeed (must never stand at the beginning of a sentence)

Lesson 20

वा : or

आश्रम m., n.: hermitage, stage of life, phase of life (namely as ब्रह्मचरिन्, गृहस्थ, वनप्रस्थ and possibly as सन्न्यासिन् ; see Basham, Wonder p. 159f.)

Fig.: आश्रमः
Rishikesh = ऋषिकेश. "This is actually part of the Ashram in Rishikesh where the Beatles stayed. This specific part was not there when they were there, but it does look cool."
(Image source: Details)

कर ३ f. करी । करा : doing, making, causing

कर m.: hand (to कृ 8)

कर m.: payment, tribute, tax (not to be confused with कृ, but probably a loanword from Tamil - தமிழ்)

क्रिया f.: action, sacred action, sacrificial action, ceremony (to कृ 8)

अधि prefix: over, on, up, with reference to

गम् +अधि 1 P अधिगच्छति : to encounter, to reach, to attain

तनूकृ 8 U तनूकरोति : to reduce, to weaken

दायक ३ f.: दायिका : giving, bestowing

नृप m.: "protector of men" = king

प्रणिधान n.: application, effort, attention against, helpfulness, reflection, vow

बाधना f.: distress, plague, torment

भार्या f.: "that which is to be maintained" = wife

भावना f.: meditative unfolding (to भू causative)

मही f.: earth, ground, soil

लक्षण n.: feature, sign, attribute

विप्र m.: "trembler" = poet, singer, priest, Brahmin

विषय m.: area, region, object, sense object

अपवर्ग m.: end, liberation

नि prefix: downwards, down, into, backwards

वृत् + नि 1 Ā निवर्तते : to turn around, to return

सद् 1 P सीदति (!) Pass. सद्यते PPP सन्न : to sit, to settle

सद् + प्र 1 P प्रसीदति : to sit, to be seated (in a figurative sense) = to become composed, calm, cheerful; to be gracious to someone (Genitive षष्ठी)

समाधि m.: inner collection, highest attention, meditative "absorption"

स्वाध्याय m.: "self-study", recitation (especially of the Veda), Vedic study

परलौकिक ३ : pertaining to the beyond, otherworldly

तनु ३ : slender

मध्य ३ : middle; n. middle

पृथु ३ (पृथ्वी) : wide, broad, large

श्रोणि । श्रोणी f.: hip

रक्त ३ : colored, red

ओष्ठ m.: lip

असित ३ : dark, black

ईक्ष् 1 Ā ईक्षते Pass. ईक्ष्यते PPP ईक्षित : to see

नम् 1 P नमति Pass. नम्यते PPP नत : to bend

उद् prefix: up, upward, out, out-

नाभि f.: navel

वपुस् n.: beauty, form, body (declension see later)

स्त्री f.: woman

स्तन m.: breast

दरैद्र ३ : poor

ऋध् 5 P ऋध्नोति Pass. ऋध्यते PPP ऋद्ध : to thrive

ऋध् + सम् : to thrive; PPP: successful, rich

विचित्र ३ : colorful, diverse, beautiful, wonderful, strange

विधि m.(!): arrangement, law, regulation; creation, fate

चेष्ट् 1 Ā चेष्टते Pass. चेष्ट्यते PPP चेष्टित : to stir

Lesson 21

भज् 1 U भजति Pass. भज्यते PPP भक्त : to allot to someone (Acc.) something, to grant, to love someone, to honor, to revere

thereof:

भक्ति f.: devotion, loyalty, love (in the religious sphere: love and respect for a personal god. see also Basham, Wonder pp. 332f.)
भाग m.: share, part
भग m.: (good) share, fortune, well-being, dignity
भगवन्त् 3: fortune-having, dignity-having (epithet of विष्णु – कृष्ण)

Fig.: भगवान्कृष्णः
भगवान्कृष्णः as जगन्नाथ (right) with his half-sister सुभद्रा (center) and his older brother बलराम, Orissa = ଓଡ଼ିଶा
(Image source: Details)

भगवद्गीता f.: "Song (गीता) of the Venerable One (कृष्ण)"

Fig.: भगवद्गीता
भगवद्गीता - Manuscript, 19th century
(Image source: Details)

भिक्ष् 1 Ā भिक्षते Pass. भिक्ष्यते PPP भिक्षित (actually a desiderative of भज्: to wish that one participates): to beg

from which:

भिक्षु m.: beggar, monk

Fig.: भिक्षवः
Luang Prabang = ຫລວງພະບາງ, Laos = ປະເທດລາວ
(Image source: Details)

दुष् 4 P दुष्यति Pass. दुष्यते PPP दुष्ट : to spoil (intransitive), to go bad, to be disgraced

दोष m.: error

पच् 1 U पचति Pass. पच्यते (no PPP, instead पक्व 3: cooked, fermented) Absol. पक्त्वा : to cook (transitive) = to boil, to roast, to toast, etc.

Lesson 22

काम m.: wish, desire; desired gift, sensual pleasure, love, god of love

कामम् Acc. adverbially: according to wish, according to one's heart's desire

Fig.: कामदेवः
19th century
(Image source: Details)

शक् 5 P शक्नोति Pass. शक्यते PPP शक्त Inf. शक्तुम् : to be able, to be capable

from which:

शक्ति f.: ability, power, capability, strength; also: divine power, personified as female companion esp. of शिव

शक्र m.: the Powerful (epithet of इन्द्र)

Fig.: दुर्गाशक्तिः
Kolkatta = কলকাতা
(Image source: Details)

अर्ह 1 P अर्हति Pass. अर्ह्यते PPP अर्हित Inf. अर्हितुम् : to deserve (to be worthy of something), to be allowed, to be obliged to, should (in the 2nd person, अर्ह् + infinitive is often used as a mild command: "You should")

अर्हन्त् 3 Pres. Part. P: a Venerable One. In Buddhism and Jainism: someone who has attained final liberation

व्रत n.: vow, religious duty, religious observance (one promises something to the deity in order to obtain something from it. Example: a mother promises to dedicate her daughter as a temple prostitute (देवदासी) if her daughter recovers. Important व्रत today: fasting; abstinence from foods one loves; sexual abstinence; reading sacred texts; performing certain rituals; feeding Brahmins, etc. Briefly on व्रत: Walker, Hindu World Vol. II, p. 581f. Detailed: P. V. Kane: History of Dharmaśāstra Vol. 5,1 p. 1 - 462. There p. 253 - 462 list of व्रत and religious festivals ("the following list ... does not claim to be thoroughly exhaustive" !!!)

चर् 1 P charati Pass. charyate PPP charita Inf. charitum (Sanskrit: चर् 1 P चरति Pass. चर्यते PPP चरित Inf. चरितुम्) : to graze, to wander, to stir, to move, to act, to exercise, to perform (e.g. व्रतं चर्: to practice a vow, esp. sexual abstinence)

davon:

चर ३: mobile; n.: the mobile = animals (as opposed to plants)

चरण n., m.: foot

चरित n.: way of life, life deeds

ब्रह्मचर्य n.: performance of the Veda (ब्रह्मन्) = study of the Veda in the first stage of life (that of the ब्रह्मचारिन्), which requires strict sexual abstinence; therefore also: sexual abstinence, celibate way of life

Fig.: धेनवश्चरन्ति
Goa = गोंय
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 23

समान ३: equal

सामान्य n.: equality, agreement

अधिक ३ : superfluous, additional, greater, better, extraordinary

विशेष m.: peculiarity, specification, differentia specifica

Lesson 24

अलम् Adverb: enough, sufficient, (someone, something) equal to ; with Dative: enough for, sufficient for, equal to ; with Instrumental: enough with, desist from , e.g. अलं क्रोधेन = "enough with anger = desist from anger!"

In the same way as अलम् with Instrumental is used:

कृतम् : कृतं क्रोधेन = "It is done with anger = desist from anger!"

अलम् + कृ 8U अलंकरोति : to adorn

अलंकार m.: ornament, means of adornment (in poetry)

Fig.: अलंकारः
(Image source: Details)

हेतु m.: impulse, motivation, cause, reason ; हेतुना, हेतोस्, हेतवे with Genitive or as the second member of a compound = "for the sake of ..., because of"

प्रतिमा f.: image, likeness

Fig.: देवीप्रतिमा
Hampi = ಹಂಪೆ, Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
(Image source: Details)

वृत् + प्र 1Ā प्रवर्तते : to occur, to happen, to arise

From वृत्:

वृत्ति f.: behavior, activity, way of life

वृत्त n.: behavior

अभि Preverb: be-, after - towards, to - towards, to - towards, against, in - into, in relation to, on, over, at

नि Preverb: downwards, down, into, backwards

आ Preposition / Postposition: before Ablative or after Accusative: up to, up to ; with Ablative: from, from, since

अतस् Indeclinable: from there, then, therefore, hence (Pronominal stem a- "this" + Ablative suffix -tas)

अध्यक्ष m.: supervisor, department head ; eyewitness

इन्द्रिय n.: power, sense organ

ऊह m.: consideration, argumentation

thereof

अपोह m.: negation (अप + ऊह)

ऊहापोह m.: discussion of the pros and cons

Fig.: ऊहापोहः
"NEW DELHI/INDIA, 16NOV08 - Suhasini Haidar, Deputy Foreign Editor, CNN-IBN Network 18, India, moderates a panel discussion at the World Economic Forum's India Economic Summit 2008 in New Delhi."
(Image source: Details)

औपकारिक 3 f.: -ई : useful

कुप्य n.: forest product, metal (not precious metal)

ख्या 2P ख्याति PPP ख्यात : to see, to become visible ; to name, to explain, to communicate

ख्या + आ 2P आख्यात : to tell

of:

आख्यान n.: narrative

Fig.: आख्यानम्
"San Francisco storyteller Jeff Byers shares a story with the residents of Chenneri, an Irula village. Storyteller Jeeva Raghunath translates into Tamil for the villagers."
(image source: Details)

ख्या + सम् 2P संख्याति : to count, to calculate

of:

संख्या f.: counting, enumeration; सांख्य n.: one of the six philosophical systems (short: Basham, Wonder p. 326f.)

ग्रहण n.: grasping

चौल n.: ceremony (संस्कार) of hair cutting (at the age of 3 years)

तत्त्व n.: true nature, truth, reality (तद् + त्व = this-ness)

स्वस्ति f.: happiness, salvation (nominal formation from सु अस्ति = "it is good")

नमस् n.: bowing, reverence, greeting (declension later). Greeting formula: नमो नमः

of:

कृ + नमस् 8 नमस्करोमि : to bow, to revere, to greet

Fig.: जयदेवकविर्विष्णुं नमस्करोति
Manuscript of the गीतगोविन्द, 1730 CE
(image source: Details)

स्वागत n.: welcome (from su-ā-gata)

तृण n.: blade of grass

पुनर् Adverb: again, back, but

Lesson 25

त्यज् 1P त्यजति to leave, to abandon, to leave behind

Fut. त्यक्ष्यति
Pass. त्यज्यते
PPP त्यक्त
Inf. त्यक्तुम्
Absol. 2: -त्यज्य

of:

त्याग m.: abandonment, renunciation, avoidance

दार m. pl. (!!!): wife

द्रव्य n.: object, property, material possession, money

धान्य n.: threshed grain

Fig.: धान्यम्
(image source: Details)

धृ 1U धरति : to hold, to hold fast

Fut. धरिष्यति
Pass. ध्रियते
PPP धृत
Inf. धर्तुम्
Absol. 2: -धृत्य

of:

धर्म m.: that which is firm and holds fast = Dharma

नित्य ३ : constant, enduring, eternal

नित्यम् Adv.: always, constantly, ever

प्रज्ञा f.: wisdom, knowledge

प्रदान n.: giving, donation; gift, donation

मद् 4 P माद्यति (!) : to rejoice, to be intoxicated by something (Instr., Gen., Loc.)

Fut. मदिष्यति
Pass. मद्यते
PPP मत्त
Inf. मदितुम्

of:

मद m.: intoxication, sensual intoxication = sensual pleasure

मान m.: assessment, reputation, fame, honor, pride, conceit, sense of inferiority; (one measures oneself against others)

यदि Conjunction: if

न्याय m.: rule, principle, method, judgment (juridical), logic (from ni + i +a)

अन्यथा Adv.: otherwise, wrongly, incorrectly

या 2P याति, यान्ति = गम्

Pass. यायते
PPP यात
Inf. यातुम्
Absol. 2: -याय

दारिद्र्य n. = दरिद्रस्य भावः

प्रदान n. = दान

शास् 2P शास्ति, शासति (3. pl.) : to command, to teach, to punish

Pass. शिष्यते
PPP शिष्ट ३ : taught
Absol 1.: शासित्वा / शिष्त्वा

of:

शिक्षा f.: science, instruction; phonetics

स्तेन m.: thief

स्तेय n.: theft

किल्बिष n.: guilt, insult, sin

विना Postposition: without, except (with Acc., Instr., Abl.)

मूल n.: root

Fig.: मूलानि
(Image source: Details)

लिप् 6U लिम्पति (!): to smear, to anoint

Fut. लेप्स्यति
Pass. लिप्यते
PPP लिप्त
Inf. लेप्तुम्

therefrom:

लिप्ति f.: smearing, writing, script

Fig.: लिप्तिः
(Image source: Details)

वर्ष n.,m.: rain, rainy season, year

वह् 1U वहति : to lead, to drive, to blow (wind)

Fut. वक्ष्यति
Pass. उह्यते
PPP ऊढ
Inf. वोढुम्
Absol 2: -उह्य

वह् + वि 1P विवहति : to lead away (namely the bride from her parents' house) = to marry

therefrom:

विवाह m.: leading away, marriage of a woman (Instr., saha) (for marriage see Basham, Wonder pp. 166-171)

Fig.: विवाहः
(Image source: Details)

नी + वि 1U विनयति : to lead away, to instruct, to educate

therefrom:

विनय m.: removal, education, discipline, buddhist.: monastic discipline, monastic law

विज्ञान n.: knowledge, cognition

विष्टि f.: work, corvée

Fig.: विष्टिः
(Image source: Details)

वृध् 1Ā वर्धते : to grow, to become larger

Fut. वर्धिष्यते
Pass. वृध्यते
PPP वृद्ध : grown, old, increased
Inf. वर्धितुम्

therefrom:

वृद्धि f.: growth, increase, guṇa stage (from: vṛdh-ti)

सामर्थ्य n.: that which corresponds to its purpose

स्वभाव m.: being, nature, character

हर्ष m.: (raising of the body hair), joy

हिरण्य ३ : golden; n.: gold, money, wealth

Fig.: हिरण्यम्
(Image source: Details)

अणु ३ : thin, fine, very small; m.: atom

गोदान n.: giving of cows / of a cow; second hair-cutting ceremony (a संस्कार)

Lesson 27

वस् 1P (वसति): to stay, to dwell (with locative of the person with whom one dwells)

Fut.: वत्स्यति:br Pass.: उष्यते:br PPP: उषित:br Inf.: वस्तुम्

therefrom:

वस्तु n.: seat, place; reality, real thing, actuality, object

वस्तुतस्: in reality, actually

वस् 2Ā (वस्ते): to put on (clothing), to wear (clothing)

Fut.: वसिष्यते:br PPP: वसित:br Inf.: वसितुम्

therefrom:

वस्त्र n.: means to put on = garment, robe, fabric

Fig.: वस्त्राणि
Vastrāṇi. Majuli, Assam.
(Image source: Details)

वस् 6P (उच्छति): to shine forth (this root is important due to the nominal formations:)

वसु n.: wealth, treasure, property, possession

वसन्त m.: ("shining" =) spring (March to May)

Fig.: वसन्तः
Vasanta (Schleichera oleosa), Khopoli, Maharashtra, 2007-04-07.
(Image source: Details)

हृ 1U (हरति): to hold, to carry; to fetch, to take away, to plunder

Fut.: हरिष्यति:br Pass.: ह्रियते:br PPP: हृत:br Inf.: हर्तुम्

from this:

हर 3: taking away; m.: the Destroyer = epithet of Śiva

Counterpart to हर:

हरि 3: blond, yellow, green; m. epithet of Viṣṇu (does not belong to the root हृ 1)

हरिहर m.: Viṣṇu and Śiva united as a single deity.

Fig.: हरिहरः
Harihara (left: Viṣṇu, right: Śiva).
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: हरिहरः
Harihara (left: Viṣṇu, right: Śiva). Godrumdwip, West Bengal.
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 28

विद् 2P वेत्ति, विदन्ति: to know, to recognize
Fut. vediṣyati
Pass. vidyate
Caus. vedayati
PPP vidita
Inf. vediṣyum
from this: vidyā f., veda m.

विद् 6U विन्दति (!): to find
Fut. vediṣyati / vetsyat
Pass. vidyate: there is, it exists
Caus. vedayati
PPP vinna / vitta
Inf. vediṣtum / vettum

i + adhi 2Ā adhīte, adhīyate: to study, to memorize
Caus. adhyāpayati: to cause to study, to teach
from this: adhyayana n.: study (esp. of the Veda); adhyāya m.: lesson, chapter (section for memorization)

कम् 10Ā कामयते: to love
Fut. kāmayiṣyate / kamiṣyate
Pass. kāmyate
Caus. kāmayati
PPP kānta (!)
Inf. kāmayitum / kamitum

Fig.: कृष्णो राधां कामयति
Painting by राजा रवि वर्मा (1848 - 1906)
(Image source: Details)

चुर् 10 चोरयति: to steal
Fut. corayiṣyati
Pass. coryate
Caus. corayati
PPP corita
Inf. coritum

Remember especially the meaning of the causatives of the following verbs:
dṛś — darśayati: to show
man — mānayati: to esteem, to honor (but is probably a denominative from māna "honor")
vac — vācayati: also: to read aloud (to cause a text to be spoken)
vad — vādayati: also: to cause a musical instrument to speak = to play a musical instrument

Fig.: वीणां वादयति
Vīṇā-Spielerin.
(Image source: Details)

भार m.: burden

Fig.: बाला भारं हरति
Girl carrying burden. Near Ahmedabad.
(Image source: Details)

भृत्य m.: subordinate, servant

Lesson 29

Prefixes:

उद्° : up, upward, aloft, out, out-

परि° : around, about (place, time), about

भू + परि 1P परिभवति : (to become around someone = to encircle =) to master, to conquer; to disregard, to despise

अवज्ञान n.: disregard

गुप्त 3: protected, guarded

गृहस्थ 3: located in the house; m. householder (someone who is in the 2nd आश्रम)

ग्रस् 1Ā ग्रसते : devour, eat voraciously

Fut. ग्रसिष्यते
Pass. ग्रस्यते
Kaus. ग्रासयति
PPP ग्रस्त
Inf. ग्रसितुम्

तीक्ष्ण 3: "wild", sharp, pointed, strict, fierce, sharp-tongued

न्याय m.: norm, rule, right manner; method, logic (from इ + नि)

परिव्राजक m.: wanderer, wandering monk, pilgrim

Fig.: परिव्राजकाः
Pushkar = पुष्कर
(Image source: Details)

पालयति : also synonymous with पाति

पुनर् Indecl.: again, again and again, back, once more ; however, but (before voiced sounds except r-: पुनर्)

प्रजा f.: procreation, birth, offspring

मत्स्य m.: fish

therefrom:

मात्स्य 3: belonging to the fish (to fish)

Fig.: मत्स्यः
रोहू मछली = Labeo rohita Hamilton
(Image source: Details)

मृदु 3 (f.: मृद्वी): gentle, mild, soft ; slow, weak

यथा Adv.: how, as if

रम् 1Ā रमते : stand still, rest, linger ; take pleasure, delight

Fut. रंस्यते
Pass. रम्यते
Kaus. रमयति
PPP रत
Inf. रन्तुम्

वानप्रस्थ m.: forest hermit (one who is in the 3rd आश्रम)

शुचि 3: shining, gleaming, fine ; m.: purity

पूज् 10P पूजयति : honor, revere

PPP पूजित

Lesson 30

क्री 9U क्रीणाति : buy

Fut. क्रेष्यति
Pass. क्रीयते
PPP क्रीत
Inf. क्रेतुम्

क्री + वि 9Ā विक्रीणीते : sell

Absol. विक्रीय

Fig.: क्रीणन्ति विक्रीणते च
Bundi = बुन्दी, Rajasthan = राजस्थान
(Image source: Details)

ज्ञा 9U जानाति : know, recognize, know, understand

Fut. ज्ञास्यति
Pass. ज्ञायते
Kaus. ज्ञापयति
Kaus. PPP ज्ञप्त / ज्ञापित
PPP ज्ञात
Inf. ज्ञातुम्

therefrom:

ज्ञाति m.: (blood) relative (relatives are those whom one knows!)

ज्ञान n.: knowledge, wisdom, understanding (esp. of the "higher" truths in religion and philosophy)

Fig.: ज्ञातयः
Darewadi, Ahmed Nagar District = अहमदनगर, Maharashtra = महाराष्ट्र
(Image source: Details)

पू 9U पुनाति : purify

Fut. पविष्यति
Pass. पूयते
Kaus. पावयति
PPP पूत
Inf. पवितुम्

Fig.: श्रोत्राणि पुनाति
(Image source: Details)

अश् 9P अश्नाति : eat, devour

Fut. अशिष्यति
Pass. अश्यते
Kaus. आशयति
PPP अशित
Inf. अशितुम्

Fig.: अश्नीयात्
थाली, South India
(Image source: Details)

प्रिय ३: dear, loving, friendly

Fig.: प्रिया
(Image source: Details)

चेत् Conjunction: if; provided that (never stands at the beginning of a sentence)

न चेत् : if not

यदि Conjunction: if

यद्यपि : even if, although

यद्येवम् : if it is so, under these circumstances

पुनर् : again, repeatedly, back, once more, on the contrary, but

पुनः पुनर् : repeatedly

thereof:

पुनर्भव m.: rebirth

Fig.: पुनर्भवः
(Image source: Details)

जीव् 1P जीवति : to live

Fut. जीविष्यति
Pass. जीव्यते
Caus. जीवयति
PPP जीवित : living
Inf. जीवितुम्

thereof:

जीव m./n.: life, individual soul

सनातन ३ fem.: सनातनी : eternal, imperishable, constant

Lesson 31

युज् 7U युनक्ति : to yoke, to hitch, to fasten; Ā also: to strain (= to exert oneself), to connect with, to concentrate on (Locative, सप्तमी)

Fut. योक्ष्यति
Pass. युज्यते
Caus. योजयति
PPP युक्त
Inf. योक्तुम्

thereof:
युग n. → युग n.: yoke, pair, age (there are four ages:

कृत
त्रेता
द्वापर
कलि

The कलियुग began around 3102 BC, the year of the महाभारत war. For more details, see Basham, Wonder p. 323)

योग m.: "yoking, straining", exertion, connection, Yoga (see Basham, Wonder pp. 327ff.)

Fig.: योगः
Yoga depiction.
(Image source: Details)

रुध् 7U रुणद्धि : to stop, to bring to a standstill, to hold back = to enclose, to cover

Fut. रोत्स्यति
Pass. रुध्यते
Caus. रोधयति
PPP रुद्ध
Inf. रोद्धुम्

छिद् 7U छिनत्ति : to cut off

Fut. छेत्स्यति
Pass. छिद्यते
Caus. छेदयति
PPP छिन्न
Inf. छेत्तुम्

भञ्ज् 7P भनक्ति : to break (something)

Fut. भङ्क्ष्यति
Pass. भज्यते
PPP भग्न

अञ्ज् 7P अनक्ति : to anoint, to smear

Fut. अङ्क्ष्यति । अञ्जिष्यति
Pass. अज्यते
Caus. अञ्जयति
PPP अक्त
Inf. अञ्जितुम् । अङ्क्तुम्

अञ्ज् + vi → अञ्ज् + वि 7Ā व्यङ्क्ते : to smear apart = to apply makeup, to distinguish oneself

PPP व्यक्त : distinguished, unfolded

thereof:
व्यञ्जन n.: means of distinction = makeup, spice, sign, consonant (that which distinguishes meanings)

Fig.: व्यञ्जनम्
Preparation for Kathakali dance, Kochi.
(Image source: Details)

भिद् 7U भिनत्ति : to split

Fut. भेत्स्यति
Pass. भिद्यते
Caus. भेदयति
PPP भिन्न
Inf. भेत्तुम्

भुज् 7U भुनक्ति : to enjoy (e.g., food; "to enjoy the earth" = to rule the earth)

Fut. भोक्ष्यति
Pass. भुज्यते
Caus. भोजयति
PPP bhukt → PPP भुक्त
Inf. भोक्तुम्

of it:
भोग m.: enjoyment, eating, pleasure, benefit, tax, fee

बन्ध् 9P बध्नाति (!): to bind, to tie

Fut. भन्त्स्यति
Pass. बध्यते
Caus. बन्धयति
PPP बद्ध
Inf. बद्धुम्

of it:
बन्धन n.: binding, fetter

ज्ञा + प्र 9U प्रजानाति : to recognize, to understand

of it:
प्रज्ञा f.: wisdom, knowledge

Fig.: प्रज्ञापारमिता
Aus einem Prajñāpāramitā-Manuskript.
(Image source: Details)

भू + सम् 1P सम्भवति : to arise, to exist

शरीर n.: body, physical body

Lesson 32

अग्र n.: tip, extreme end

मही f.: earth, ground and soil (lit.: the Great One)

एकदा

श्रम् श्राम्यते

श्रमिष्यते:br
श्रम्यते:br
श्रमयति:br
श्रान्त:br
श्रमित्वा । श्रान्त्वा:br
-श्रम्य:br
श्रमितुम्

पार्श्व

चूत

Fig.: चूतः
Mango tree, Kanpur.
(Image source: Details)

तरु वृक्ष

पचेलिम

स्पृहा

परम्

रुह् रोहति

रोक्ष्यति:br
रुह्यते:br
रोहयति । रोपयति:br
रूढ:br
-रुह्य:br
रोढुम्

ग्रह् गृह्णाति

ग्रहीष्यति (!):br
गृह्यते:br
ग्राहयति:br
गृहीत:br
-गृह्य:br
ग्रहीतुम् (!)

वानर कपि

Fig.: वानराः
Monkeys (rhesus macaques) in Delhi.
(Image source: Details)

लोक् लोकयति

लोकयिष्यति:br
लोक्यते:br
लोकित:br
-लोक्य:br
लोकितुम्

प्रहर्ष

कति

उपल

Fig.: उपलाः
Stone quarry south of Pune, Maharashtra.
(Image source: Details)

लक्ष्य

Fig.: लक्ष्यम्
Target practice / arrow target, Karnataka.
(Image source: Details)

क्षिप् क्षिपति

क्षेप्स्यति:br
क्षिप्यते:br
क्षेपयति:br
क्षिप्त:br
-क्षिप्य:br
क्षेप्तुम्

चि चिनोति

चेष्यति:br
चीयते:br
चाययति:br
चित:br
-चित्य:br
चेतुम्

Fig.: चितं गोमयं दहति
Burning cowdung patties in Rajasthan.
(Image source: Details)

चि अव

प्रति

अहो

कौशल कुशल

Fig.: कौशलम्
Mehndi painting on hands in Mumbai.
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 33

दा 3U ददाति: to give

Fut. दास्यति
Pass. दीयते
Caus. दापयति
PPP दत्त
Inf. दातुम्

of it:

दान n.: giving, gift, generosity

Fig.: दानम्
(Image source: Details)

दा + आ 3Ā अदत्ते: to (receive) take, to take possession of, to take along

Absol. आदाय: with Acc.: in the company of, with

Fig.: सा पुत्रमादाय भारं बिभ्रती गच्छति
(Image source: Details)

धा 3U दधाति: to set, to fix, to allot

Fut. धास्यति
Pass. धीयते
Caus. धापयति
PPP हित (!!)
Inf. धातुम्

धा + सम् + आ 3U समादधाति: to direct one's full attention to something, to collect oneself

from this:

समाधि m.: inner collection, highest attention

Fig.: समाधि
(Image source: Details)

पॄ 3P पिपर्ति: to fill, to fulfill

Note:
3.pl.P पिपुरति
3.sg.Impf.P अपिपर् (from: *apipart)
3.pl.Impf.P अपिपरुर्
3.sg.Opt.P पिपूर्यात्

Fut. परिष्यति / परीष्यति
Pass. पूर्यते
Caus. पूरयति / पारयति
PPP पूर्ण / पूर्त / पूरित

पॄ + सम् only Pass. सम्पूर्यते and Caus.: to fill completely

भी 3P बिभेति: to fear (Abl., Gen.)

Fut. भेष्यति
Pass. भीयते
Caus. भाययति
PPP भीत
Inf. भेतुम्

from this:

भय n.: fear, dread; danger (the subjective and the objective side)

Fig.: भयम्
(Image source: Details)

भृ 3U बिभर्ति: to carry, to bring; to sustain, to nourish

Fut. भरिष्यति
Pass. भ्रियते
Caus. भारयति
PPP भृत
Inf. भर्तुम्

from this:

भार m.: burden

मा 3Ā मिमीते: to measure

Fut. मास्यति / मास्यते
Pass. मीयते
Caus. मापयति
PPP मित
Inf. मातुम्

मा + उप 3Ā उपमिमीते: to compare

from this:

उपमा f.: comparison

प्रतिमा f.: image

हा 3P जहाति: to leave

Fut. हास्यति
Pass. हीयते
Caus. हापयति
PPP हीन: left by, lacking, deficient
Inf. हातुम्
from PPP हीन:

हीनयान n.: the deficient vehicle (of Buddhism): derogatory term used by the proponents of the "great vehicle", the महायान; the deficient path (यान to या 2: to go, to travel). The expression हीनयान should no longer be used. The form of the old Buddhism that still exists today is called थेरवाद.

Fig.: हीनयानमेव
(Image source: Details)

हु 3P जुहोति: to pour into fire (as an offering, esp. melted butter)

Fut. होष्यति
Pass. हूयते
Caus. हावयति
PPP हुत
Inf. होतुम्

Fig.: घृतमग्नौ जुहोति
(Image source: Details)

घृत n.: melted butter, ghee (घी / گھی / ঘী)

"Ghee is made by simmering unsalted butter in a large pot until all water has boiled off and protein has settled to the bottom. The cooked and clarified butter is then spooned off to avoid disturbing the milk solids on the bottom of the pan. Unlike butter, ghee can be stored for extended periods without refrigeration, provided it is kept in an airtight container to prevent oxidation and remains moisture-free. Texture, colour, or taste of ghee depends on the source of the milk from which the butter was made. In India, ghee is usually made with water buffalo's milk as it tends to be whiter than cow's milk."

[Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee. -- Accessed on 2008-12-26]

Lesson 34

क्षिति f. = पृथ्वी = मही = भूमी

शस्य = सस्य n. sg. u. pl.: seed, crop, grain

Fig.: सस्यम्
Rice field in India.
(Image source: Details)

यावत् : how long, how big

तावत् : so long, so big

उत्तम 3: highest

द्वीप m.n.: island, continent

Fig.: लक्षद्वीपाः
Lakshadweep Islands Map.
(Image source: Details)

मर्त्य 3: mortal (to मृ)

तिल m.: sesame(seed) (Sesamum indicum L.)

Fig.: तिलाः
Sesame seeds.
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: Sesamum indicum L.
Sesame plant flowering.
(Image source: Details)

स्वर्ण n.: (beautifully colored =) gold

Fig.: स्वर्णम्
Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), Amritsar.
(Image source: Details)

निकेतन n.: dwelling, temple

कोटि f.: tip; 10 million

श्रेष्ठ 3: best

तल m.n.: plain, area

ऋषभ m.: bull

Fig.: ऋषभः
Nandi Bull statue, Chamundi Hills, Mysore.
(Image source: Details)

यम् 1P यच्छति : restrain, hold, offer, grant

यम् + प्र 1P प्रयच्छति : hold out, offer, deliver

या 2P याति : go, travel

कन्या f.: girl, maiden

Lesson 35

नश् 4P नश्यति : perish, be lost, disappear

Perf. Vb ननाश, नेशुर् :br
Fut. नशिष्यति । नङ्क्ष्यति :br
Caus. नाशयति :br
PPP नष्ट

नश् + प्र 4P प्रणश्यति** : disappear, be lost, perish

क्रम् 1U क्रामति, 4P क्राम्यति : stride, go

Perf. Vc चक्राम, चक्रमुर् :br
Fut. क्रमिष्यति :br
Pass. क्रम्यते :br
Caus. क्रमयति :br
PPP क्रान्त :br
Inf. क्रमितुम् :br
Absol. क्रमित्वा । क्रन्त्वा । क्रान्त्वा

Fig.: क्रामन्ति
People walking, Senegal.
(Image source: Details)

गै 1P गायति (gai + a-ti): sing, recite in a singing tone, proclaim in verse

Perf. IV जगौ, जगुर् :br
Fut. गास्यति :br
Pass. गीयते :br
Caus. गापयति :br
PPP गीत :br
Inf. गातुम्

thereof:
गीता f.: song, chant

Fig.: जगुः
Temple musicians Kaadu Malleswara Temple Bangalore.
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 36

अह् P only Perfekt with present meaning आह, आहुर् : say, speak

अह् प्र P only Perfekt with present meaning प्राह : say, speak

ईक्ष् 1Ā ईक्षते : see, (dis)cover, observe

Perf. ईक्षां चक्रे
Fut. ईक्षिष्यते
Pass. ईक्ष्यते
Kaus. ईक्षयति
PPP ईक्षित
Inf. ईक्षितुम्

चि 5U चिनोति : pile up, collect

Perf. चिकाय । चिचाय
Fut. चेष्यति
Pass. चीयते
Kaus. चाययति । चापयति
PPP चित
Inf. चेतुम्

Fig.: गोमयं चिकाय
(Image source: Details)

व्रज् 1P व्रजति : stride, go, go away

Perf. Vc वव्राज, वव्रजुर्
Fut. व्रजिष्यति
Pass. व्रज्यते
Kaus. व्राजयति
PPP व्रजित
Inf. व्रजितुम्

व्रज् + प्र 1P प्रव्रजति : go away (esp. leaving home for homelessness as an ascetic = becoming a monk)

अगार n.। आगार n.: house, home

Fig.: अगारम्
(Image source: Details)

from that:

अनगार्य n. । अनगारika f.: homelessness of a Buddhist monk or novice

Fig.: अनगार्यम्
(Image source: Details)

अञ्जलि m.: The two hands placed high together in reverence

आदृत 3: esteemed

उपाध्याय m.: teacher

पृथिवी f.: earth

पृष्ठ n: back, rear side

पृष्ठम् : behind

प्रजापति m.: lord of creatures, creator god

अनु Preverb: after, along, over - hin, along, according to, towards, behind - her

e.g.

अनुकृ : imitate, do after

अनुगम् : follow someone, go along

अभि : be-, after - hin, to - her, to - hin, against, in - into, with regard to, on, over, at

e.g.

अभिगम् : go towards, approach

वद् + अभि Causative Ā अभिवादयते : formally greet, address

ग्लै 1P ग्लायति : feel reluctance, fade away

Perf. IV जग्लौ
Fut. ग्लास्यति
Pass. ग्लायते
Kaus. ग्लापयति । ग्लपयति
PPP ग्लान
Inf. ग्लातुम्
Absol. -ग्लाय

घ्रा 1P जिघ्रति : smell something

Perf. IV जघ्रौ
Fut. घ्रास्यति
Pass. घ्रायते
Kaus. घ्रापयति
PPP घ्रात । घ्राण
Inf. घ्रातुम्
Absol. -घ्राय

प्री 9U प्रीणति : delight, please; love, be inclined towards someone

प्री 4Ā प्रीयते : rejoice

Perf. IIIa पिप्राय, पिप्रिये
Fut. प्रेष्यति
Pass. प्रीयते
Kaus. प्रीणयति
PPP प्रीत
Inf. प्रेतुम्

स्पृश् 6P स्पृशति : touch

Perf IIa पस्पर्श, पस्पृशुर्
Fut. स्पर्क्ष्यति । स्प्रक्ष्यति
Pass. स्पृश्यते
Kaus. स्पर्शयति
PPP स्पृष्ट
Inf. स्पर्ष्तुम् । स्प्रष्तुम्
Absol. -स्पृश्य

Fig.: सुगतो भूमीं पस्पर्श
(Image source: Details)

हृष् 4P हृष्यति : become stiff: bristle (hair), rejoice over (Instr., Acc., Loc.)

Perf II जहर्ष
Fut. हर्षिष्यति
Pass. हृष्यते
Kaus. हर्षयति
PPP हृषित

Fig.: लोमहर्षः
(Image source: Details)

स्वक 3: own (mine, yours ...) ; m.: member

Lesson 37

मूर्ख 3: stupid, foolish, dumb m. fool

मुनि m.: sage, (silent) ascetic

शाक्यमुनि m.: ascetic from the lineage of शाक्य (Kṣatriyas from कपिलवस्तु) = Buddha Gautama

Fig.: शाक्यमुनिः
(Image source: Details)

दिन n.: day

वृक्ष m.: tree

Fig.: वृक्षः
(Image source: Details)

मुख n.: mouth, face, front part, beginning

Lesson 38

सूर्य m.: sun, sun god Sūrya

Fig.: सूर्यः
(Image source: Details)

उदक n.: water

Fig.: उदकम्
(Image source: Details)

वा 2P वाति : blow, breathe

Fut. वास्यति
Perf. IV ववौ
Pass. वायते
Caus. वापयति
PPP वान । वात
Inf. वातुम्

thereof:

वात m.: wind

वा + निस् 2P निर्वाति : blow, scatter, extinguish

thereof:

निर्वाण n.: extinction, Nirvana

परिनिर्वाण n.: perfect extinction, perfect liberation (at the end of life of a Buddha or Arhant)

Fig.: गौतमबुद्धस्य महापरिनिर्वाणम्
(Image source: Details)

मिह् 1P मेहति : urinate, piss, ejaculate

Fut. मेक्ष्यति
Perf. II मिमेह, मिमिहुर्
Pass. मिह्यते
Caus. मेहयति
PPP मीढ

thereof:

मेघ m.: cloud ("seicher")

सुत m.: son

राजन् m.: king (for information on kingship in India see Basham, Wonder pp. 82-94). As a final member of a compound (esp. तत्पुरुष) usually: -राज m. (like देव)

Feminine:

राज्ञी f.: queen, wife of a king

from राज :

राज्य 3: royal; n. kingdom, kingship, rule

नामन् n.: name

सीमन् f.: border

आत्मन् m.: self, own person, innermost essence. Philosophical and in liberation doctrines: the Absolute in the individual, of which, however, the individual is not necessarily conscious (v. Stietencron)

ब्रह्मन् n.: the Absolute, the Veda (according to Thieme originally: the formulated truth, from which ब्राह्मण "formulator of truth")

ब्रह्मन् m.: the personally conceived creator god Brahmā

Fig.: ब्रह्मा
(Image source: Details)

कर्मन् n.: to कृ 8U: action, deed, work; sacred work, sacrificial act; Karma: past action, which later brings its fruits (e.g. in rebirth)

कर्मविपाक m.: ring of deeds = the good and bad consequences of deeds in previous existences (to वि-पच्)

हस्तिन् m.: elephant (Elephas maximus)

मनु m.: human, man; name of the father of the human race (to मन् 4Ā)

thereof:

मनुष्य m.: human

शुच् 1P शोचति : (to flame, to shine); to mourn, to lament

Perf II शुशोच, शुशुचुर्
Fut. शोचिष्यति
Pass. शुच्यते
Caus. शोचयति
Inf. शुचितुम्
Absol. शोचित्वा । शुचित्वा

thereof:

शुचि 3: shining, pure, clear

शोक m.: mourning, grief

अशोक 3: free from grief; Ashoka-tree = Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde; name of the emperor Aśoka (देवानांप्रिय प्रियदर्शी) (ca. 304 – 232 BCE)

Fig.: अशोकवृक्षः
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: अशोकसाम्राज्यम्
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 40

पात्र n.: venerable, master, worthy

मेधा f.: wisdom, intellect, thought

पुस्तक m.n.: manuscript, book

कॢप् 1Ā कल्पते : to be in proper order, to fit (Loc.); to take shape, to form; to resolve to, to condescend to (Dat.)

Perf. II चकॢपे facultative अनिट्
Fut. कल्पिष्यते । कल्प्स्यते
Caus. कल्पयति : to put in order, to create, to form in the imagination, to imagine
PPP कॢप्त
Inf. कल्पितुम् । कल्प्तुम्

thereof:

कल्पना f.: mental formation, assumption of something non-existent in reality, fiction

कॢप् + वि Caus. विकल्पयति : (to imagine differently =) to question, to doubt

thereof:

विक्ल्प m.: alternative, doubt

तुद् 6U तुदति : to strike

Perf. II तुतोद, तुतुदुर्
Fut. तोत्स्यति
Pass. तुद्यते
Caus. तोदयति
PPP तुन्न (tud + na)
Inf. तोत्तुम्

तॄ 1P तरति : to cross over, to transcend, to save oneself from someone (Acc. = to cross over someone)

Perf. IIIb ततार, ततरुर् । तेरुर्
Fut. तरिष्यति । तरीष्यति
Pass. तीर्यते
Caus. तारयति
PPP तीर्ण
Inf. तरितुम् । तरीतुम्

thereof:

तीर्थ n.: ford, sacred bathing place, pilgrimage site

Fig.: हरिद्वारे तीर्थम्
(Image source: Details)

तीर्थङ्कर m. (from: तीर्थम्+ कृ): ford-maker (across suffering) = the 24 teachers of the Jains

Fig.: तीर्थङ्करः
(Image source: Details)

अव prefix: down, downward, away, off-

तॄ + अव 1P अवतरति : to descend

thereof:

अवतार m.: (descender, descent) incarnation of a god, esp. of Viṣṇu's 10 incarnations (see Basham, Wonder pp. 304 - 309)

Fig.: विष्णोर्दशावताराः
(Image source: Details)

स्वप् 2P स्वपिति, स्वपन्ति : to sleep, to go to sleep

Impf. अस्वपीत् । अस्वपत्
Perf. सुष्वाप, सुषुपुर्
Fut. स्वप्स्यति
Pass. सुप्यते (from *svp-ya-te)
Caus. स्वापयति
PPP सुप्त
Inf. स्वप्तुम्

thereof:

स्वप्न m.: sleep, dream

सुप्ति f. (from *svp-ti): sleep, esp. deep sleep

Fig.: स्वपन्ति
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 41

मूर्ख m = मूढ

भुजङ्ग m.: snake

Fig.: भुजङ्गः
(Image source: Details)

केवलम् Adv.: only, alone, completely

विष n.: poison

Fig.: भुजङ्गस्य विषम्
(Image source: Details)

शास् 2P शास्ति : to reprove, to control, to command, to teach

has the weak present stem शिष् : शिष्मस्, but the 3rd pl. P. has the strong stem: शासति (!! ending -ati) alongside occasional शासन्ति. अशासुर्. Also the entire आत्मनेपद has, insofar as it occurs, the strong stem: शास्ते

Perf I शशास, शशासुर्
Fut. शासिष्यति
Pass. -शास्यते । शिष्यते
PPP शिष्ट : taught, wise
Inf. शासितुम्
Absol. -शिष्य । -शास्य

thereof:

शासना f.: royal edict, teaching, religion

Fig.: शासना
(Image source: Details)

शास्त्र n.: teaching, treatise

शास्त्रिन् m.: learned, scholar

Fig.: शास्त्री
(Image source: Details)

शिष्य 3: one to be instructed = student

शरण 3: protecting, shielding; n. protection, refuge, taking refuge

सङ्घ n.: (to सम्-हन् : to strike together): group, crowd, community (e.g. Buddhist)

Lesson 42

प्रकृति f.: (to कृ + प्र) basic form, natural state, nature; prime matter, primal substance

अर्जुन m. proper name: Arjuna, one of the five sons of पण्डु. Hero in the महाभारत (see Basham, Wonder pp. 409 - 414)

स्था + अव 1Ā अवतिष्ठते : to abstain from, to refrain from, to keep away, to remain, to stand

PPP अवस्थित 3: standing, located

पुरा Adv.: once, formerly

अनेक 3: many (not some)

कुमार m.: prince

दूत m.: messenger, envoy

इष् (1,4,9) Caus. इषयति : to send

सकाश m.: presence, presence

शर m.: arrow-shaft, arrow

बाण m.: arrow, target

ज्ञा + प्रति 9U प्रतिजानाति : to approve, to promise; Ā: to answer, to confirm, to assert, to recognize

चल् 1P चलति : to get into motion

Fut. चलिष्यति
Perf. Vb चचाल, चेलुर्
Pass. चल्यते
Caus. चलयति । चालयति
PPP चलित
Absol. -चल्य
Inf. चलितुम्

अधिपति m. = राजन्

आटोप m.: vanity, pride

चिन्तापर 3: absorbed in thought

अन्तरे Adv.: meanwhile

लीला f.: jest, play

यावत् Adv.: how long, during

तावत् Adv.: as long

द्विधा । द्वेधा Adv.: twofold, in two parts

शंस् 1P शंसति : to praise, to command

Fut. शंसिष्यति
Perf. I शशंस
Pass. शस्यते
Caus. शंसयति
PPP शस्त
Absol. शसित्वा । शस्त्वा
Inf. शंसितुम्

हृदय n.: heart

42.2.1. Some kinship terms

Fig.: माता, पिता, पुत्रकः
(Image source: Details)

भर्तृ m. (to भृ "to carry, to sustain"): sustainer, provider, husband

भार्या f., जाया f. पत्नी f.: wife (भार्या = gerundive to भृ : to be carried, to be sustained, entitled to support)

पितृ m.: father

पितृ m. plural: the deceased male ancestors, i.e.

father, grandfather, great-grandfather
the ancestral fathers of humanity

Rites are performed for both, so-called श्राद्ध n. Daily, three male ancestors (paternal and maternal) are offered water and on certain occasions rice balls or flour balls (पिण्ड m. "balls"). This is so that the ancestors receive food. The performance of this ceremony is one reason why a man should father a son. Those who are connected through this पिण्ड-gift are called सपिण्ड (to whom पिण्ड is common). सपिण्ड encompasses six generations: three backwards (to the great-grandfather) and three forwards (to the great-grandson).

तात m.: papa

मातृ f.: mother

पुत्र m.: son

दुहितृ f. सुता f.: daughter

नप्तृ m.: grandson

भ्रातृ m.: brother

स्वसृ f., भगिनी f.: sister

देवृ m.: brother of the husband (brother-in-law of the wife)

यातृ m.: husband's brother's wife

ननान्दृ f.: husband's sister

श्वसुर f.: father-in-law (in ancient times: only of the woman)

श्वस्रू f.: mother-in-law (declension follows later)

मातुल m.: mother's brother (maternal uncle)

मातुलानी f.: wife of mother's brother (maternal uncle's wife)

पितृव्य m.: father's brother (paternal uncle)

पितामह m.: paternal grandfather

पितामही f.: paternal grandmother

मातामह m.: maternal grandfather

मातामही f.: maternal grandmother

Lesson 43

ज्ञा + आ causative आज्ञापयति : to command, to order

आपण m.: market

Fig.: आपणः
(Image source: Details)

सत्वर 3: fast, hurried

पण्य 3: for sale; n.: goods, trade

![]/images/lekt4303.webp
Fig.: पण्यानि
(Image source: Details)

आम् : yes

सम m. = वर्ष n.

-आयुत 3: provided with

भद्र 3: good, happy; vocative: my dear!

समय m. (from सम्-इ): agreement, contract, deadline, date, time

निश्चित 3: decided, fixed

नोचेत् : if not, otherwise

विलम्ब n.m.: delay, lateness

विपणि f.: shop

Fig.: विपणिः
(Image source: Details)

वणिज् m.: merchant

Fig.: वणिक्
(Image source: Details)

वर 3: best

शीघ्र 3: fast, quick

वत्स m.: calf, young, child; voc.: my dear

Fig.: वत्सः
(Image source: Details)

उत्तम 3: highest, best

अल्प 3: small, little

मूल्य n.: value, price

कियत् 3: how big

शर्करा f.: sugar (the German "Zucker" goes via Italian zucchero, from there via Arabic sukkar - سكر and Persian šakkar - شکر back to the Sanskrit शर्करा!)

अधिक 3: additional, surplus, extraordinary

तर्हि : then, at that time; therefore, thus

तुल् 10 तुलयति । तोलयति : to weigh

Fig.: तोलन्ति
(Image source: Details)

कर्गल n.: paper

संपुट m.: box (here: package, bundle)

पुरतस् : in front, before, prior

श्रेष्ठिन् m.: wealthy merchant

जव 3: fast, hurried

द्रु 1P द्रवति to run

Perf. IIIa दुद्राव, दुद्रुवुर्
Fut. द्रोष्यति
Pass. द्रूयते
Caus. द्रावयति
PPP द्रुत
Absol. -द्रुत्य
Inf. द्रोतुम्

रे Interjection: Hey! You there!

अन्यद् 3: another (declension like यद् )

वञ्चक m.: fraudster

पश्चात्ताप m.: regret

इत्थम् Adv.: in this way, thus

दिन n.: day

जन्मन् n.: birth

आनन्द m.: bliss, joy

Lesson 44

प्रति prefix: back, against, towards - away

e.g.

हन् + प्रति 2P प्रतिहन्ति : to strike back

वद् + प्रति 1P प्रतिवदति : to say back = to answer

ख्या + प्रति + आ 2P प्रत्याख्याति : to reject, to spurn

या 2P याति : to go, to travel

Perf. IV ययौ
Fut. यास्यति
Pass. यायते
Caus. यापयति
PPP यात
Inf. यातुम्

from which:

यान n.: going, path, vehicle

Fig.: रेल्यानम्
(Image source: Details)

शी 2Ā शेते : to lie. This root has in all forms of the present stem strong grade: 1.sg.Ind.Pres.Ā शेये (śe + e). The following forms are particularly noteworthy: 3.pl.Ind.Pres.Ā शेरते, 3.pl.Impf.Ā अशेरत

Perf. IIIa शिश्ये (śi-śī + e)
Fut. शयिष्यते
Caus. शापयति
PPP शयित
Inf. शयितुम्

from which:

शयन n.: couch, bed

Fig.: योगी शयने शेते
(Image source: Details)

नन्द् 1P नन्दति : to rejoice in (तृतीयया)

Perf. I ननन्द
Fut. नन्दिष्यति
Pass.: नन्द्यते
Caus. नन्दयति
PPP नन्दित
Inf. नन्दितुम्
Absol. -नन्द्य
Gerundive नन्द्य

from which:

नन्दिन् 3: characterized by (special) joy, joyful; m. name of the mount (वहन) of the शिव (a bull)

Fig.: नन्दी
(Image source: Details)

नन्द् + अभि 1P (1Ā) अभिनन्दति : to have one's joy in (द्वितीयया), to greet someone joyfully, to welcome

यम् 1P यच्छति : to hold, to carry; to offer, to grant; to hold together, to restrain, to bridle, to subdue

Perf. Vb ययाम, येमुर्
Fut. यंस्यति
Pass. यम्यते
Caus. यामयति but: नियमयति
PPP यत
Inf. यन्तुम्
Absol. -यम्य

यम् + आ 1U आयच्छति : to stretch, to extend

PPP आयत 3: stretched out long

Fig.: आयतो मरुः
(Image source: Details)

यम् + प्र 1P प्रयच्छति : to offer, to present, to hand over

यम् + सम् 1P संयच्छति : to bind together, to tie up, to subdue

यत् 1Ā यतते : to strive for (सप्तमी, चतुर्थी, द्वितीया)

Perf. Vb येते
Fut. यतिष्यते
Pass. यत्यते
Caus. यातयति
PPP यत्त
Inf. यतितुम्

from which:

यत्न m.: effort, exertion

Fig.: यत्नेन
(Image source: Details)

रभ् 1Ā रभते (variant form to लभ्): to grasp

Perf. Vb रेभे
Fut. रप्स्यते
Pass. रभ्यते
Caus. रम्भयति
PPP रब्ध
Inf. रब्धुम्
Absol. -रभ्य

रभ् + आ 1Ā आरभते : to touch, to begin, to undertake

प्रव्रज्या f. (to प्र-व्रज्): the going forth from home into homelessness; ceremony by which one becomes a Buddhist novice (Pali: पब्बजा)

See:

Fig.: प्रव्रअज्या / पब्बजा
(Image source: Details)

See:

Fig.: प्रव्रअज्या / पब्बजा
(Image source: Details)

See:

Fig.: प्रव्रअज्या / पब्बजा
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 45

वा ... वा : either ... or

Lesson 46

सम 3: equal, same, similar

from this:
समम् Adv.: in the same way, at the same time (तृतीयया), evenly
समता f.: equanimity
विषम 3: unequal, uneven, evil

ग्रह् 9U गृह्णाति (gṛh-ṇā-ti) : to seize, to grasp, to catch

Perf Va (!) जग्राह, जगृहुर्
Fut. ग्रहीष्यति
Pass. गृह्यते
Caus.ग्राहयति
PPP गृहीत
Inf. ग्रहितुम्
Absol. -ग्राह्य
from this:
ग्रह m.: grasping, gripper, crocodile, wandering star
नवग्रह m.: the nine wandering stars (not planets!) (see Basham, Wonder p. 493):

सूर्यः = Sun
चन्द्रः = Moon
मङ्गलः = Mars
बुधः = Mercury
बृहस्पतिः = Jupiter
शुक्रः = Venus
शनिः = Saturn
राहुः
केतुः

Regarding राहु and केतु see:

Payer, Alois <1944 - >: Dharmashastra : Introduction and Overview. -- 10. Sacraments and Transition Rites (samskara). -- Appendix C: Rahu and Ketu, the invisible wandering stars . -- URL: http://www.payer.de/dharmashastra/dharmash10c.htm

Fig.: सूर्यः, चन्द्रः, मङ्गलः
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: बुधः, बृहस्पतिः
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: शुक्रः, शनिः
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: राहुः, केतुः
(Image source: Details)

तुष् 4P तुष्यति : to be content, to be satisfied with (षष्ठ्या, चतुर्थ्या, तृतियया, सप्तम्या)

Perf. II तुतोष, तुतुषुर्
Fut. तोक्ष्यति
Pass. तुष्यते
Caus. तोषयति
PPP तुष्ट
Inf. तोष्टुम्

नम् 1P नमति : to bend, to bow, to incline, to prostrate

Perf. Vb ननाम, नेमुर्
Fut. नंस्यति
Pass. नम्यते
Kaus. नमयति । नामयति
PPP नत
Inf. नन्तुम्

Fig.: नारायण तुभ्यं नमामि
(Image source: Details)

रुह् 1P रोहति : to conquer, to climb

Perf. II रुरोह, रुरुहे
Fut. रोक्ष्यति
Pass. रुह्यते
Kaus. रोहयति । रोपयति
PPP. रूढ
Inf. रोढुम्

Fig.: अश्वरोहकः
(Image source: Details)

ह्वे । हू 1U ह्वयति : to call, to summon

Perf. IIIa जुहाव, जुहुवे
Fut. ह्वास्यति
Pass. हूयते
Kaus. ह्वाययति
PPP हूत
Inf. ह्वातुम्
Absol. -हूय

Fig.: महामात्र कं चरिष्णुदूरशब्देनाह्वयसि
(Image source: Details)

1 महामात्र m. "Mahout"; चरिष्णु 3 "mobile", दूरशब्द m. "long-distance call, telephone" » चरिष्णुदूरशब्द "mobile phone" (word formation: A. Payer)

विभ्रम m.: the going back and forth

भ्रंश m.: the falling away

श्रम् 4P श्राम्यति : to toil, to become tired

Perf. Vc शश्राम, शश्रामुर्
Fut. श्रमिष्यति
Pass. श्रम्यते
Kaus. श्रमयति । श्रामयति
PPP श्रान्त
Inf. श्रमितुम्
Absol. श्रमित्वा । श्रान्त्वा
thereof:
आश्रम m.n.

Fig.: श्रान्तः
(Image source: Details)

श्रि 1U श्रयति : to lean, to lean against, to find support, to go to someone (द्वितीयया, सप्तम्या)

Perf. IIIa शिश्राय, शिश्रिये
Fut. श्रयिष्यति
Pass. श्रीयते
Kaus. श्राययति
PPP श्रित
Inf. श्रयितुम्

सञ्ज् 1P सजति : to attach, to cling to (सप्तम्या)

Perf. I ससञ्ज, ससञ्जुर्
Fut. संक्ष्यति
Pass. सज्यते
Kaus. सञ्जयति
PPP सक्त
Inf. संक्तुम्
thereof:
सङ्ग m.: the attaching to, contact with (तृतीयया)

Fig.: सङ्गः
(Image source: Details)

द्रु 1P द्रवति : to run, to hasten

Perf IIIa (अनिट्) दुद्राव, दुद्रुवुर्
Fut. द्रोष्यति
Pass. द्रूयते
Kaus. द्रावयति
PPP द्रुत
Inf. द्रोतुम्
Absol. -द्रुत्य

भ्रम् 1P भ्रमति । 4P भ्राम्यति : to wander, to roam

Perf. Vc बभ्राम, बभ्रमुर् । Vb भ्रेमुर्
Fut. भ्रमिष्यति
Kaus. भ्रमयति
PPP भ्रान्त
Inf. भ्रमितुम्
Absol. -भ्रम्य
thereof:
विभ्रम m.: wandering, confusion, error

लम्ब् 1Ā लम्बते : to hang down from (सप्तम्या), to hang on (सप्तम्या)

Perf. I ललम्बे
Fut. लम्बिष्यते
Pass. लम्ब्यते
Kaus. लम्बयति
PPP लम्बित
Inf. लम्बितुम्
Absol. -लम्ब्य

Fig.: लम्बोदर नमस्तुभ्यम्
(Image source: Details)

लम्ब् + आ 1Ā आलम्बते : to hang on (द्वितीयया)

यदि Conjunction: if

भू + परि 1P परिभवति : to encircle, to master, to conquer

PPP परिभूत 3: conquered, humiliated, degraded

नि Prefixed verb: downwards, down, into, backwards

e.g.
सद् + नि 1P निषीदति : to sit down

भोस् Vocative particle: exclamation of address, e.g.: hey, heda, oh, ei, hello, hi! often not to be translated. This particle has a special Sandhi: before all voiced sounds, it is भो.

Fig.: भोः
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 48

श्वस् : tomorrow

अद्य : today

लघु 3: light (not heavy, not difficult), fast, short (in expression)

व्याकरण n.: Grammar (to व्याकृ)

तन्त्र n.: String ; Loom, warp, fabric ; Basis, norm, rule ; Doctrine, textbook ; Tantra ; Magic formula ; Means, trick, medicine ; Government, authority

Fig.: तन्त्रम्
Sualkuchi = সুৱালকুচি, Assam = অসম
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: तन्त्री
Sitar player = सितारवादकः
(Image source: Details)

स्त्री f.: Woman, wife ; Feminine

Declension:

स्त्री f.	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्
प्रथमा	स्त्री	स्त्रियस्
द्वितीया	स्त्रियम् स्त्रीयम्	स्त्रियस् स्त्रीस्
तृतीया	स्त्रिया	स्त्रीभिस्
चतुर्थी	स्त्रियै	स्त्रीभ्यस्
पञ्चमी	स्त्रियास्	स्त्रीभ्यस्
षष्ठी	स्त्रियास्	स्त्रीणाम्
सप्तमी	स्त्रियाम्	स्त्रीषु
आमन्त्रितम्	स्त्रि	स्त्रियस्

Fig.: स्वतन्त्राः स्त्रियः
Self-help group (SHG), Tamil Nadu = தமிழ்நாடு
(Image source: Details)

दिवानिशम् Adverb: by day and by night

सज्ज् 1P सज्जति : to hang, to adhere

कुमार m.: Child, youth, prince; Epithet of the कार्तिकेय / Murugan = முருகன் = മുരുകന്‍ / Subrahmanya = ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ

Fig.: कुमारः
Thaipusam festival = தைப்பூசம், Batu Caves, Malaysia
(Image source: Details)

कुमारी f.: Girl, daughter

Fig.: कुमारी
नेपाल
(Image source: Details)

कौमर n.: Childhood

यौवन n.: Youth

स्थविर 3: old, aged

Fig.: स्थविराः
जोधपुर
(Image source: Details)

स्थाविर n.: (high) age

वाच्य 3: also: blameworthy

सूक्ष्म 3: fine, tiny, subtle

Fig.: सूक्ष्मम्
Karanji Lake = ಕಾರಂಜಿ ಕೆರೆ
(Image source: Details)

प्रसङ्ग m.: Attachment, inclination ; Opportunity

विशेष m.: difference, peculiarity

प्रसूति f.: birth, offspring

चरित्र n.: custom, habit, customary law ; conduct

जाया f.: wife

Fig.: मम जाया
(Image: Payer)
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 49

दीर्घ 3: long

ह्रस्व 3: short

आयुस् n.: lifetime (the full lifetime, one can live, if nothing comes in between) ;

thereof:

आयुर्वेद m.: the traditional medical system of India
see:

Carakasaṃhitā: Selected Texts from the Carakasaṃhitā / translated and explained by Alois Payer <1944 - >. -- 0. Introduction. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/caraka0001.htm

क्षिप् 6P क्षिपति : to throw, to hurl

Perf. II चिक्षेप, चिक्षेपिथ, चिक्षिपुर्
Fut. क्षेप्स्यति
Pass. क्षिप्यते
Caus. क्षेपयति
PPP क्षिप्त
Inf. क्षेप्तुम्
Absol. -क्षिप्य
Gerundive: क्षेप्य

त्वर् 1Ā त्वरते : to hasten

Perf. Vc तत्वरे
Fut. त्वरिष्यते
Pass. त्वर्यते
Caus. त्वरयति
PPP त्वरित । तू्र्ण
Inf. त्वरितुम्

द्रुह् 4P द्रुह्यति : to harm

Perf. II दुद्रोह, दुद्रुहुर्
Fut. द्रोहिष्यति । ध्रोक्ष्यति
Pass. द्रुह्यते
Caus. द्रोहयति
PPP द्रुग्ध । द्रूढ
Inf. द्रोग्धुम्

कुलूहल n.: curiosity, interest

Fig.: कुलूहलम्
(Image source: Details)

कृत्स्न 3: whole, complete

परिचय m.: acquaintance

कला f.: art

Fig.: उत्तमा काला
शिवो नटराजा, 11th century
(Image source: Details)

वर m.n.: wish

उत Indecl.: and, also, or

विहंग m.: bird ("in the airस्dream - विह - going")

Fig.: विहंगः
(Image source: Details)

वेष m.: garment, appearance, exterior

Fig.: वेषः
वाराणस्याम्
(Image source: Details)

छन्न n.: blanket, hiding place

पञ्जर n.: cage

Fig.: पञ्जरम्
Fortune teller with parrot in cage: the parrot draws slips of paper, on which fate is written Mysore
(Image source: Details)

चाण्डाल । चण्डाल m.: lowest level of the Dalits

स्वयम् Indecl.: self, of itself

अवनि f.: earth

मुहूर्त m.,n.: moment, instant, right moment

ध्यै 1P ध्यायति : to imagine, to think

Perf. IV दध्यौ
Fut. ध्यास्यति
Pass. ध्यायते
Caus. ध्यापयति
PPP ध्यात
Inf. ध्यातुम्
Gerundive ध्येय

आदर m.: consideration, attention, respect

Fig.: सादरः
Amritsar = ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ
(Image source: Details)

कुतुक n. = कुलूहल n.

परम 3: furthest, highest ; पञ्चम्या : better than, higher than

शिशु m.: child, young

Fig.: गजशिशुः
Sri Lanka
(Image source: Details)

Lesson 50

ध्रुव 3: firm, unchangeable

निषेक m.: sprinkling, fertilization, fluid, ejaculation, ceremony at conception

पण्डित 3: clever, wise, learned

मन् + अव 4Ā अवमन्यते : disregard, despise

मन्त्रिन् 3: advisory ; m.: advisor, councilor, minister

Fig.: मन्त्री
Kapil Sibal (1948 -), Union minister in Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Earth Sciences (since 2006)
(Image source: Details)

रहस् n.: secret, solitude

रिष् 1P रिषति 4P रिष्यति : be damaged, fail, be harmed

Perf. II रिरेष, रिरिषुर्
Fut. रेषिष्यति
Pass. रिष्यते
Caus. रेषयति
PPP रिष्ट

लुप् 6U लुम्पति : break, destroy

Perf. II लुलोप, लुलुपे
Fut. लोप्स्यति
Pass. लुप्यते
Caus. लोपयति
PPP लुप्त
Inf. लोप्तुम्
Gerundiv लुप्य । लोप्य

विधि m.: also: fate (to विधा)

वृष् 1P वर्षति : rain (mostly with a कर्तृ -- a god or a cloud)

Perf. II ववर्ष, ववृषुर्
Fut. वर्षिष्यति
Pass. वृष्यते
Caus. वर्षयति
PPP वृष्ट
Inf. वर्षितुम्
Absol. वर्षित्वा । वृष्ट्वा
Absol.-वृष्य

Fig.: महामेघो वर्षिष्यति
Arrival of the Monsoon, Bangalore ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Image source: Details)

संयक् Adv.: correct, true, in the proper manner ; thoroughly, completely

आदित्य m.: Sun ; pl.: Āditya : a certain class of gods

Fig.: आदित्यः
(Image source: Details)

सर्व 3: each, all

Declension like यद् (exception: Nom.Akk.sg.Neuter)

	Singular एकवचनम्			Plural बहुवचनम्
	Masculine पुंस्	Neuter नपुंसकम्	Feminine स्त्री	Masculine पुंस्	Neuter नपुंसकम्	Feminine स्त्री
1. Nominative १. प्रथमा	सर्वस्	सर्वम्	सर्वा	सर्वे	सर्वाणि	सर्वास्
2. Accusative २. द्वितीया	सर्वम्	सर्वम्	सर्वाम्	सर्वान्	सर्वाणि	सर्वास्
3. Instrumental ३. तृतीया	सर्वेण		सर्वया	सर्वैस्		सर्वाभिस्
4. Dative ४. चतुर्थी	सर्वस्मै		सर्वस्यै	सर्वेभ्यस्		सर्वाभ्यस्
5. Ablative ५. पञ्चमी	सर्वस्मात्		सर्वस्यास्	सर्वेभ्यस्		सर्वाभ्यस्
6. Genitive ६. षष्ठी	सर्वस्य		सर्वस्यास्	सर्वेषाम्		सर्वासाम्
7. Locative ७. सप्तमी	सर्वस्मिन्		सर्वस्याम्	सर्वेषु		सर्वासु

वै : particle, which emphasizes the preceding word: indeed, truly, but

इह Adv.: here, here on earth, here; now. Before nouns in the locative (षष्ठी) synonymous with अस्मिन्, अस्याम्

कल्प m: statute, custom, ritual ; World period (to कॢप्)

कल्याण 3 (f.: कल्याणी) :beautiful

Fig.: कल्याणी
(Image source: Details)

कु- : as the first member of compounds: bad

Fig.: कुनगरम्
धारावी, मुंबई
(Image source: Details)

चक्ष् 2Ā चष्टे 2.pl. Ā चड्ढ्वे : to see

Perf. चचक्षे
not used in other tenses

चक्ष् + प्र 2Ā प्रचष्टे : to tell, to consider, to name

देश m.: place, spot, land, region

Lesson 51

अजिन n.: antelope skin, esp. the skin of the black antelope (blackbuck : Antilope cervicapra L. ). Originally occurred throughout the Indian subcontinent from Punjab and Sind to Bengal and from Nepal to Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) (Tamil: கன்னியாகுமரி) See:

Walker's mammals of the world / Ronald M. Nowak. -- 6. ed. -- Baltimore [u.a.] : Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., 1999. -- 2 vols. -- ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. -- Vol. 2. -- p. 1193f.

Fig.:
(Image source: Details)

अतिथि m.: guest

अभ्यन्तर 3: located inside, nearest; m. the nearest relative, native

अरण्य n.: wilderness, forest

ऋतु m.: periodic event, season, time period, menstruation, time during which the woman is fertile and has a claim to sexual intercourse with her husband.

Regarding ऋतु see Manu III, 45-48: according to this, ऋतु lasts 16 days (according to the alternative translation: 20 days) from the beginning of menstruation, sexual intercourse is forbidden on the first four days after the onset of bleeding (according to the alternative translation: on the first eight (4 + 4) days), as well as on the 11th (resp. 15th) and 13th (resp. 18th) day. On even days the woman conceives sons, on odd days daughters. For the following, a ऋतु of a total of 16 days (not the alternative translation) is assumed, as most indigenous commentaries do, and which was therefore the prevailing view.

Since ovulation occurs 14 days before the onset of menstruation, with this determination of the fertile period, fertility is almost "guaranteed" for an interval between menstruations of 19 to 30 days. The forbidden days (11th and 13th) improve the probability of sexual intercourse on the 12th and 14th days, i.e., the probability of conception in a cycle of 28 days (the lifespan of sperm in the woman is approx. 3 days). These regulations are as it were a positive application of the Knaus-Ogino method.

Fig.: ऋतुः
(Image source: Details)

एकत्र Adv.: in one place

जटा f.: hair bun (ascetic's hairstyle)

Fig.: जटा
ऋषिकेश
(Image source: Details)

तुल्य 3: equal, comparable (तृतीयया)

तरय 3 (f.: तरयी): threefold, consisting of three parts

प्राणान्तिक 3 (f.: -ī): fatal, bringing death, life imprisonment

बाह्य 3: outside, located outside, foreign

भिक्षा f.: begged alms, food obtained by begging

मार्यादा f.: boundary, limit

शिष् 7P शिनष्टि : to leave, to leave behind

Perf.II शिशेषे, शिशिषुर्
Fut. शेक्ष्यति
Pass. शिष्यते
Kaus. शेषयति
PPPशिष्ट
Absol. -शिष्य

शिष् + वि 7P विशिनष्टि : to distinguish

Pass. विशिष्यते : to differ from (पञ्चम्या, तृतीयया), to be better than (पञ्चम्या, तृतीयया), to be the best among (षष्ठ्या, सप्तम्या)

समान 3: of the same kind, equal, similar; m.: contemporary, peer

स्व 3: one's own, his/her/its (my, your, etc.). Declined like सर्व. In the Abl./Loc. sg. m.n. and in the Nom. pl. m., it can also be declined like देव:

Abl. sg. m.n. स्वस्मात् । स्वात्
Loc. sg. m.n. स्वस्मिन् । स्वे
Nom. pl. m. स्वे । स्वास्

गर्ह् 1Ā गर्हते 10P गर्हयति : to scold, to blame

Perf. I जगर्हे
Fut. गर्हिष्यते
PPP गर्हित

पिशित n.: (prepared) meat

Fig.: पिशितम्
Kolkata = কলকাতা
(Image source: Details)

उपहार m.: offering, sacrifice, gift

मधु n.: honey, sweet drink, mead (honey wine)

Fig.: मधु
City Palace, उदयपुर
(Image source: Details)

मांस n.: meat

मृगया f.: hunt, hunting

Fig.: मृगया
Hunting with चीता (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) Gujarat = ગુજરાત, 1812
(Image source: Details)

शिवा f.: (female) jackal (golden jackal = Canis aureus)

Fig.: शिवा
Canis aureus, Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary
(Image source: Details)

रुत n.: shouting, clamor

कौशिक m.: owl

Fig.: कौशिकः
Brahma owl (Athene brama), Mahesana = મહેસાણા
(Image source: Details)

शकुनि m.: bird

श्वन् m.: dog

strong stem श्वान्
weak stem before vowel सुन्
weak stem before consonant श्व

Fig.: श्वा लिङ्गं च
Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
(Image source: Details)

परिचित 3: familiar, known

अटवी f.: forest

शून्य 3: empty, desolate

आपान(क) n.: drinking bout, feast

Fig.: आपानकम्
जोधपुर
(Image source: Details)

क्रूर 3: raw, cruel

दिह् 2U देग्धि, दिग्धे : to smear, to daub

Perf. II दिदेह
Fut. धेक्ष्यति
Pass. दिह्यते
Kaus. देहयति
PPP दिग्ध

विष n.: poison

Fig.: मूषिकाविषाणि
Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Image source: Details)

भुजंग m.: snake

Fig.: भुजंगः
Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Image source: Details)

सायक m.: arrow

उत्साद m.: destruction, ruin

कलत्र Neuter: wife, female

बन्दी f.: captive, plunder
योषित् f.: young woman, girl
शार्दूल m. = व्याघ्र m.
रुधिर n.: blood
अर्चन n. अर्चना f. = पूजा f.
बलि m.: payment, donation, tribute
मणि m.: jewel

Fig.: मणिः
Hope Diamond from Guntur = గుంటూరు, today Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington DC
(Image source: Details)

वन n.: forest
मद m.: also "must" of an elephant (in Musht)

Fig.: मदः
(Image source: Details)

राग m.: also: color, red color
कालन n.: forest
खन् 1U खनति : to dig

Perf. चखान, चखने
Fut. खनिष्यति
Caus. खानयति
PPP खात
Absol. खनित्वा । खात्वा

चिन्त् 10 चिन्तयति : to think, to ponder
शबर .: proper name of a non-Aryan tribe

Lesson 52

अखिल 3: seamless, whole
निखिल 3: complete, whole

from:
खिल m.: fallow field, wasteland

Fig.: खिलः
Tambhol, Akole, Ahmednagar = अहमदनगर
(Image source: Details)

अन्तर् Adv.: inside, in the interior; postposition with Gen. Loc. (षष्टी, सप्तमी): within, in the midst; postposition with Gen. Abl. (षष्ठी, पञ्चमी): out of ...
अन्योन्य 3: mutually, each other
इ + वि + परि 2P विपर्येति : to fail

PPP विपरीत 3: wrong, incorrect

त्रि 3: three

	Masculine पुंस्	Neuter नपुंसकम्	Feminine स्त्री
1. Nominative १. प्रथमा	त्रयस्	त्रीणि	तिस्रस्
2. Accusative २. द्वितीया	त्रीन्	त्रीणि	तिस्रस्
3. Instrumental ३. तृतीया	त्रिभिस्		तिसृभिस्
4. Dative ४. चतुर्थी	त्रिभ्यस्		तिसृभ्यस्
5. Ablative ५. पञ्चमी	त्रिभ्यस्		तिसृभ्यस्
6. Genitive ६. षष्ठी	त्रयाणाम्		तिसृणाम्
7. Locative ७. सप्तमी	त्रिषु		तिसृषु

निस् postposition and prefix with nouns and verbs: out, away, forth, out, from, away, without - from
पीड् 10P पीडयति : to press, to torment; to oppress, to besiege, to plague

Fig.: पीडिताः
Hyderabad = హైదరాబాద్
(Image source: Details)

पर 3: (declension like सर्व) distant, foreign, higher than (पञ्चम्या), utmost, highest; other, foreign, hostile; m.: foreigner

from which:
परम् Adv.: to a high degree, thereupon, later, but, however

प्रति postposition (द्वितीयया): to - towards, after, with regard to, opposite
प्रधान 3: principal, best; n.: the most important

Fig.: प्रधानः
मुंबई
(Image source: Details)

लौल्य n.: greed, lustfulness
वर्ग m.: section, division, group

त्रिवर्ग m.: group of three (e.g. धर्मः, अर्थः, कामः; or: सत्त्वम्, रजस्, तमस्; or: ब्राह्मणाः, क्षत्रियाः, वैश्याः)

वश् 2P वस्टि, उशन्ति, Imperat. 2.sg.: उड्ढि : to want, to command, to desire

Perf Va उवाश, ऊशुर्
Fut. वशिष्यति
Pass. उष्यते
Kaus. वाशयति
PPP उशित
Inf. वशितुम्
Absol. -वश्य

वा 2P वाति : to blow, to breathe

Perf IV ववौ
Fut. वास्यति
Pass. वायते
Kaus. वापयति
PPP वान । वात
Inf. वातुम्

thereof:

वात m.: wind

वृज् 7P वृणक्ति 1P वर्जति : to turn, to rotate; to ward off, to exclude

Perf. II ववर्ज, ववृजुर्
Fut. वर्जिष्यति
Pass. वृज्यते
Kaus. वर्जयति : to eliminate
Kaus. PPP वर्जित : deprived of something, free from
PPP वृक्त
Inf. वर्जितुम्

व्यवहार m.: activity, conduct, interaction, commerce, business, trade, (legal) process

शील n.: custom, habit, nature, character, good habit = morality

सूर्य m.: sun

सेव् 1Ā सेवते : to serve someone (द्वितीया), to attend to, to honor, to love

Perf I सिषेवे
Fut. सेविष्यते
Pass. सेव्यते
Kaus. सेवयति
PPP सेवित
Inf. सेवितुम्
Absol. -सेव्य

thereof:

सेवा f.: service, attendance

धीर 3: firm, steadfast, continuous, persistent

शम् शाम्यति

शशाम, शेमुर्
शमिष्यति
शम्यते
शमयति
शान्त
शमित्वा । शान्त्वा

कोविद 3: experienced in (षष्ठ्या सप्तम्या वा)

याम m.: night watch (each three hours)

परंपरा f.: uninterrupted series

अमुत्र Adv.: there, thither

च्यु 1Ā च्यवते : to move, to move forward, to fall down

Perf. IIIa चुच्युवे
Fut. च्योष्यते
Pass. च्यूयते
Kaus. च्यावयति
PPP च्युत

भू + अनु 1P अनुभवति : to recognize, to feel, to perceive, to experience

चक्र n.: wheel

Fig.: चक्रम्
Konark = कोनार्क
(Image source: Details)

कदली f.: banana tree (Musa sp.)

Fig.: कदली
Hampi = ಹಂಪೆ
(Image source: Details)

सार m.n.: core, marrow, essence, substance

दिव्य 3: heavenly, divine

वर 3: best

आदर्श m.: mirror

मल m.n.: dirt, flaw

Fig.: मलम्
मुंबई
(Image source: Details)

त्रिपिष्टप n.: Indra's heaven

मार m.: the personified evil, the personified temptation/manipulation, devil

Fig.:
Amaravati = అమరావతి, 2nd cent. CE
(Image source: Details)

विजिज्ञासु 3: someone who wishes to understand completely

त्रै 1Ā त्रायते : to protect, to save

Perf. IV तत्रे
Fut. त्रास्यते
Pass. त्रायते
Kaus. त्रापयति
PPP त्राण । त्रात
Inf. त्रातुम्

Sources

lekt0201: Depiction of the estate division of the European Middle Ages (woodcut from the late 15th century). Caption: * Priestly estate (~Brāhmaṇa): Tu supplex ora = You pray fervently! * Nobility (~Kṣatriya): Tu protege = You protect! * Peasantry (~Vaiśya/Śūdra): Tuque labora = And you work! The three estates wear their respective estate attire. Above the - thus designated as willed by God - estates, Christ reigns. [Image source: Meyer, Werner: Millet Porridge and Halberd : on the trail of medieval life in Switzerland . -- 2nd ed. -- Olten [et al.] : Walter, 1986. -- ISBN: 3-530-56707-8. -- p. 129]

lekt0203: God Agni, miniature, 18th century [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt0202: Sādhu (साधु), Pashupatinath Temple (पशुपतिनाथ मन्दिर), Kathmandu (काठमांडौ), Nepal (नेपाल), 2007 [Image source: Peter Akkermans, Wikipedia, GNU FDL license]

lekt0303: Durgā = दुर्गा, Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା) [Image source: Wikipedia, GNU FDL license]

lekt0501: God Kāma = kāmadeva = कामदेव, 18th century. [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt0701: Was this the Vedic Soma plant?: Fly agaric: Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. [Image source: Wikipedia, GNU FDL license]

lekt0809: लिख् : Indian steel stylus for incising into palm leaves [Image source: Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon 1905. Public domain]

lekt0810: लिख् : Writing stick of the Batak (Sumatra), as it was probably also used in India [Image source: Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon 1905. Public domain]

lekt0903: adhyayana = अध्ययन, Sri Skandaguru Vidyalayam, Tiruparankundram near Madurai [Image source: jaroslavd. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/jaroslavd/2679883828/ . -- Accessed on 2008-11-23. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, no derivatives)]

lekt0902: kāru = कारु, Gujarat [Image source: owenstache. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/owen-pics/2331791031/. -- Accessed on 2008-11-23. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt1003: God Varuṇa = वरुण, 17th century. [Image source. Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt1002: A Ṛṣi: Viśvāmitra (विश्वामित्र) / by Rāja Ravi Varmā (राज रवि वर्मा) <1848 - 1906> [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt1301: महिषासुरः = ಮಹಿಷಾಸುರಃ Chamundi Hills, Mysore (ಮೈಸೂರು) [Image source: Prakash Subbarao / Wikipedia. -- Public domain]

lekt1304: अन्नम्, Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ), 2005 [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt1303: चत्वारः पादाः : गजः (Elephas maximus) [Image source: Wikipedia, GNU FDL license]

lekt1405: दीपाः [Image source: [srijith]. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/srijith/1918428547/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-01. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt1504: पूजा A Puja ceremony held in Kakinada (కాకినాడ), Andhra Pradesh (ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్), India, at the start of a seismic survey contract. [Image source: Wikiepdia, Public domain]

lekt1505: Indra and Sachi Riding the Divine Elephant Airavata, Folio from a Panchakalyanaka (Five Auspicious Events in the Life of Jina Rishabhanatha [Adinatha]), circa 1670-1680 Painting; Watercolor, Opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper, Image: 9 1/8 x 15 1/8 in. (23.18 x 38.42 cm); Sheet: 10 5/8 x 16 3/4 in. (26.99 x 42.55 cm. Made in: India, Rajasthan, Amber [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt1506: सिंहः (Panthera leo persica) [Image source: Wikipedia, GNU FDL license]

lekt1507: व्याघ्रः (Panthera tigris tigris) Bandhavgarh National Park (बांधवगढ राष्ट्रीय उद्दान) [Image source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service / Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt1602: अध्यापनम् "This is a special ceremony in a small temple in Satara (सातारा). It is performed by the students of the Swami Muktananda Vedashala on the celebration of Mahāśivarātri. This is a vedic school, where children by heart the sacred texts called the Vedas. This school teaches the Krishna Yajurveda and some portions of the Samaveda. I'm doing my master's thesis on this school." [Image source: Shrimaitreya. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/shrimaitreya/339418301/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-07. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt1601: योगी Birla Mandir, Delhi [Image source: Deepak / Wikipedia ; Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt1603: अहिंसा "The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes the Jain Vow of Ahimsa. The word in the middle is "ahimsa". The wheel represents the dharmacakra which stands for the resolve to halt the cycle of reincarnation through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence." [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt1703: घाताः Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು [Image source: mattlogelin. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattlogelin/143399263/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-07. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt1701: योगासनम् [Image source: von tlongacre. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tlongacre/2177187487/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-07. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, no derivatives)]

lekt1702: दोग्धि [Image source: Roshnii. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/roshnii/110086482/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-07. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt1809: कामः Illustration to कामसूत्र [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lesson1901: गर्भगृहम्, Badami (ಬದಾಮಿ) [Image source: Sudarshan Bhat Khandige / Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt1902: वारिदः, Goa (गोंय) [Image source: pichenettes. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/_pichenettes_/1257016116/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt1904: छत्त्रम् "Onappottan (ഓണപ്പൊട്ടന്‍), in traditional costume is a custom in sourthern parts of Kerala. Onappottan visists houses during the onam and gives blessings. Off late onappottan has become a rare sight, confined to villages." [Image source: Captain Nidish. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/captain_nidish/280389572/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt1903: पण्डीतः जवाहरलाल नेहरू, १९५९ [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt2008: आश्रमाः Rishikesh = ऋषिकेश "This is actually part of the Ashram in Rishikesh where the Beatles stayed. This specific part was not there when they were there, but it does look cool." [Image source: von ogimogi. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ogimogi/284517677/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-11. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt2103: भगवान्कृष्णः as जगन्नाथ (right) with his half-sister सुभद्रा (middle) and his older brother बलराम Orissa = ଓଡ଼ିଶା [Image source: Sujitkumar / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt2105: भगवद्गीता - Manuscript, 19th century [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt2104: भिक्षवः Luang Prabang = ຫລວງພະບາງ, Laos = ປະເທດລາວ [Image source: Hanoi Mark. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/riverdaleto/112938743/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-12. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt2202: कामदेवः , 19th century [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt2203: दुर्गाशक्तिः = दुर्गैव शक्तिः Kolkatta = কলকাতা [Image source: The Eternity. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/the_world_in_my_eyes/2914301330/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-12. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt2201: धेनवश्चरन्ति Goa = गोंय [Image source: Veebl. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/veebl/2322214162/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-12. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt2405: अलंकारः [Image source: sarboo. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarboo/320741523/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-14. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt2406: देवीप्रतिमा Hampi = ಹಂಪೆ, Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ [Image source: thaths. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/thaths/862012190/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-14. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt2407: ऊहापोहः "NEW DELHI/INDIA, 16NOV08 - Suhasini Haidar, Deputy Foreign Editor, CNN-IBN Network 18, India, moderates a panel discussion at the World Economic Forum's India Economic Summit 2008 in New Delhi, 16-18 November 2008." [Image source: World Economic Forum / Photo by Dana Smillie. --http://www.flickr.com/photos/worldeconomicforum/3040064901/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-14. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt2408: आख्यानम् "San Francisco storyteller Jeff Byers shares a story with the residents of Chenneri, an Irula village. Storyteller Jeeva Raghunath translates into Tamil for the villagers. " [Image source: ereneta. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tereneta/3062024840/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-14. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt2411: जयदेवकविर्विष्णुं नमस्करोति Manuscript of the गीतगोविन्द, 1730 AD [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt2501: धान्यम् Khanna [Image source: appaji. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/appaji/2205110691/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-15. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt2502: मूलानि Varanasi [Image source: oceandesetoiles. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/ocean_of_stars/2544053669/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-15. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt2503: लिप्तिः Jaina Manuscript [Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain]

lekt2504: विवाहः मुंबई [Image source: barnism. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/barnism/3079837348/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-15. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt2505: विष्टिः [Image source: Ray Witlin / World Bank. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/2182943983/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-15. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt2506: हिरण्यम् Chennai = சென்னை [Image source: Dilip Muralidaran. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dilipm/2423883232/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-15. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt2706: वस्त्राणि Majuli, Assam [Image source: deepsan. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/deepsan/585991890/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-18. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt2707: वसन्तः कुसुम्भ = Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Khopoli = खोपोली, Maharashtra = महाराष्ट्र, 2007-04-07[Image source: dinesh_valke. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dinesh_valke/451989507/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-18. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt2704: हरिहरः (left: विष्णु, right: शिव) [Image source: Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt2705: हरिहरः (left: विष्णु, right: शिव) Godrumdwip, West Bengal = পশ্চিমবঙ্গ [Image source: GourangaUK / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt2804: कृष्णो राधां कामयति Painting by राजा रवि वर्मा (1848 - 1906) [Image source: Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt2803: वीणां वादयति [Image source: Kelvin Kay / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt2805: बाला भारं हरति Near Ahmedabad [Image source: m-bot. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/72494286@N00/2127838811/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-20. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt2903: परिव्राजकाः Pushkar = पुष्कर [Image source: pyjama. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/rpt/387636532/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-20. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt2901: मत्स्यः रोहू मछली = Labeo rohita Hamilton [Image source: Khalid Mahmood / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt3001: क्रीणन्ति विक्रीनते च Bundi = बुन्दी, Rajasthan = राजस्थान [Image source: earth2marsh. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/earth2marsh/56270619/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-21. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt3002: ज्ञातयः Darewadi, Ahmed Nagar District = अहमदनगर, Maharashtra = महाराष्ट्र [Image source: Robin Murphy / World Resources Institute. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/worldresourcesinstitute/2555776315/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-21. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3003: श्रोत्राणि पुनाति [Image source: Karmalize. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/agaylon/1799930862/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-21. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt3005: अश्नीयात् थाली, South India [Image source: Matthew Winterburn. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/bezoire/2330831734/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-21. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3004: प्रिया [Image source: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/awflicks/3032833609/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-21. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt2904: पुनर्भवः [Image source: Wikipedia / Copyrighted to Himalayan Academy Publications, Kapaa, Kauai, Hawaii. -- Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5]

lekt3101: योगः [Image source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wricontest/294029791/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-25. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt3102: व्यञ्जनम् Preparation for Kathakali dance = കഥകളി, Kochi = കൊച്ചി [Image source: winchrisabi. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/winchrisabi/181399508/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-25. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt3103: From a प्रज्ञापारमिता manuscript [Image source: zeno.org. -- public domain]

lekt3202: चूतः कानपुर, / کان پور [Image source: AmarChandra / Wikipedia. -- Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt3203: वानराः Delhi = दहली [Image source: dewalt. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dewalt/389870377/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-25. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3204: उपलाः "The boulders here are hard enough that the scavengers who have taken over the abandoned quarry south of downtown prefer not to strike them directly with their hammers. They heat the rocks first — with flaming tires, scrap plastic, even old rubber boots — so that the stones will fracture more easily. At dusk, when three or four blazes spew choking black clouds across the huge pit, the quarry looks like a woodcut out of Dante. At the mouth of this stone quarry in Pune Maharashtra, diminutive women in saris toil 14 hour shifts breaking boulders into cricket-ball sized chunks of stone. Sledgehammers cut through to the air to the sound of splintering stone. Just behind them roared large machines that chewed up stone only to spit out construction gravel. Almost everybodies face was smeared with a white dust. A dust, heavy and suffocating, floating in the air like mist covering everything." [Image source: lecercle. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/lecercle/2304674715/in/set-72157604058089822/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-25. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3205: लक्ष्यम् Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ [Image source: mattlogelin. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattlogelin/321235900/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-25. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, no derivative works)]

lekt3207: चितं गोमयं दहति (गोमय n.: cow dung) Rajasthan [Image source: thebigdurian. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/thebigdurian/29862842/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-25. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3206: कौशलम् Mehndi = मेहन्दी, Mumbai = मुंबई [Image source: the_gman. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/thegman/2860162252/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-25. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3306: दानम् "On August 20th, 2005 in Chennai, India my soon to be in-laws gave us a formal Indian engagement party. It looks like it was a wedding but it wasn't, it's how they do things. Very extravagate. This event was a huge blessing for me. I have never felt so love by another family. I only wish my family could have been there but at least I have a video of the whole thing to share. My soon to be in-laws made the whole thing happen in 3 days. Everything between invitations to a hired photographer. It was fantastic, beyond words can explain the emotions flowing." [Source of image and text: coral11. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/coral/36326932/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-26. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt3307: सा पुत्रमादाय भारं बिभर्ति Udaipur = उदयपुर [Image source: gscottie8. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/gscottie/2152543713/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-27. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt3305: समाधि योगिनी, Kaveripakkam = காவேரிப்பாக்கம், Tamil Nadu, 10th century CE [Image source: Quadell / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt3304: भयम् Mumbai = मुंबई, 2008 [Image source: sameer5678in. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/guptasameer/3080350405/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-26. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt3303: हीनयानमेव Thailand [Image source: grrrrl. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/11619899@N00/867938692/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-26. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt3302: घृतमग्नौ जुहोति यज्ञ in the Shiva ashram, Kothavala, Ganeshpuri, 80 km from Mumbai (मुंबई) away [Image source: Dey. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dey/466758922/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-26. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3308: घृतम् [Image source: Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense] "Ghee is made by simmering unsalted butter in a large pot until all water has boiled off and protein has settled to the bottom. The cooked and clarified butter is then spooned off to avoid disturbing the milk solids on the bottom of the pan. Unlike butter, ghee can be stored for extended periods without refrigeration, provided it is kept in an airtight container to prevent oxidation and remains moisture-free. Texture, colour, or taste of ghee depends on the source of the milk from which the butter was made. In India, ghee is usually made with water buffalo's milk as it tends to be whiter than cow's milk." [Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee. -- Accessed on 2008-12-26]

lekt3406: सस्यम् [Image source: Ray Witlin / World Bank. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/2183806492/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-27. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt3405: लक्षद्वीपाः = ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് = the 100,000 (लक्ष m.n.) islands (Union Territory) [Image source: CIA. Public domain]

lekt3403: तिलाः [Image source: Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt3404: तिलाः [Image source: Franz Xaver / Wikipedia. GNU FDL license]

lekt3402: स्वर्णम् Harmandir Sahib = ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ, Amritsar = ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ [Image source: Wikipedia. GNU FDL license]

lekt3401: ऋषभः Chamundi Hills [Image source: Luna Park. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/lunapark/2124083737/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-27. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt3502: क्रामन्ति [Image source: Curt Carnemark / World Bank. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/2182732473/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-28. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt3501: जगुः Kaadu Malleswara Temple, Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು [Image source: Samuelraj @. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/samuelraj/2946969732/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-28. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt3601: गोमयं चिकाय Udaipur = उदयपुर [Image source: whitecat singapore. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/whitecatsg/2530543213/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-28. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt3602: अगारम् Shekawati = शेखावाटी [Image source: bartvanpoll. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/bartvanpoll/1151647344/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-28. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt3603: अनगार्यम् Northeast Thailand = อีสาน [Image source: Midpath. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/midpath/298555436/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-28. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt3606: सुगतो भूमीं पस्पर्श भूमीस्पर्शमुद्रा [Image source: Payer]

lekt3604: लोमहर्षः (लोमन् n. body hair) [Image source: Socceraholic. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/7amanito/2995353459/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-29. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt3705: शाक्यमुनिः Hussain Sagar = హుస్సేన్ సాగర్, Hyderabad = హైదరాబాద్ [Image source: .krish.Tipirneni. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/krish4u/426497125/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-31. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt3706: वृक्षः जयपुर [Image source: counterclockwise. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/xclockwise/520742595/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-31. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3802: सूर्यः सूर्य मंदिर, Konark = कोनार्क [Image source: PriyadarshiC. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/2kool/421985480/. -- Accessed on 2008-12-31. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt3805: उदकम् Darewadi village, Ahmed Nagar District = अहमदनगर, महाराष्ट्र [Image source: Robin Murphy, World Resources Institute. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/worldresourcesinstitute/2555779241/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-01. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3804: गौतमबुद्धस्य महापरिनिर्वाणम् Gandhara, 2nd/3rd century CE [Image source: Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt3809: ब्रह्मा Halebidu = ಹಳೆಬೀಡು [Image source: Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt3810: अशोकः Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde Kolkata = কলকাতা [Image source: J.M.Garg / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt3811: अशोकः Greatest extent of the empire of Aśoka as well as locations of his rock and pillar edicts [Image source: Wikipedia.GNU FDLicense]

lekt3812: विनोदः Carrom game [Image source: nicolas - نِيقُولاَوُसَ . -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/keep-on-moving/3007779918/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-01. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt3813: वाराणस्यां गङ्गातीरे [Image source: nassio. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/26116629@N04/2450959377/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-01. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt3814: गणयां चक्रुः करणी माता मंदिर, देशनोके [Image source: neilhinchley. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/neilhinchley/50518886/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-01. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt4003: हरिद्वारे तीर्थम् [Image source: mckaysavage. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mckaysavage/2085710183/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-02. -- Creative Commons license (Attribution)]

lekt4002: तीर्थङ्करः [Image source: wallyg. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/1657905479/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-02. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt4001: विष्णोर्दशावताराः Clockwise: मत्स्य, कुर्म, वाराह, वामन, कृष्ण, कल्कि, बुद्ध, प्रशुराम, राम, नरसिंह, in the middle: कृष्ण [Image source: Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt4004: स्वपन्ति Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus), Ahmedabad = અમદાવાદ [Image source: Umang Dutt. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/snapflickr/2456084948/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-02. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt4105: भुजङ्गः Banded Krait (Bungarus fasciatus) [Image source: J. Ewart. The poisonous snakes of India, 1878. Public domain]

lekt4104: भुजङ्गस्य विषम् Milking snake venom (Krait), Thailand [Image source: TheLawleys. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/lawley/4918566/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-03. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt4109: शासना Ashoka edict, Dhauli, Orissa [Image source: vegdevil. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/vegdevil/915850174/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-03. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt4110: शास्त्री Max Müller (1823 - 1900), ca. 1898 [Image source: Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt4202: माता पिता पुत्रकश्च The Diwan I Khas, or Hall of Private Audiences at the Lal Qila (Red Fort) in Delhi. [Image source: Wen-Yan King. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/medapt/430287982/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-04. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt4302: आपणः Orissa = ଓଡ଼ିଶା [Image source: Rita Willaert. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/rietje/324020365/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-06. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt4303: पण्यानि Jamshedpur = जमशेदपुर [Image source: amrita b. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/amrita_b/63071274/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-06. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt4304: विपणिः Haridwar = हरिद्वार [Image source: mckaysavage. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mckaysavage/2085721947/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-06. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt4305: वणिक् Kanchipuram = காஞ்சிபுரம [Image source: visio. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/visio/421217297/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-06. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt4306: वत्सः Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), Mangalore = ಮಂಗಳೂರು [Image source: wildxplorer. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/krayker/2123046126/. -- Accessed on 2009-001-06. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt4307: तोलन्ति [Image source: Ray Witlin / World Bank. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/worldbank/2183198505/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-06. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt4403: रेल्यानम् वाराणआस्याम्, १९७४ [Image source: danielguip. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/danielguip/118349247/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt4404: योगी शयने शेते [Image source: Gurumustuk Singh. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mrsikhnet/218757195/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt4405: नन्दी Kodagu = ಕೊಡಗು [Image source: mattlogelin. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattlogelin/377335641/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt4406: आयतो मरुः थार मरुस्थल [Image source: Amre Ghiba. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/amre/1476216243/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt4407: यत्नेन Kollam = കൊല്ലം [Image source: MalayalaM. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/malayalam/35026906/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt4408: प्रव्रज्या Thailand = ประเทศไทย [Image source: Midpath. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/midpath/342678518/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt4602: नवग्रहाः [Image source of नवग्रह : Redtigerxyz / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt4603: नवग्रहाः [Image source of नवग्रह : Redtigerxyz / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt4604: नवग्रहाः [Image source of नवग्रह : Redtigerxyz / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt4605: नवग्रहाः [Image source of नवग्रह : Redtigerxyz / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt4607: नारायणः नारायनो ऽनन्तशयी, ca. 1870 (अनन्त = शेष = supreme serpent king) [Image source: Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt4606: अश्वरोहकः Pune = पुणे [Image source: wili_hybrid. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/wili/294411828/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt4608: महामात्रः उदयपुर [Image source: Travel Aficionado. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/travel_aficionado/2200003879/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial use)]

lekt4609: श्रान्तः Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ [Image source: mattlogelin. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattlogelin/188588421/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-09. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial use)]

lekt4610: सङ्गः Kamareddy = కామారెడ్డి [Image source: Sumanth K. Garakarajula. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/photocracy1/2864457448/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-09. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial use)]

lekt4601: लम्बोदरः गणेशचतुर्थी, Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು [Image source: mattlogelin. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattlogelin/1397759461/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-08. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial use)]

lekt4611: भोः Kutch = कच्छ [Image source: orange tuesday. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/63138333@N00/2162104243/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-09. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial use)]

lekt4802: तन्त्रम् Sualkuchi = সুৱালকুচি, Assam = অসম [Image source: Ken McChesney. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/kenmak/2083565996/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-10. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt4803: तन्त्री Sitar player = सितारवादकः [Image source: Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt4804: स्वतन्त्राः स्त्रियः [Self-help group (SHG)], Tamil Nadu = தமிழ்நாடு [Image source: mckaysavage. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mckaysavage/2229752965/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-10. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial use)]

lekt4805: कुमारः Thaipusam festival = தைப்பூசம், Batu Caves, Malaysia [Image source: tajai. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/cayce/108707865/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-10. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt4806: कुमारी नेपाल [Image source: changhg. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/changhg/100412648/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-10. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial use, No derivatives)]

lekt4807: स्थविराः जोधपुर [Image source: zz77. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/zz77/2256414024/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-10. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial use, No derivatives)]

lekt4808: सूक्ष्मम् Karanji Lake = ಕಾರಂಜಿ ಕೆರೆ [Image source: Nagesh Kamath. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/nagesh_kamath/2791791571/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-10. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt4809: जाया [Image: Payer]

lekt4901: कुलूहलम् [Image source: younee. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/younee/1708474353/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-11. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, No derivatives)]

lekt4902: कला शिवो नटराजा, 11th century [Image source: Vassil / Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt4903: विहंगः [Image source: Toji Leon. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/tojileon/295384395/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-11. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt4904: वेषः वाराणस्याम् [Image source: pyjama. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/rpt/319410503/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-11. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt4909: पञ्जरम् Fortune teller with parrot in cage: the parrot draws slips of paper on which fate is written. Mysore. [Image source: prakhar. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/prakhar/2735441620/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-12. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt4905: सादरः Amritsar = ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ [Image source: Koshyk. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/kkoshy/2154426738/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-11. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt4906: गजशिशुः Sri Lanka [Image source: Carmelo Aquilina. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/carmelos-pictures/113895562/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-11. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt5001: मन्त्री Kapil Sibal (1948 -), Union minister in Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Earth Sciences (since 2006) [Image source: World Economic Forum. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/worldeconomicforum/3038328904/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-12. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt5002: महामेघो वर्षिष्यति Arrival of the monsoon, Bangalore ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು [Image source: vandan desai. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/vandan/526579892/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-12. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt5005: आदित्यः [Image source: sunder_iyer. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/sunder_iyer/2225272284/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-12. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, share alike)]

lekt5003: कल्याणी [Image source: dhyanji. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dhyanji/131433199/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-12. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt5004: कुनगरम् धारावी, मुंबई [Image source: Kounosu / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt5105: कृष्णमृगः Chinkara -- Antilope cervicapra L., male [Image source: Wikipedia, public domain]

lekt5106: ऋतुः "Graphical representation for the calculation of fertile days according to OGINO for 26- to 30-day cycle intervals... [Source for text and image: Roche Lexikon Medizin. Online: http://www.gesundheit.de/roche/ro20000/r20172.html. Accessed on 2003-12-16]

lekt5107: जटा ऋषिकेश [Image source: EyalNow. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/eyalnow/351734123/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt5108: पिशितम् Kolkata = কলকাতা [Image source: nicolas - نِيقُولاَوُسَ. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/keep-on-moving/2994878670/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt5109: मधु City Palace, उदयपुर [Image source: abrinsky. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/abrinsky/457940260/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt5110: मृगया Hunting with चीता (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) Gujarat = ગુજરાત, 1812 [Image source: Wikipedia. Public domain]

lekt5111: शिवा Canis aureus, Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary [Image source: gautamnguitar. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/gautamnguitar/2181211040/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt5112: कौशिकः Brahma-Kauz (Athene brama), Mahesana = મહેસાણા [Image source: Umang Dutt. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/snapflickr/2790757825/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt5113: श्वा लिङ्गश्च Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ [Image source: mattlogelin. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattlogelin/150316450/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt5114: आपानकम् जोधपुर. "These men were sitting and drinking in front of sanctuary of some hindu god (I forgot the name). As they told me they were butchers and it was god of their profession who accepted sacrifices of alcohol only." [Source of image and text: zz77. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/zz77/2255585927/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt5115: मूषिकाविषाणि Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು [Image source: mattlogelin. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/mattlogelin/387955362/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use)]

lekt5116: भुजङ्गः Kettenviper (Daboia russelii), Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು [Image source: teemus. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/teemus/455664680/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt5118: मणिः Hope Diamond aus Guntur = ಗುಂಟೂರು, heute Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington DC [Image source: David Bjorgen / Wikipedia. GNU FDLicense]

lekt5117: मदः [Image source: muzina_shanghai. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/muzina_shanghai/2408592293/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-13. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, share alike)]

lekt5210: खिलः Tambhol, Akole, Ahmednagar = अहमदनगर [Image source: Dan Tunstall / World Resources Institute Staff. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/wricontest/291696431/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-16. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt5212: पीडिताः Hyderabad = ಹೈದರಾಬಾದ್ [Image source: David A G Wilson. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/dawilson/2912554387/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-16. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, non-commercial use, no derivatives)]

lekt5213: प्रधानः मुंबई [Image source: saibotregeel. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/saibotregeel/330885607/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-16. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, no derivatives)]

lekt5214: चक्रम् Konark = कोनार्क [Image source: Gaurab Arka. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/gaurabarka/2758427709/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-16. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial, No derivatives)]

lekt5208: कदली Hampi = ಹಂಪೆ [Image source: oliver hiltbrunner. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/oliverhiltbrunner/757794766/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-15. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution, Non-commercial, Share alike)]

lekt5215: मलम् मुंबई [Image source: James Cridland. -- http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamescridland/187997905/. -- Accessed on 2009-01-16. -- Creative Commons License (Attribution)]

lekt5217: Mara's attack on Buddha Amaravati = అమరావతి, 2nd century CE [Image source. Wikipedia. GNU FDL license]

Word List (Complete Overview) ​

Lesson 2 ​

Lesson 3 ​

Lesson 5 ​

Lesson 6 ​

Lesson 7 ​

Lesson 8 ​

Lesson 9 ​

Lesson 10 ​

Lesson 11 ​

Lesson 12 ​

12.5.1. Passive and PPP of the roots learned so far ​

Lesson 13 ​

Lesson 14 ​

Lesson 15 ​

Lesson 16 ​

Lesson 17 ​

Lesson 18 ​

Lesson 19 ​

Lesson 20 ​

Lesson 21 ​

Lesson 22 ​

Lesson 23 ​

Lesson 24 ​

Lesson 25 ​

Lesson 27 ​

Lesson 28 ​

Lesson 29 ​

Lesson 30 ​

Lesson 31 ​

Lesson 32 ​

Lesson 33 ​

Lesson 34 ​

Lesson 35 ​

Lesson 36 ​

Lesson 37 ​

Lesson 38 ​

Lesson 40 ​

Lesson 41 ​

Lesson 42 ​

42.2.1. Some kinship terms ​

Lesson 43 ​

Lesson 44 ​

Lesson 45 ​

Lesson 46 ​

Lesson 48 ​

Lesson 49 ​

Lesson 50 ​

Lesson 51 ​

Lesson 52 ​

Sources ​

Word List (Complete Overview)

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

Lesson 9

Lesson 10

Lesson 11

Lesson 12

12.5.1. Passive and PPP of the roots learned so far

Lesson 13

Lesson 14

Lesson 15

Lesson 16

Lesson 17

Lesson 18

Lesson 19

Lesson 20

Lesson 21

Lesson 22

Lesson 23

Lesson 24

Lesson 25

Lesson 27

Lesson 28

Lesson 29

Lesson 30

Lesson 31

Lesson 32

Lesson 33

Lesson 34

Lesson 35

Lesson 36

Lesson 37

Lesson 38

Lesson 40

Lesson 41

Lesson 42

42.2.1. Some kinship terms

Lesson 43

Lesson 44

Lesson 45

Lesson 46

Lesson 48

Lesson 49

Lesson 50

Lesson 51

Lesson 52

Sources