Exercise 8

A) Explain the following nouns by specifying the root from which they are derived and the nominal suffix. Indicate gender and meaning:

1. lobha: lubh 4 P "to desire" + -a m.: "desire, greed"

2. rakṣa: rakṣ 1 P "to guard" + -a m.: "guarding, protecting"; m.: "guardian"

3. śrotra: śru 5 P "to hear" + -tra n.: "ear"

4. mati: man 4 Ā "to think" + -ti f.: "thought, opinion"

5. savana: su 5 U "to press out" + -ana n.: "pressing of Soma"

6. yodha: yudh 4 Ā "to fight" + -a m.: "fighter, soldier"

7. lābha: labh 1 Ā "to obtain" + -a m.: "obtaining, gain"

8. kāraṇa: kṛ 8 U "to make, to do" + -ana n.: "cause, reason"

9. gati: gam 1 P "to go" + -ti f.: "going, 'course', goal"

10. khādana: khād 1 P "to chew" + -ana n.: "chewing, consumption, fodder"

11. smara: smṛ 1 P "to recall" + -a m.: "memory, recollection, longing, love"

12. sṛṣṭi: sṛj 6 P / 4 A "to emanate, to create" + -ti f.: "emanation, creation"

13. tantra: tan 8 U "to stretch out, to spread" + -tra n.: "warp, fabric"

14. bhāva: bhū 1 P "to become, to be" + -a m.: "becoming, nature, character"

15. darśana: dṛś (4 P: paśyati) "to see" + -ana n.: "seeing, appearance, viewpoint, philosophical system"

16. netra: nī 1 U "to lead" + -tra n.: "eye"

17. veśana: viś 6 P "to enter" + -ana n.: "entry, entrance"

18. kopa: kup 4 P "to be angry" + -a m.: "anger, wrath"

19. sarga: ṛj 6 P / 4 A "to emanate, to create" + -a m.: "letting go, emanation, creation"

20. yajana: yaj 1 U "to sacrifice" + -ana n.: "sacrificing, place of sacrifice"

21. moha: muḥ 4 P "to be confused" + -a m.: "confusion, delusion, error"

22. śrava: śru 5 P "to hear" + -a m.: "hearing"

23. bhavana: bhū 1 P "to become, to be" + -ana n.: "becoming, arising, origin"

24. nīti: nī 1 U "to lead" + -ti f.: "leadership, guidance"

25. nartana: nṛt 4 P "to dance" + -ana 3: "dancing, dancer"; n.: "dance"

26. jaya: ji 1 P "to conquer, to win" + -a m.: "conquering, victory"

27. nayana: nī 1 U "to lead" + -ana n.: "eye"

28. śravaṇa: śru 5 P "to hear" + -ana n.: "ear"

[69] B) Form abstract nouns for all nominatives learned so far and consider their meaning (orally)

C) Insert as direct object in singular and plural:

kṣatriyas ... protects (brāhmaṇa, vaiśya, śūdra, brāhmaṇī, kṣatriyā)

The kṣatriya protects the brāhmaṇa / brāhmaṇas, the vaiśya / vaiśyas. The kṣatriya protects the śūdra / śūdras. The kṣatriya protects the brāhmaṇī / brāhmaṇīs. The kṣatriya protects the kṣatriyā / kṣatriyās.

क्षत्रियो ब्राह्मणं रक्षति । क्षत्रियो ब्राह्मणान्रक्षति । क्त्रियो वैश्यं रक्षति । क्षत्रियो वैश्यान्रक्षति । क्षत्रियः शूद्रं रक्षति । क्षत्रियः शूद्रान्रक्षति । क्षत्रियो ब्राह्मणीं रक्षति । क्षत्रियो ब्राह्मणी रक्षति । क्षत्रियः क्षत्रियां रक्षति । क्षत्रियः क्षत्रिया रक्षति ॥

D) Translate into English

1. The Kṣatriyas protect both Brāhmaṇas and Vaiśyas as well as Śūdras. (2 possibilities)

The kṣatriyas protect the brāhmaṇas and the vaiśyas and the śūdras / The kṣatriyas protect the brāhmaṇa-vaiśya-śūdra group.

क्षत्रिया ब्राह्मणांश्च वैश्यांश्च शूद्रांश्च रक्षन्ति । क्षत्रिया ब्राह्मणवैश्यशूद्रान्रक्षन्ति ।

2. A holy man sees both heaven and hell.

sādhuḥ svargāmś ca narakāmś ca paśyati.

साधुः स्वर्गांश्च नरकांश्च पश्यति ।

3. He defeats the Kṣatriyas.

kṣatriyāñ jayati.

क्षत्रियञ्जयति ।

4. She sets up the warp.

tantraṃ tanoti.

तन्त्रं तनोति ।

5. Soldiers fight.

yodhā yudhyante.

योधा युध्यन्ते ।

6. The Brahmin makes a fire.

brāhmaṇo 'gniṃ karoti.

ब्राह्मणो ऽग्निं करोति ।

7. Brahmins make fires.

brāhmaṇā agniṃ kurvanti.

ब्राह्मणा अग्निं कुर्वन्ति ।

8. What are these warriors doing?

ime yodhāḥ kiṃ kurvanti?

इमे योधाः किं कुर्वन्ति ।

9. Whom does the eye see?

netraṃ (nayanaṃ) kaṃ paśyati?

नेत्रं (नयनं) कं पश्यति ।

10. What do the gods desire?

devāḥ kiṃ lubhyanti?

देवाः किं लुभ्यन्ति ।

11. What is the reason?

kiṃ kāraṇam?

किं कारणम् ॥

Fig.: इमे योधाः किं कुर्वन्ति ।
(Image source: Details)

---

Reading Exercise

1. शूद्रो बालं नयति ।
The Śūdra leads the boy.

2. कविर्देवं यजते ।
The poet sacrifices to the god.

3. साधुः फलानि खादति ।
The holy one eats fruits.

4. गुरुः क्रोधं जयति ।
The master conquers his anger.

5. देवो नरकं सृजति ।
The god creates hell.

6. धेनुर्ग्रामं विशति ।
The cow enters the village.

7. कामक्रोधलोभा नरकं नयन्ति ।
Passion, anger, and greed lead to hell.

8. देवतां यजति ।
He sacrifices for a lord of sacrifice to the deity.

9. बाला भवति ।
A girl is born.

10. सारथी रथं नयति ।
A charioteer drives the chariot.

11. कपयः फलानि खादन्ति ।
The monkeys eat the fruits.

12. बाला लिखति ।
The girl writes or draws.

13. कुमारी गृहं विशति ।
The maiden enters the house.

14. देवो नागं सृजति ।
God creates the elephant or the snake or the nāga.

15. बालो गजं नयति ।
The boy leads the elephant.

16. विमला शोचति । (विमला Proper name Vimalā)
Vimalā is sad.

17. शुकः पतति ।
The parrot flies.

18. बालः पत्रिकां लिखति ।
The boy writes a letter.

Fig.: कपिः फलं खदति
(Image source: Details)