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Exercise 8

A) Explain the following nouns by specifying the root from which they are derived, and the nominal suffix. Specify gender and meaning:

1. lobha: lubh 4 P "to desire" + -a m.: "desire"

2. rakṣa: rakṣ 1 P "to protect" + -a 3: "protecting, protective" ; m.: "guardian"

3. śrotra: śru 5 P "to hear" + -tra n.: "ear"

4. mati: man 4 Ā "to think" + -ti f.: "thought, opinion"

5. savana: su 5 U "to press out" + -ana n.: "Soma pressing"

6. yodha: yudh 4 Ā "to fight" + -a m.: "fighter, soldier"

7. lābha: labh 1 Ā "to obtain" + -a m.: "getting, gain"

8. kāraṇa: kṛ 8 U "to make, to do" + -ana n.: "cause, reason"

9. gati: gam 1 P "to go" + -ti f.: "going, 'course', goal"

10. khādana: khād 1 P "to chew" + -ana n.: "chewing, consumption, fodder"

11. smara: smṛ 1 P "to recall" + -a m.: "memory, recollection, longing, love"

12. sṛṣṭi: sṛj 6 P / 4 A "to emanate, to create" + -ti: "emanation, creation"

13. tantra: tan 8 U "to stretch out" + -tra n.: "warp, fabric"

14. bhāva: bhū 1 P "to become, to be" + -a m.: "becoming, nature, character"

15. darśana: dṛś (4 P: paśyati) "to see" + -ana n-: "seeing, appearance, viewpoint, philosophical system"

16. netra: nī 1 U "to lead" + -tra n.: "eye"

17. veśana: viś 6 P "to enter" + -ana n.: "entry"

18. kopa: kup 4 P "to be angry" + -a m.: "anger"

19. sarga: ṛj 6 P / 4 A "to emanate, to create" + -a m.: "letting go, emanation, creation"

20. yajana: yaj 1 U "to sacrifice" + -ana n.: "sacrificing, sacrifice place"

21. moha: muḥ 4 P "to be confused" + -a m.: "confusion, delusion, error"

22. śrava: śru 5 P "to hear" + -a m.: "hearing"

23. bhavana: bhū 1 P "to become, to be" + -ana n.: "becoming, arising, origin"

24. nīti: nī 1 U "to lead" + -ti f.: "leadership"

25. nartana: nṛt 4 P "to dance" + -ana 3: "dancing, dancer" ; n.: "dance"

26. jaya: ji 1 P "to win" + -a m.: "winning, victory"

27. nayana: nī 1 U "to lead" + -ana n.: "eye"

28. śravaṇa: śru 5 P "to hear" + -ana n.: "ear"

B) Form abstract nouns for all nouns learned so far and consider their meaning (orally)

C) Insert as direct object in singular and plural:

kṣatriyas ... rakṣati (brāhmaṇa, vaiśya, śūdra, brāhmaṇī, kṣatriyā)

kṣatriyo brāhmaṇaṃ / brāhmaṇān / vaiśyaṃ / vaiśyān rakṣati. kṣatriyaḥ śūdraṃ / śūdrān. kṣatriyo brāhmaṇīṃ / brāhmaṇī rakṣati. kṣatriyaḥ kṣatriyāṃ / kṣatriyā rakṣati.

क्षत्रियो ब्राह्मणं रक्षति क्षत्रियो ब्राह्मणान्रक्षति क्त्रियो वैश्यं रक्षति क्षत्रियो वैश्यान्रक्षति क्षत्रियः शूद्रं रक्षति क्षत्रियः शूद्रान्रक्षति क्षत्रियो ब्राह्मणीं रक्षति क्षत्रियो ब्राह्मणी रक्षति क्षत्रियः क्षत्रियां रक्षति क्षत्रियः क्षत्रिया रक्षति

D) Translate

1. The Kṣatriyas protect both Brāhmaṇas and Vaiśyas and Śūdras. (2 possibilities)

kṣatriyā brāhmaṇāṃś ca vaiśyāṃś ca śūdrāṃś ca rakṣanti / kṣatriyā brāhmaṇavaiśyaśūdrān rakṣanti.

क्षत्रिया ब्राह्मणांश्च वैश्यांश्च शूद्रांश्च रक्षन्ति क्षत्रिया ब्राह्मणवैश्यशूद्रान्रक्षन्ति

  1. A holy man sees both heavens and hells.

sādhuḥ svargāmś ca narakāmś ca paśyati.

साधुः स्वर्गांश्च नरकांश्च पश्यति

  1. He defeats Kṣatriyas.

kṣatriyāñ jayati.

क्षत्रियञ्जयति

  1. She sets up the warp threads.

tantraṃ tanoti.

तन्त्रं तनोति

  1. Soldiers fight.

yodhā yudhyante.

योधा युध्यन्ते

  1. The Brahman makes a fire.

brāhmaṇo 'gniṃ karoti.

ब्राह्मणो ऽग्निं करोति

  1. Brahmanen make fires.

brāhmaṇā agniṃ kurvanti.

ब्राह्मणा अग्निं कुर्वन्ति

  1. What are these warriors doing?

ime yodhāḥ kiṃ kurvanti?

इमे योधाः किं कुर्वन्ति

  1. Whom does the eye see?

netraṃ (nayanaṃ) kaṃ paśyati?

नेत्रं (नयनं) कं पश्यति

  1. What do gods desire?

devāḥ kiṃ lubhyanti?

देवाः किं लुभ्यन्ति

  1. What is the reason?

kiṃ kāraṇam?

किं कारणम्


Fig.: इमे योधाः किं कुर्वन्ति
(Image source: Details)


Reading Exercise

  1. शूद्रो बालं नयति ।
    The Śūdra leads the boy.

  2. कविर्देवं यजते ।
    The poet sacrifices to the god.

  3. साधुः फलानि खादति ।
    The holy man eats fruits.

  4. गुरुः क्रोधं जयति ।
    The master conquers his anger.

  5. देवो नरकं सृजति ।
    The god creates the hell.

  6. धेनुर्ग्रामं विशति ।
    The cow enters the village.

  7. कामक्रोधलोभा नरकं नयन्ति ।
    Passion, anger, and greed lead to hell.

  8. देवतां यजति ।
    He sacrifices for a lord of sacrifice of the deity.

  9. बाला भवति ।
    A girl is born.

  10. सारथी रथं नयति ।
    A charioteer drives the chariot.

  11. कपयः फलानि खादन्ति ।
    The monkeys eat the fruits.

  12. बाला लिखति ।
    The girl writes or draws.

  13. कुमारी गृहं विशति ।
    The maiden enters the house.

  14. देवो नागं सृजति ।
    Gott schafft den Elefanten bzw. die Schlange bzw. den Nāga.

  15. बालो गजं नयति ।
    The boy leads the elephant.

  16. विमला शोचति । (⟪विमला Proper name Vimalā)
    Vimalā ist traurig.

  17. शुकः पतति ।
    The parrot flies.

  18. बालः पत्रिकां लिखति ।
    The boy writes a letter.


Fig.: कपिः फलं खदति
(Image source: Details)

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