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Word List (Complete Overview)
All new words from the course in the order of their introduction, with thematic explanations.
Lesson 2
deva m. -- देव : Celestial being, god; prince, king.
īśvara m. -- ईश्वर : Lord, ruler, god (monotheistic).
brāhmaṇa m. -- ब्राह्मण : Brāhmaṇa (priestly class).
kṣatriya m. -- क्षत्रिय : Kṣatriya (warrior and ruling class).
vaiśya m. -- वैश्य : Vaiśya (agricultural and merchant class).
śūdra m. -- शूद्र : Śūdra (service class).
According to classical theory (e.g., Manusmṛti I, 88-91), the duties are distributed as follows:
of the Brāhmaṇas
study of the Vedas
teaching
sacrifice for oneself
sacrifice for others
giving (donations)
receiving gifts/donations
of the Kṣatriyas
protecting the people
giving gifts (to Brāhmaṇas)
sacrificing for oneself
study of the Vedas
of the Vaiśyas
cattle rearing
agriculture
trade/commerce
money lending
sacrificing for oneself
giving gifts (to Brāhmaṇas)
sacrificing for oneself
study of the Vedas
of the Śūdras
serving the three upper classes
dvija m. -- द्विज : "Twice-born" (initiates of the upper three classes: Brāhmaṇa, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya).
varṇa m. -- वर्ण : Color, birth class (social order).
The four classes (varṇa m.) are often confused with castes. However, the four classes -- unlike castes -- are not specifically Indian; in Europe as well, we had (partly up to the First World War) a class system, as evidenced by the following illustration from the 15th century:
Fig.: Illustration of the estate division of European medieval times (woodcut from the late 15th century).
(Image source: Details)
»Estate« shall denote a multitude of people who, within an association, effectively
a) claim an estate-specific special esteem, - possibly also
b) estate-specific special monopolies.
Peasant estate (~Vaiśya/Śūdra): Tuque labora = And you work!
a) primarily, through their own estate-specific way of life, particularly through the type of profession (way-of-life or professional estates),
c) through the estate-specific appropriation of political or hierocratic lordships as monopolies (political or hierocratic estates).
Utvecklingen av födelsebaserade stånd är regelbundet en form av (ärftlig) tillägnelse av privilegier av en förening eller kvalificerade individer. Varje fast tillägnelse av möjligheter, särskilt [av] herravälde [makter eller yrkesmässiga] möjligheter, tenderar att leda till bildandet av stånd. Varje ståndsbildning tenderar att leda till monopolistisk tillägnelse av herravälden och yrkesmöjligheter.
»Stånd« ska kallas en mångfald av människor som inom en förening effektivt
a) gör anspråk på en ståndsmässig särvärdering, – eventuellt alltså även
b) ståndsmässiga särmonopol.
Stånd kan uppstå
a) primärt, genom egen ståndsmässig livsföring, däribland särskilt genom typen av yrke (livsförings- respektive yrkesstånd),
b) sekundärt, ärftligt karismatiskt, genom framgångsrika prestigeanspråk i kraft av ståndsmässig härkomst (födelsestånd),
c) genom ståndsmässig tillägnelse av politiska eller hierokratiska herravälden som monopol (politiska respektive hierokratiska stånd).
Den födelseståndsmässiga utvecklingen är regelbundet en form av (ärftlig) tillägnelse av privilegier till en förening eller till kvalificerade individer. Varje fast tillägnelse av chanser, särskilt [av] herravälden [makter eller förvärvs] chanser, tenderar att leda till ståndsbildning. Varje ståndsbildning tenderar att leda till monopolistisk tillägnelse av herravälden och förvärvschanser.
Medan förvärvsklasser växer på grundval av den marknadsorienterade ekonomin, uppstår och består stånd företrädesvis på grundval av den monopolistiskt liturgiska eller den feodala eller den ståndsmässigt patrimoniala behovstäckningen av föreningar.
»Ståndsmässigt« ska ett samhälle kallas, om den sociala indelningen företrädesvis sker efter stånd, »klassmässigt«, om den företrädesvis sker efter klasser. Till »stånd« står av »klasserna« den »sociala« klassen närmast, »förvärvsklassen« längst bort. Stånd bildas ofta till sin tyngdpunkt av besittningsklasser.
Varje ståndsmässigt samhälle är konventionellt, ordnat genom regler för livsföring, skapar därför ekonomiskt irrationella konsumtionsvillkor och hindrar på detta sätt genom monopolistiska tillägnelser och genom att utesluta den fria förfoganderätten över den egna förvärvsförmågan den fria marknadsbildningen.
[Weber, Max (1864–1920): Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft : Grundriss der verstehenden Soziologie. – 5., revidierte Aufl. – Tübingen : Mohr, 1976. – S. 625 f.]
Varṇas är följaktligen födelsestånd.
kavi m. -- कवि : Dichter.
agni m. -- अग्नि : Feuer, Gott Agni.
sādhu 3 -- साधु : richtig, gut.
sādhu m. -- साधु : "heiliger" Mann, Sādhu.
guru 3 -- गुरु : heavy, significant, worthy of veneration
guru m. -- गुरु : worthy of veneration person: father, mother, elder relative, esp. teacher, master
Lesson 3
Learn the following words:
śruti f. = श्रुति : hearing, the eternal tradition (designation for the Vedas and Brāhmaṇas).
smṛti f. = स्मृति : recollection, memory, meditative recollection = mindfulness, tradition (counter-concept to śruti). Encompasses:
the six vedāṅga n. (वेदाङ्ग)
- śikṣā f. (शिक्षा): correct pronunciation
- chandas n. (छन्दस्): meter
- vyākaraṇa n. (व्याकरण): grammar
- nirukta n. (निरुक्त) : word explanation, etymology
- jyotiṣa n. (ज्योतिष) : astronomy, calendar science
- kalpa m. (कल्प) : ritual
śrautasūtra n. (श्रौतसूत्र) : treatises for the performance of great sacrifices
gṛhyasūtra n. (गृह्यसूत्र) : treatises for the ceremonies and sacrifices of daily life
dharmasūtra n. (धर्मसूत्र) and dharmaśāstra n. (धर्मशास्त्र) : treatises on law and custom (right conduct)
the great epics mahābhārata n. (महाभारत) and rāmāyaṇa n. (रामायण)
the purāṇa n. (पुराण)
nītiśāstra n. (नीतिशास्त्र) : treatises on worldly wisdom
smṛti is also particularly a designation for dharma treatises.
dhenu f. = धेनु : (milk) cow.
paśu m. = पशु : domesticated livestock, cattle (collective noun).
devatā f. = देवता : deity (abstract and concrete).
brāhmaṇī f. = ब्राह्मणी : Brahmanin.
kṣatriyā f. = क्षत्रिया : weibliche Kṣatriya.
kṣatriyī f. = क्षत्रियी : Hustru till en Kṣatriya.
vaiśyā f. = वैश्या : weibliche Vaiśya.
śūdrā f. = शूद्रा : weibliche Śūdra.
śūdrī f. / śūdrāṇī f. = शूद्री शूद्राणी : Frau eines Śūdra.
devī f. = देवी : Gudinna, särskilt Durgā f. = दुर्गा, Śivas = शिव hustru.
sādhvī f. = साध्वी : fem. zu sādhu.
gurvī f. = गुर्वी : fem. zu guru.
asmitā f. = अस्मिता : "jag-het", d.v.s. den (falska) tron: Jag är den som ser osv.
ānvīkṣikī f. = आन्वीक्षिकी : filosofi (vetenskapen som genom logiskt korrekta resonemang kommer till sina slutsatser).
upekṣā f. = उपेक्षा : Nichtbeachtung, Gleichmut.
karuṇā f. = करुणा : Mitgefühl, Mitleid.
muditā f. = मुदिता : Freude, insbesondere Mitfreude (Gegensatz zu Neid).
Lektion 5
Lär dig följande ord:
abhiniveṣa m. = अभिनिवेष : benägenhet för, envishet, insisterande på; speciellt: tillgivenhet till kroppen som om den vore något eget.
kāma m. = काम : Wunsch, Begehren, erwünschte Gabe, Sinnenlust, Liebe; Liebesgott Kāma.
Abb.: Gott Kāma = kāmadeva = कामदेव, 18. Jhdt.
(Bildkälla: Wikipedia, Public domain)
krodha m. = क्रोध : Zorn.
kleśa m. = क्लेश : Qual, Plage.
trayī f. = त्रयी : triad; in particular the three Vedas (Ṛgveda, Sāmaveda, Yajurveda).
daṇḍanīti f. = दण्डनीति : politics (a Tatpuruṣa compound from daṇḍa m. = "stick, power, rule, punishment" and nīti f. = "right guidance").
dvijāti 3 / dvija 3 = द्विजाति / द्विज : twice-born.
dveṣa m. = द्वेष : hatred.
maitrī f. = मैत्री : friendship, friendliness, friendly goodwill.
rāga m. = राग : (red) color, passion, love.
lobha m. = लोभ : greed, avarice.
varṇa m. = वर्ण : color, genus, social class.
vārttā f. = वार्त्ता : livelihood, economics (economy).
vidyā f. = विद्या : knowledge, science.
avidyā f. = अविद्या : ignorance, non-knowledge.
ca = च : and.
(It is placed after the word it connects. When connecting several words, it ideally stands behind the first word of the last linking element: brāhmaṇāḥ kṣatriyā vaiśyāḥ śūdrāś ca = ब्राह्मणाः क्षत्रिया वैश्याः शूद्राश्च).
ca ... ca = च ... च : both ... and.
Lesson 6
In Sanskrit, verbs are listed in the root form. The number following the root indicates the conjugation class.
P: Root is only Parasmaipada
Ā: Root is only Ātmanepada
U: Ubhayapada ("both word forms"): Root is used in both Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada.
(): In parentheses is the 3rd person singular present indicative (laṭ).
Learn the following words:
yaj 1 U (yajati) यज् यजति : to honor with a sacrifice, to offer
bhū 1 P (bhavati) भू भवति : to become, to arise, to be
smṛ 1 P (smarati) स्मृ स्मरति : to make present, to remember
nṛt 4 P (nṛtyati) नृत् नृत्यति : to dance
nī 1 U (nayati) नी नयति : to lead
man 4 Ā (manyate) मन् मन्यते : to think
muh 4 P (muhyati) मुह् मुह्यति : to be confused
yudh 4 Ā (yudhyate) युध् युध्यते : to fight
viś 6 P (viśati) विश् विशति : to enter
sṛj 6 P (sṛjati) सृज् सृजति : to let go, to release from oneself, to emanate
Learn the following words:
yaj 1 U (yajati) यज् यजति : to honor with a sacrifice, to offer
bhū 1 P (bhavati) भू भवति : to become, to arise, to be
smṛ 1 P (smarati) स्मृ स्मरति : to make present, to remember
nṛt 4 P (nṛtyati) नृत् नृत्यति : to dance
nī 1 U (nayati) नी नयति : to lead
man 4 Ā (manyate) मन् मन्यते : to think
muh 4 P (muhyati) मुह् मुह्यति : to be confused
yudh 4 Ā (yudhyate) युध् युध्यते : to fight
viś 6 P (viśati) विश् विशति : to enter
sṛj 6 P (sṛjati) सृज् सृजति : to let go, to release from oneself, to emanate
Lesson 7
Learn the following words:
aś 5 Ā (aśnute) अश् अश्नुते : to reach, to arrive at, to attain
āp 5 P (āpnoti) आप् आप्नोति : to reach, to attain
kup 4 P (kupyati) कुप् कुप्यति : to be angry
krudh 4 P (krudhyati) क्रुध् क्रुध्यति : to be angry
khād 1 P (khādati) खाद् खादति : to chew, to eat
śru 5 P (śṛṇoti !) श्रु शृणोति : to hear (something: Accusative, someone: Genitive or Accusative; about: Accusative; from someone: Genitive, Ablative, Instrumental)
su 5 U (sunoti) सु सुनोति : to press out
soma m. सोम : pressed drink, Soma; Moon (It is still disputed to this day from which plant Soma was pressed).
Fig.: Was this the Vedic Soma plant?: Fly agaric: Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.
(Image source: Details)
phala n. फल : fruit (also in a figurative sense: the (karmic) fruit of an action)
nṛtya n. नृत्य : dance
svarga m. स्वर्ग : heaven
naraka m. नरक : hell (According to one Hindu conception, the universe has the form of an egg (Brahmāṇḍa m.n. = ब्रह्माण्ड = "Egg of Brahmā"): above the earth are six heavens with increasing bliss, below the earth are seven so-called pātāla n. = पाताल, dwellings of the nāga m. = नाग (snakes) and other mythical beings, among whom are 7 hells with increasing torments)
aṅga n. अङ्ग : limb of the body, component; also = vedāṅga = वेदाङ्ग
gam 1 P (gacchati) गम् गच्छति : to go (According to the indigenous verb classification, it belongs to Present Class 1, but is in reality a formation with a present stem-forming suffix -ccha-: gam » Strengthened grade (gm ») ga-ccha-ti)
Lesson 8
Learn the following words:
ji 1 P (jayati) जि जयति : to conquer, defeat
labh 1 Ā (labhate) लभ् लभते : to grasp, obtain, seize
tu तु : but (appears after the first word of the contrasting sentence or clause)
paś 4 P (paśyati) पश् पश्यति : to see, behold (used as the present stem instead of the root dṛś 0 "to see, behold")
kṛ 8 U (karoti) कृ करोति : to make, do
tan 8 U (tanoti) तन् तनोति : to stretch
rakṣ 1 P (rakṣati) रक्ष् रक्षति : to guard
sārathi m. सारथि : charioteer, coachman
kapi m. कपि : ape
kumārī f. कुमारी : the girl, maiden
nāga m. नाग : the naked one, elephant, snake (elephants and snakes have no fur, just as the "naked ape" human)
gaja m. गज : elephant
śuc 1 P (śocati) शुच् शोचति : to mourn
śuka m. शुक : parrot
pat 1 P (patati) पत् पतति : to fall, fly
patrikā f. पत्रिका : letter
likh 1 P (likhati) लिख् लिखति : to incise, write (originally with a stylus on palm leaves, but later in general)
Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Indian steel stylus for incising into palm leaves
(Image source: Details)
Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Writing stick of the Batak (Sumatra), as it was likely also used in India
(Image source: Details)
sukha n. सुख : happiness, well-being
duḥkha n. दुःख : unhappiness, suffering
Lesson 9
Learn the following words:
adhyayana n. (अध्ययन) : learning, esp. Vedic study
Fig.: adhyayana = अध्ययन, Sri Skandaguru Vidyalayam, Tiruparankundram near Madurai.
(Image source: Details)
kāru m. / kāruka m. (कारु / कारुक) : craftsman
Fig.: kāru = कारु, Gujarat.
(Image source: Details)
kuśīlava m. (कुशीलव) : (wandering) showman, actor, singer
kusīda n. (कुसीद) : usury
kṛṣ 1 P (karṣati) कृष् कर्षति : to pull
kṛṣ 6 U (kṛṣati) कृष् कृषति : to plow
from this: kṛṣi f. / kṛṣikā f. (कृषि / कृषिका) : agriculture
dāna n. (दान) : giving, gift, generosity
pratigraha m. (प्रतिग्रह) : receiving, gift
pravacana n. (प्रवचन) : speech, (oral) instruction
pāśupālya n. (पाशुपाल्य) : cattle rearing, livestock farming
to yaj 1 U:
ijyā f. (इज्या) : sacrifice (from *yj » ij + suffix yā)
yajana n. (यजन) : sacrifice on behalf of someone else
rūpa n. (रूप) : appearance, form, beautiful form, nature, essence
vāṇijya n. / vāṇijyā f. / vaṇijyā f. (वाणिज्य / वाणिज्या / वणिज्या) : trade
śuśrūṣā f. (शुश्रूषा) : obedience, obedient service
Lesson 10
Learn the following words:
gṛha n. गृह : house
grāma m. ग्राम : village
nagara n. नगर : city
For urban and village life, see Basham, Wonder, Chapter 6.
yajña m. यज्ञ : sacrifice
In India, the sacrifice is primarily an honoring of the deity as a guest. By this one obligates oneself to the deity.
Word formation: yaj 1 U + kṛt-suffix -na-.
puṇya n. पुण्य : good deed, merit
By which one earns well-being and good rebirths.
pāpa n. पाप : evil deed, evil (opposite of puṇya)
satya n. सत्य : truth
In India, the true word was attributed with magical power; indeed, the entire cosmic order is maintained and created by the true word. For this important concept, see the fundamental work:
Lüders, Heinrich (1869–1943): Varuna / Heinrich Lüders. Edited from the estate by Ludwig Alsdorf. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. -- Vol. 2: Varuna and Ṛta. -- 1959. -- XXIII pages, pp. 340 - 764
Fig.: वरुणः
(Image source: Details)
anṛta n. अनृत : untruth, lie (opposite of satya)
Word formation an- (“un-”) + ṛta n.
ṛta is a central concept in the Veda, whose translation is disputed: “truth” (Lüders, Thieme), “order” (Renou).
ṛṣi m. ऋषि : Vedic sage, author of Vedic hymns
The names of these ṛṣis are mentioned in the Brāhmaṇas as well as in separate lists of the Vedas. All Brahmins trace their origin to such ṛṣis, after whom their gotra (गोत्र) are named. For the concept of gotra, see Basham, Wonder, Chapter 5.
vad 1 P (vadati) वद् वदति : säga, tala
prach 6 P (pṛcchati !) प्रच्छ् पृच्छति : fråga (någon: ack.; om något: ack.)
saha सह : tillsammans med, gemensamt med (även vid "kämpa med" osv.) (postposition med instrumentalis)
Lüders, Heinrich (1869–1943): Varuna / Heinrich Lüders. Aus d. Nachl. hrsg. von Ludwig Alsdorf. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. -- Bd. 2: Varuna und das Ṛta. -- 1959. -- XXIII S., S. 340 - 764
anṛta n. अनृत : Unwahrheit, Lüge (Gegensatz zu satya)
Wortbildung an- („un-“) + ṛta n.
ṛta ist ein zentraler Begriff im Veda, dessen Übersetzung umstritten ist: „Wahrheit“ (Lüders, Thieme), „Ordnung“ (Renou).
ṛṣi m. ऋषि : vedischer Weiser, Verfasser vedischer Lieder
Namnen på dessa ṛṣis nämns i Brāhmaṇas samt i separata register till Vedaskrifterna. Alla brahmaner härleder sitt ursprung från sådana ṛṣis, efter vilka deras gotra (गोत्र) är namngivna. För begreppet gotra, se Basham, Wonder, kap. 5.
vad 1 P (vadati) वद् वदति : säga, tala
prach 6 P (pṛcchati !) प्रच्छ् पृच्छति : fråga (någon: ack.; om något: ack.)
saha सह : tillsammans med, gemensamt med (även vid ”kämpa med” osv.) (postposition med instrumentalis)
Lüders, Heinrich (1869–1943): Varuna / Heinrich Lüders. Edited from the estate by Ludwig Alsdorf. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. -- Vol. 2: Varuna and the Ṛta. -- 1959. -- XXIII pages, pp. 340 - 764
Fig.: वरुणः
(Image source: Details)
anṛta n. अनृत : untruth, lie (opposite of satya)
Word formation an- ("un-") + ṛta n.
ṛta is a central concept in the Veda, whose translation is disputed: "truth" (Lüders, Thieme), "order" (Renou).
ṛṣi m. ऋषि : Vedic sage, author of Vedic hymns
The names of these ṛṣis are mentioned in the Brāhmaṇas as well as in separate lists of the Vedas. All Brahmanas trace their origin to such ṛṣis, after whom their gotra (गोत्र) are named. For the concept gotra see Basham, Wonder, chap. 5.
Fig.: विश्वामित्रः
(Image source: Details)
vad 1 P (vadati) वद् वदति : to say, to speak
prach 6 P (pṛcchati !) प्रच्छ् पृच्छति : to ask (someone: Acc.; about something: Acc.)
saha सह : together with, jointly with (also in "to fight with" etc.) (Postposition with Instrumental)
Lesson 11
Learn the following words:
iti इति : thus
Stands after the formulation of a thought, wish, utterance, quote almost as quotation marks ("").
e.g. sādhavaḥ svargaṃ gacchantīti brāhmaṇā vadanti "Brahmanas say: 'The righteous go to heaven'" = "Brahmanas say that the righteous go to heaven".
In Sanskrit there is no indirect speech; formations with iti often need to be rendered in German as indirect speech.
... (quote) ... iti śrutiḥ = "thus the Veda".
Often a verb of thinking is to be assumed after iti: "thinking: '...' he does that". Render idiomatically in German (e.g. "Because he is hungry, he goes...").
evam एवम् : thus (adverbially, e.g., evaṃ jayati "thus he conquers").
na न : not
Negates individual words (stands immediately before them: na sādhuḥ "a not-good person") or entire sentences (stands at the beginning or immediately before the verb).
putra m. पुत्र : son (In India it was necessary to beget a son who could perform the sacrifices for the ancestors.)
dharma m. धर्म : ("that which is firm," i.e.) right, law, custom, character.
Corresponds most closely to natural law/moral law. Everyone has their own duties (svadharma) according to varṇa and āśrama (stage of life).
adharma m. अधर्म : wrong (opposite of dharma).
iṣ 6 P (icchati) इष् इच्छति : to wish (iṣ-ccha-ti).
Some nominal formations:
vad 1 P वद् : to say
vāda m. वाद : utterance, statement, word
vadana n. वदन : speaking; instrument of speech: mouth, face
Fig.: vadanāni = वदनानि
(Image source: Details)
prach 6 P प्रच्छ् : to ask
praśna m. प्रश्न : question (suffix -na as in yaj-ña)
iṣ 6 P इष् : to wish
iṣṭi f. इष्टि : wish (iṣ + -ti)
Lesson 12
budh 4 Ā (budhyate) / 1 U (bodhati), PPP buddha बुध् बुध्यते बोधति बुद्ध : to awaken, to awaken to knowledge, to recognize; PPP buddha 3 awakened, hence Buddha = "the Awakened" (not: the Enlightened)
Fig.: गौतमो बुद्धः
(Image source: Details)
dah 1 P (dahati), PPP dagdha दह् दहति दग्ध : to burn (something)
sah 1 Ā (sahate), PPP soḍha सह् sahate soḍha : to overcome, to endure, to bear patiently = to forgive
mṛga m. मृग : wild animal
mārga m. मार्ग : path (paths were often game trails)
Fig.: मार्गः
(Image source: Details)
api अपि : also (postposed)
Regarding the 6th conjugation class, some roots are counted by indigenous grammarians that form the present stem with a nasal infix and thematic vowel a, e.g.:
muc 6 U (muñcati), PPP mukta मुच् मुञ्चति मुक्त : to release, to let go, to free; to liberate from the cycle of rebirths (saṃsāra m.) = to redeem
sic 6 U (siñcati), PPP sikta सिच् सिञ्चति सिक्त : to sprinkle
Regarding word formation:
muc: mokṣa m. मोक्ष : release, liberation, redemption
sic + abhi-: abhiṣeka m. अभिषेक : anointing of a king during the royal consecration, royal consecration
budh: bodhi m./f. बोधि : awakening (through which a Buddha or Jina attains liberating insight)
Fig.: महावीरो जिनः
(Image source: Details)
buddhi f. (budh + -ti) बुद्धि : insight, organ of cognition.
12.5.1. Passive and PPP of the roots learned so far
| Root धातु | Passive Present 3. sg. Indicative यक् लट् | PPP क्त |
|---|---|---|
| aś 5 Ā अश् | aśyate अश्यते | aṣṭa अष्ट |
| āp 5 P आप् | āpyate आप्यते | āpta आप्त |
| as 2 P अस् | — | bhūta भूत |
| bhaj 1 U भज् | bhajyate भज्यते | bhakta भक्त |
| bhū 1 P भू | bhūyate भूयते | bhūta भूत |
| budh 4 Ā / 1 U बुध् | budhyate बुध्यते | buddha बुद्ध |
| dah 1 P दह् | dahyate दह्यते | dagdha दग्ध |
| div 4 P दिव् | dīvyate दीव्यते | dyūta द्यूत |
| dṛś दृश् | dṛśyate दृश्यते | dṛṣṭa दृष्ट |
| gam 1 P गम् | gamyate गम्यते | gata गत |
| grah 9 U ग्रह् | gṛhyate गृह्यते | gṛhīta गृहीत |
| hṛ 1 U हृ | hriyate ह्रियते | hṛta हृत |
| i 2 P इ | īyate ईयते | ita इत |
| iṣ 6 P इष् | iṣyate इष्यते | iṣṭa इष्ट |
| jan 4 Ā जन् | janyate जन्यते | jāta जात |
| ji 1 P जि | jīyate जीयते | jita जित |
| kath 10 U कथ् | kathyate कथ्यते | kathita कथित |
| khād 1 P खाद् | khādyate खाद्यते | khādita खादित |
| kṛ 8 U कृ | kriyate क्रियते | kṛta कृत |
| krudh 4 P क्रुध् | krudhyate क्रुध्यते | kruddha क्रुद्ध |
| kup 4 P कुप् | kupyate कुप्यते | kupita कुपित |
| labh 1 Ā लभ् | labhyate लभ्यते | labdha लब्ध |
| man 4 Ā मन् | manyate मन्यते | mata मत |
| mṛ 6 Ā मृ | mriyate म्रियते | mṛta मृत |
| muc 6 U मुच् | mucyate मुच्यते | mukta मुक्त |
| nī 1 U नी | nīyate नीयते | nīta नीत |
| paś पश् | (dṛśyate) दृश्यते | (dṛṣṭa) दृष्ट |
| pat 1 P पत् | patyate पत्यते | patita पतित |
| prach 6 P प्रच्छ् | pṛcchyate पृच्छ्यते | pṛṣṭa पृष्ट |
| pūj 10 U पूज् | pūjyate पूज्यते | pūjita पूजित |
| rakṣ 1 P रक्ष् | rakṣyate रक्ष्यते | rakṣita रक्षित |
| ram 1 Ā रम् | ramyate रम्यते | rata रत |
| sah 1 Ā सह् | sahyate सह्यते | soḍha सोढ |
| sic 6 U सिच् | sicyate सिच्यते | sikta सिक्त |
| śru 5 P श्रु | śrūyate श्रूयते | śruta श्रुत |
| su 5 U सु | sūyate सूयते | suta सुत |
| svap 2 P स्वप् | supyate सुप्यते | supta सुप्त |
| tyaj 1 P त्यज् | tyajyate त्यज्यते | tyakta त्यक्त |
| uch उछ् | — | uṣita उषित |
| vad 1 P वद् | udyate उद्यते | udita उदित |
| vas 1 P वस् | uṣyate उष्यते | uṣita उषित |
| vadh वध् | vadyate वद्यते | hata हत |
| yaj 1 U यज् | ijyate इज्यते | iṣṭa इष्ट |
| yudh 4 Ā युध् | yudhyate युध्यते | yuddha युद्ध |
Lektion 13
Lär dig följande ord:
eva एव : betont vorhergehendes Wort
asura m. असुर : Dämon
ASURA. 'Spiritual, divine.'
In the oldest parts of the Ṛgveda this term is used for the supreme spirit, and is the same as the Ahura of the Zoroastrians. In the sense of 'god' it was applied to several of the chief deities, as to Indra, Agni, and Varuṇa. It afterwards acquired an entirely opposite meaning, and came to signify, as now, a demon or enemy of the gods.
The word is found with this signification in the later parts of the Ṛgveda, particularly in the last book, and also in the Atharvaveda. The Brāhmaṇas attach the same meaning to it, and record many contests between the Asuras and the gods. According to the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, the breath (asu) of Prajapati became alive, and "with that breath he created me Asuras." In another part of the same work it is said that Prajāpati "became pregnant. He created Asuras from his abdomen." The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa accords with the former statement, and states that "he created Asuras from his lower breath." The Taittirīya Āraṇyaka represents that Prajāpati created gods, men, fathers, Gandharvas, and Apsarases from water, and that the Asuras, Rakṣasas, and piśācas sprang from the drops which were spilt. Manu's statement is that they were created by the Prajāpatis.
According to the Viṣṇu Purāṇa, they were produced from the groin of Brahma (prajāpati). The account of the Vāyu Purāṇa is: "Asuras were first produced as sons from his (Prajāpati's) groin. Asu is declared by Brāhmaṇa to mean breath. From it these beings were produced; hence they are Asuras." The word has long been used as a general name for the enemies of the gods, including the Daityas and Danavas and other descendants of Kaśyapa, but not including the Rakṣasas descended from Pulastya.
In this sense a different derivation has been found for it: the source is no longer asu, 'breath,' but the initial a is taken as the negative prefix, and asura signifies 'not a god;' hence, according to some, arose the word sura, commonly used for 'a god.'"
[Quelle: Dowson, John (1820–1881): A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]
Fig.: महिषासुरः
(Image source: Details)
guṇa m. गुण : thread, cord; quality, good quality
pad 4 Ā (padyate), Pass.: padyate, PPP panna पद् पद्यते पद्यते पन्न : to go, to fall into
as 2 P (asti) अस् अस्ति : to be, to exist
as 4 P (asyati), Pass.: asyate, PPP asta अस् अस्यति अस्यते अस्त : to throw, (to) cast away
i 2 P (eti), Pass.: īyate, PPP ita इ एति ईयते इत : to go
pā 2 P (pāti), Pass. pāyate, PPP pāta पा पाति पायते पात : to protect, to guard
pā 1 P (pibati), Pass. pīyate, PPP pīta पा पिबति पीयते पीत : to drink (traditionally counted in the 1st class)
dviṣ 2 U (dveṣṭi), Pass. dviṣyate, PPP dviṣṭa द्विष् द्वेष्टि द्विष्यते द्विष्ट : to hate, to be hostile towards
ad 2 P (atti), Pass. adyate, PPP anna अद् अत्ति अद्यते अन्न : to eat, to consume
anna n. अन्न : food (derived from PPP: *ad-na: that which is eaten)
Fig.: अन्नम्
(Image source: Details)
Word formation:
pad 4 Ā:
pada n. पद : step, position, place
pāda m. पाद : foot, a quarter, verse line
Fig.: चत्वारः पादाः : गजः
(Image source: Details)
dviṣ 2 U:
dveṣa द्वेष : hatred
Lesson 14
- śīla n. (शील) : (good) character, morality
- bhūṣ-aṇa n (भूषण) : ornament
- dīpa m. (दीप) : lamp
Fig.: दीपाः
(Image source: Details)
- bala n. (बल) : violence, force, strength; army power, host
- bāla 3 (बाल) : young, childish, foolish; m. boy
- bālā f. (बाला) : young girl
- nara m. (नर) : man, human being
- śatru m. (शत्रु) : enemy
- loka m. (लोक) : world; Sing. and Plur.: the people, humans, the populace
- jala n. (जल) : water
- jan 4 Ā (jāyate), Pass. janyate / jāyate, PPP jāta (जन् जायते जन्यते जायते जात) : to be born, to arise, to appear
- jan-a m. (जन) : creature, human being, people
- vac 2 P (vakti, no 3rd plural!), Pass. ucyate, PPP ukta (वच् वक्ति उच्यते उक्त) : to say, to speak to (accusative/dvitīyā)
- uk-ti f. (उक्ति) : utterance, word
- vac-ana n. (वचन) : speaking, the word
- vāk-ya n. (वाक्य) : word, speech
Lesson 15
पुष्कल 3: splendid, magnificent, abundant
वा : or (postposed)
अथवा : or (preposed)
चतुर्थ 3 (f.: चतुर्थी): fourth
विद् "to find" 6 U विन्दति ; Pass. विद्यते ; PPP विन्न / वित्त विद् "to know" 2 P वेत्ति ; Pass. विद्यते ; PPP विदित पत् "to fly, to fall" 1 P पतति ; Pass. पत्यते ; PPP पतित अर्ध 3: half, m.n. half
पूजा f.: honor, honorable reception, religious worship (Pūjā)
Fig.: पूजा
(Image source: Details)
कुल n.: herd, multitude, race, lineage, family
इन्द्र m.: prince, first, best among ; king of gods Indra
Fig.: इन्द्रः
(Image source: Details)
दास m.: slave, serf, servant
दासी f.: slave woman, serf, servant
काल m.: time, (right) moment ; fate, death ; god of death Kāla
काल 3: black, bluish-black, dark
पुरुष m.: human being, man, servant
-जन as the second member of Tatpuruṣas often expresses the plural
स्तु 2 स्तौति ; Pass. स्तूयते ; PPP स्तुत : to praise, extol
from this:
स्तुति f.: praise, hymn of praise
स्तोत्र n.: (means of praise =) hymn of praise, hymnus
सिंह m.: lion (Panthera leo persica)
Fig.: सिंहः
(Image source: Details)
व्याघ्र m.: tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) (lit.: growler)
Fig.: व्याघ्रः
(Image source: Details)
इव (postposed): as it were, like (in comparisons: व्याघ्र इव पुरुषः = "a man like a tiger", "a tiger-like man"
एव (postposed): emphasizes the preceding, in German often corresponds to emphasis, a kind of emoticon \<!\>, e.g. सत्यमेव जयति "only the truth prevails", "precisely the truth prevails", "the truth prevails"
अरि m.: enemy (according to Thieme, Der Fremdling im Ṛgveda: originally = foreigner)
आर्य 3: Aryan, noble ; m. Aryan (self-designation of the Sanskrit-speaking ancient Indians, lit.: hospitable (Thieme)) ; nobleman, gentleman
to जन्
जाति f.: birth, kind, caste (on जाति as a caste see Basham, Wonder, p. 148ff.)
मृ 4 Ā म्रियते ; Pass. म्रियते ; PPP मृत : to die (according to Indian grammarians: 6 Ā)
from this:
मरण n.: dying, death
मृति f.: dying, death
मृत्यु m.: death ; personified: god of death
Lesson 16
अध्यापन n.: teaching, instruction
Fig.: अध्यापनम्
"This is a special ceremony in a small temple in Satara (सातारा). It is performed by the students of the Swami Muktananda Vedashala on the celebration of Mahāśivarātri. This is a vedic school, where children by heart the sacred texts called the Vedas. This school teaches the Krishna Yajurveda and some portions of the Samaveda. I'm doing my master's thesis on this school."
(Image source: Details)
अनसूया f.: not grumbling, envy-freeness
नृशंस्य n.: malice, baseness
from this:
अनृशंस्य n.: non-malice
जीव् 1 P जीवति ; Pass. जीव्यते ; PPP जीवित : to live
from this:
आजीव m.: livelihood
क्षमा f.: patience, forbearance, leniency
क्षेम n.: calm, peace, well-being, secure possession
चित्त n.: consciousness, thinking, mind
निरोध m.: stopping, bringing to a standstill
- bhūta n. (भूत) (PPP to bhū): being, ghost
योग m.: yoking, connection, union, acquisition ; Yoga
Fig.: योगी
Birla Mandir, Delhi
(Image source: Details)
वृत् 1 Ā वर्तते ; Pass. वृत्यते ; PPP वृत्त : to turn, to bend, to be (somewhere), to dwell
शस्त्र (śastra) n.: cutting tool, cutting weapon, sword, weapon
शौच n.: purification, purity
साधन m.,n. साधनी साधना f.: leading to the goal, effective
अहिंसा f.: non-injury to anyone, not harming, non-violence
Fig.: अहिंसा
"The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes the Jain Vow of Ahimsa. The word in the middle is "ahimsa". The wheel represents the dharmacakra which stands for the resolve to halt the cycle of reincarnation through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence."
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 17
हन् 2 P हन्ति, घ्नन्ति Pass. हन्यते PPP हत : to strike, to kill
from this:
घात m.: killing
Fig.: घाताः
Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Image source: Details)
आस् 2Ā आस्ते Pass. आस्यते PPP आसित : to sit
from this:
आसन n.: sitting, seat ; also: yogic postures
Fig.: योगासनम्
(Image source: Details)
रुद् 2 P रोदिति Pass. रुद्यते PPP रुदित : to weep, howl
from this:
रुद्र m.: (the howler =) the storm god Rudra
ब्रू 2 U ब्रवीति Ā ब्रूते no passive and PPP: to speak, say (something to someone: double accusative)
दुह् 2 U दोग्धि Pass. दुह्यते PPP दुग्ध : to milk
Fig.: दोग्धि
(Image source: Details)
दिश् 6 U दिशति Pass. दिश्यते PPP दिष्ट : show, instruct, command
from this:
दिष्टि f.: instruction, fortunate occurrence
दिष्ट्या Instr.: (lit.: by a fortunate occurrence) O fortunate occurrence (exclamation of joy and bliss)
Lesson 18
सुष्टु 3: highly praised, distinguished, good
शोभन 3: brilliant, splendid, magnificent, beautiful, good
सम 3: equal, same, similar (with instrumental)
व्याधि m.: illness
रिपु m. = शत्रु , deceiver
वह्नि m. = अग्नि ज्ञान n.: knowledge
शूर 3: brave, heroic ; m.: hero
शब्द m.: sound, tone, signal: word
उदक n.: water
अन्त m.: end, boundary
आदि m.: beginning
दण्ड m.: stick, rod, punishment
मात्रा f. मात्र n.: measure, limit
सहित 3: united, provided with
हस्त m.: hand
प्रभृति f.: beginning
Lesson 19
अर्थ m.: purpose, goal, meaning (of a word), wealth, property, assets. अर्थम् (acc.), अर्थेन (instr.) with gen. or as the second member of a tatpuruṣa compound: for the sake of ..., in order to.
अर्थ is one of the three goals of life (पुरुषार्थ), as described in secular and religious literature:
धर्म m.: attainment of merit through doing what is right, or at least avoiding evil that would result from not following dharma
अर्थ m.: purposeful behavior, attainment of prosperity
काम m.: sensual pleasure, esp. in the sexual realm
Fig.: कामः
Illustration to कामसूत्र
(Image source: Details)
स्था 1 P तिष्ठति Pass. स्थीयते PPP. स्थित : to stand, remain, persist, be located. (Traditionally assigned to the 1st conjugation class, although it is a reduplicating thematic present class, as पा 1 पिबति)
स्था + उप 1 U उपतिष्ठति : to step forward, to stand before someone in a respectful posture
स्था + प्र 1 Ā प्रतिष्ठते : to set out, to depart
from स्था :
स्थान n.: place, (right) location, site
स्थिति f.: staying, steadfastness, persistence
गर्भ m.: womb, lap, interior, embryo / fetus. At the end of a Bahuvrīhi compound often: "interior", e.g.
धनगर्भ 3: "whose interior is money = in which money is located"
गर्भगृह n.: the innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple, containing the most important deity image (for the structure of Hindu temples see: Volwahsen, A.: India : Buildings of Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. -- Munich, 1968)
Fig.: गर्भगृहम्
Badami (ಬದಾಮಿ)
(Image source: Details)
वारिद m.: water-bearer = rain cloud
Fig.: वारिदः
Goa (गोंय)
(Image source: Details)
वा 2 P वाति Pass. वायते PPP. वान / वात : to blow
davon:
वात m.: Wind
thereof:
वात m.: wind
वह् 1 U वहति Pass. उह्यते PPP ऊढ : lead, drive (trans.)
छत्त्र n.: sunshade, umbrella
Fig.: छत्त्रम्
"Onappottan (ഓണപ്പൊട്ടന്), in traditional costume is a custom in sourthern parts of Kerala. Onappottan visists houses during the onam and gives blessings. Off late onappottan has become a rare sight, confined to villages."
(Image source: Details)
पण्डित m.: scholar, sage ; 3: clever, knowledgeable (in)
Fig.: पण्डितः जवाहरलाल नेहरू १९५९
(Image source: Details)
सेव् 1 Ā सेवते Pass. सेव्यते PPP सेवित : reside with, inhabit (Acc., Loc.) ; visit, go to (Acc.) ; serve, care for, worship ; practice, use ; have sexual intercourse
नि Präverb: down, into
सेव् + नि 1 Ā निषेवते : reside with, inhabit, visit
अमुत्र : there, in the other world
इह : here, in this world
विद् 6 U विन्दति Pass. विद्यते PPP विन्न / वित्त : find
भार्या f.: one to be maintained = wife
प्रिय 3: dear, pleasant
मित्र n. (!): friend
बान्धव m.: relative
हि : for, indeed (must never stand at the beginning of a sentence)
Lesson 20
वा : or
आश्रम m., n.: hermitage, stage of life, phase of life (namely as ब्रह्मचरिन्, गृहस्थ, वनप्रस्थ and possibly as सन्न्यासिन् ; see Basham, Wonder p. 159f.)
Fig.: आश्रमः
Rishikesh = ऋषिकेश. "This is actually part of the Ashram in Rishikesh where the Beatles stayed. This specific part was not there when they were there, but it does look cool."
(Image source: Details)
कर ३ f. करी । करा : doing, making, causing
कर m.: hand (to कृ 8)
कर m.: payment, tribute, tax (not to कृ, but probably a loanword from Tamil - தமிழ்)
क्रिया f.: action, sacred action, sacrificial act, ceremony (to कृ 8)
अधि Preverb: over, on, up-, with reference to
गम् +अधि 1 P अधिगच्छति : to encounter, to reach, to attain
तनूकृ 8 U तनूकरोति : to reduce, to weaken
दायक ३ f.: दायिका : giving, bestowing
नृप m.: "protector of men" = king
प्रणिधान n.: application, effort, attention against, helpfulness, reflection, vow
बाधना f.: distress, plague, torment
भार्या f.: "that which is to be maintained" = wife
भावना f.: meditative unfolding (to भू causative)
मही f.: earth, ground
लक्षण n.: feature, sign, attribute
विप्र m.: "trembler" = poet, singer, priest, Brahmin
विषय m.: area, region, object, sense-object
अपवर्ग m.: end, liberation
नि Preverb: downwards, down, into, backwards
वृत् + नि 1 Ā निवर्तते : to turn around, to return
सद् 1 P सीदति (!) Pass. सद्यते PPP सन्न : to sit, to settle down
सद् + प्र 1 P प्रसीदति : to sit, to be seated (in a figurative sense) = to become composed, calm, cheerful; to be gracious towards someone (Genitive षष्ठी)
समाधि m.: inner composure, highest attention, meditative "absorption"
स्वाध्याय m.: "self-study", recitation (especially of the Veda), study of the Vedas
परलौकिक ३ : pertaining to the hereafter, otherworldly
तनु ३ : slender
मध्य ३ : middle; n. center
पृथु ३ (पृथ्वी) : wide, broad, large
श्रोणि । श्रोणी f.: hip
रक्त ३ : colored, red
ओष्ठ m.: lip
असित ३ : dark, black
ईक्ष् 1 Ā ईक्षते Pass. ईक्ष्यते PPP ईक्षित : to see
नम् 1 P नमति Pass. नम्यते PPP नत : to bend
उद् Preverb: up, upward, out, from, ex-
नाभि f.: navel
वपुस् n.: beauty, form body (declension see later)
स्त्री f.: woman
स्तन m.: breast
दरैद्र ३ : poor
ऋध् 5 P ऋध्नोति Pass. ऋध्यते PPP ऋद्ध : to prosper
ऋध् + सम् : to prosper; PPP: successful, rich
विचित्र ३ : colorful, diverse, beautiful, wonderful, strange
विधि m.(!): arrangement, law, regulation; creation, fate
चेष्ट् 1 Ā चेष्टते Pass. चेष्ट्यते PPP चेष्टित : to stir
Lesson 21
भज् 1 U भजति Pass. भज्यते PPP भक्त : to allot something (Acc.) to someone, to grant, to love someone, honor, revere
from this:
भक्ति f.: devotion, loyalty, love (in the religious sphere: love and respect for a personal God. see Basham, Wonder p. 332f.)
भाग m.: share, part
भग m.: (good) share, fortune, well-being, dignity
भगवन्त् 3: fortune-having, dignity-having (epithet of विष्णु – कृष्ण)
Fig.: भगवान्कृष्णः भगवान्कृष्णः as जगन्नाथ (right) with his half-sister सुभद्रा (center) and his older brother बलराम, Orissa = ଓଡ଼ିଶा
(Image source: Details)
भगवद्गीता f.: "Song (गीता) of the Worthy One (कृष्ण)"
Fig.: भगवद्गीता भगवद्गीता - Manuscript, 19th century
(Image source: Details)
भिक्ष् 1 Ā भिक्षते Pass. भिक्ष्यते PPP भिक्षित (actually a desiderative of भज्: to wish that one participates): to beg
from this:
भिक्षु m.: beggar, monk
Fig.: भिक्षवः
Luang Prabang = ຫລວງພະບາງ, Laos = ປະເທດລາວ
(Image source: Details)
दुष् 4 P दुष्यति Pass. दुष्यते PPP दुष्ट : to spoil (intransitive), to become bad, to be disgraced
दोष m.: error
पच् 1 U पचति Pass. पच्यते (no PPP, instead पक्व 3: cooked, stewed) Absol. पक्त्वा : to cook (transitive) = to boil, fry, roast etc.
Lesson 22
काम m.: wish, desire; desired gift, sensual pleasure, love, god of love
कामम् Acc. adverbially: according to wish, at will
Fig.: कामदेवः
19th century
(Image source: Details)
शक् 5 P शक्नोति Pass. शक्यते PPP शक्त Inf. शक्तुम् : to be able, can
from this:
शक्ति f.: ability, power, capability; also: divine power, personified as a female companion esp. of शिव
शक्र m.: the powerful (epithet of इन्द्र)
Fig.: दुर्गाशक्तिः
Kolkata = কলকাতা
(Image source: Details)
अर्ह 1 P अर्हति Pass. अर्ह्यते PPP अर्हित Inf. अर्हितुम् : to deserve (to be worthy of something), to be allowed, to be obliged to, should (in the 2nd person अर्ह् + infinitive is often used as a mild command: "You should")
अर्हन्त् 3 Pres. Part. P: a worthy one. In Buddhism and Jainism: someone who has attained final liberation
व्रत n.: vow, religious duty, religious observance (one promises something to the deity in order to receive something from them. Example: a mother promises to dedicate her daughter as a temple prostitute (देवदासी) if her daughter recovers. Important व्रत today: fasting; abstinence from foods one loves; sexual abstinence; reading sacred texts; performing specific rituals; feeding Brahmins etc. Briefly on व्रत: Walker, Hindu World Vol. II, p. 581f. Detailed: P. V. Kane: History of Dharmaśāstra Vol. 5,1 p. 1 - 462. There pp. 253 - 462 List of व्रत and religious festivals ("the following list ... does not claim to be thoroughly exhaustive" !!!)
चर् 1 P charati Pass. charyate PPP charita Inf. charitum (Sanskrit: चर् 1 P चरति Pass. चर्यते PPP चरित Inf. चरितुम्) : to graze, to wander about, to stir, to move, to act, to practice something, to perform (e.g. व्रतं चर्: to practice a vow, esp. sexual abstinence)
thereof:
चर ३: movable; n.: the movable = animals (in contrast to plants)
चरण n., m.: foot
चरित n.: way of life, deeds
ब्रह्मचर्य n.: performance of the Veda (ब्रह्मन्) = study of the Veda in the first stage of life (that of ब्रह्मचारिन्), which requires strict sexual abstinence; therefore also: sexual abstinence, celibate way of life
Fig.: धेनवश्चरन्ति
Goa = गोंय
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 23
समान ३: equal
सामान्य n.: equality, agreement
अधिक ३ : superfluous, additional, greater, better, extraordinary
विशेष m.: peculiarity, specification, differentia specifica
Lesson 24
अलम् Adverb: enough, sufficient, equal to (someone, something); with Dative: enough for, sufficient for, equal to; with Instrumental: enough with, cease from , e.g. अलं क्रोधेन = "enough with anger = cease from anger!"
In the same way as अलम् with Instrumental is used:
कृतम् : कृतं क्रोधेन = "It is done with anger = cease from anger!"
अलम् + कृ 8U अलंकरोति : to adorn
अलंकार m.: ornament, means of adornment (in poetry)
Fig.: अलंकारः
(Image source: Details)
हेतु m.: impulse, motivation, cause, reason; हेतुना, हेतोस्, हेतवे with Genitive or as the second member of a compound = "for the sake of ..., because of"
प्रतिमा f.: portrait, image
Fig.: देवीप्रतिमा
Hampi = ಹಂಪೆ, Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
(Image source: Details)
वृत् + प्र 1Ā प्रवर्तते : to happen, occur, arise
From वृत्:
वृत्ति f.: behavior, activity, way of life
वृत्त n.: behavior
अभि prefix: be-, towards - there, to - here, to - there, against, into - within, with regard to, on, over, at
नि prefix: downwards, down, into, backwards
आ preposition / postposition: before ablative or after accusative: as far as, up to ; with ablative: from here, from on, since
अतस् indeclinable: from there, then, therefore, hence (pronominal stem a- "this" + ablative suffix -tas)
अध्यक्ष m.: overseer, department head ; eyewitness
इन्द्रिय n.: power, sense organ
ऊह m.: consideration, argumentation
from that
अपोह m.: negation (अप + ऊह)
ऊहापोह m.: discussion of pros and cons
Fig.: ऊहापोहः
"NEW DELHI/INDIA, 16NOV08 - Suhasini Haidar, Deputy Foreign Editor, CNN-IBN Network 18, India, moderates a panel discussion at the World Economic Forum's India Economic Summit 2008 in New Delhi."
(Image source: Details)
औपकारिक 3 f.: -ई : useful
कुप्य n.: forest product, metal (non-precious metal)
ख्या 2P ख्याति PPP ख्यात : to see, become visible ; to name, explain, communicate
ख्या + आ 2P आख्यात : to tell
from that:
आख्यान n.: narrative, story
Fig.: आख्यानम्
"San Francisco storyteller Jeff Byers shares a story with the residents of Chenneri, an Irula village. Storyteller Jeeva Raghunath translates into Tamil for the villagers."
(Image source: Details)
ख्या + सम् 2P संख्याति : to add up, calculate
from that:
संख्या f.: counting, enumeration ; सांख्य n.: one of the six philosophical systems (short: Basham, Wonder p. 326f.)
ग्रहण n.: grasping
चौल n.: ceremony (संस्कार) of hair cutting (at the age of 3 years)
तत्त्व n.: true nature, truth, reality (तद् + त्व = this-ness)
स्वस्ति f.: happiness, well-being (nominal formation from सु अस्ति = "it is good")
नमस् n.: bowing, reverence, greeting (declension later). Greeting formula: नमो नमः
from that:
कृ + नमस् 8 नमस्करोमि : to bow, revere, greet
Fig.: जयदेवकविर्विष्णुं नमस्करोति
Manuscript of the गीतगोविन्द, 1730 AD
(Image source: Details)
स्वागत n.: welcome (from su-ā-gata)
तृण n.: blade of grass
पुनर् Adverb: again, back, but
Lesson 25
त्यज् 1P त्यजति : to leave, abandon, forsake
Fut. त्यक्ष्यति
Pass. त्यज्यते
PPP त्यक्त
Inf. त्यक्तुम्
Absol. 2: -त्यज्य
from that:
त्याग m.: abandonment, renunciation, avoidance
दार m. pl. (!!!): wife
द्रव्य n.: object, property, material possession, money
धान्य n.: threshed grain
Fig.: धान्यम्
(Image source: Details)
धृ 1U धरति : to hold, keep holding
Fut. धरिष्यति
Pass. ध्रियते
PPP धृत
Inf. धर्तुम्
Absol. 2: -धृत्य
thereof:
धर्म m.: that which is firm and holds fast = Dharma
नित्य ३ : constant, enduring, eternal
नित्यम् Adv.: always, constantly ever
प्रज्ञा f.: wisdom, knowledge
प्रदान n.: giving, donation; gift, offering
मद् 4 P माद्यति (!): to rejoice, to revel in something (Instr., Gen., Loc.)
Fut. मदिष्यति
Pass. मद्यते
PPP मत्त
Inf. मदितुम्
thereof:
मद m.: intoxication, sensual intoxication = sensuality
मान m.: assessment, reputation, fame, honor, pride, arrogance, sense of inferiority; (one measures oneself against others)
यदि Conjunction: if
न्याय m.: rule, principle, method, judgment (juridical), logic (from ni + i + a)
अन्यथा Adv.: otherwise, differently, falsely, incorrectly
या 2P याति, यान्ति = गम्
Pass. यायते
PPP यात
Inf. यातुम्
Absol. 2: -याय
दारिद्र्य n. = दरिद्रस्य भावः प्रदान n. = दान शास् 2P शास्ति, शासति (3. pl.): to command, teach, punish
Pass. शिष्यते
PPP शिष्ट ३ : taught
Absol 1.: शासित्वा / शिष्त्वा
thereof:
शिक्षा f.: science, instruction; phonetics
स्तेन m.: thief
स्तेय n.: theft
किल्बिष n.: guilt, insult, sin
विना Postposition: without, except (with Acc., Instr., Abl.)
मूल n.: root
लिप् 6U लिम्पति (!): to smear, daub
Fut. लेप्स्यति
Pass. लिप्यते
PPP लिप्त
Inf. लेप्तुम्
thereof:
लिप्ति f.: anointing, writing, script
Fig.: लिप्तिः
(Image source: Details)
वर्ष n.,m.: rain, rainy season, year
वह् 1U वहति : to lead, to drive, to blow (wind)
Fut. वक्ष्यति
Pass. उह्यते
PPP ऊढ
Inf. वोढुम्
Absol 2: -उह्य वह् + वि 1P विवहति : to lead away (namely the bride from her parents' house) = to marry
thereof:
विवाह m.: leading away, marriage of a woman (Instr., saha) (for marriage see Basham, Wonder pp. 166-171)
Fig.: विवाहः
(Image source: Details)
नी + वि 1U विनयति : to lead away, to instruct, to educate
thereof:
विनय m.: removal, education, discipline, Buddhist: monastic discipline, monastic law
विज्ञान n.: knowledge, cognition
विष्टि f.: work, corvée
Fig.: विष्टिः
(Image source: Details)
वृध् 1Ā वर्धते : to grow, to become larger
Fut. वर्धिष्यते
Pass. वृध्यते
PPP वृद्ध : grown up, old, increased
Inf. वर्धितुम्
thereof:
वृद्धि f.: growth, increase, guṇa stage (from: vṛdh-ti)
सामर्थ्य n.: that which corresponds to its purpose
स्वभाव m.: being, nature, character
हर्ष m.: (raising of the hairs on the body), joy
हिरण्य ३ : golden; n.: gold, money, wealth
Fig.: हिरण्यम्
(Image source: Details)
गोदान n.: giving of cows / a cow; second hair-cutting ceremony (a संस्कार)
Lesson 27
वस् 1P (वसति): to stay, to dwell (with locative of the person at whose place one dwells)
Fut.: वत्स्यति:br Pass.: उष्यते:br PPP: उषित:br Inf.: वस्तुम्
from that:
वस्तु n.: seat, place; reality, real thing, actuality, object
वस्तुतस्: in reality, actually
वस् 2Ā (वस्ते): to put on (clothing), to wear (clothing)
Fut.: वसिष्यते:br PPP: वसित:br Inf.: वसितुम्
from that:
वस्त्र n.: means to put on oneself = garment, robe, cloth
Fig.: वस्त्राणि
Vastrāṇi. Majuli, Assam.
(Image source: Details)
वस् 6P (उच्छति): to shine forth (this root is important because of the nominal formations:)
वसु n.: wealth, treasure, property, possession
वसन्त m.: ("shining" =) spring (March to May)
Fig.: वसन्तः
Vasanta (Schleichera oleosa), Khopoli, Maharashtra, 2007-04-07.
(Image source: Details)
हृ 1U (हरति): to hold, to carry; to fetch, to take away, to steal
Fut.: हरिष्यति:br Pass.: ह्रियते:br PPP: हृत:br Inf.: हर्तुम्
from that:
हर 3: taking away; m.: the destroyer = epithet of Śiva
counterpart to हर:
हरि 3: blond, yellow, green; m. epithet of Viṣṇu (does not belong to the root हृ 1)
हरिहर m.: Viṣṇu and Śiva united as a single deity.
Fig.: हरिहरः
Harihara (left: Viṣṇu, right: Śiva).
(Image source: Details)
Fig.: हरिहरः
Harihara (left: Viṣṇu, right: Śiva). Godrumdwip, West Bengal.
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 28
विद् 2P वेत्ति, विदन्ति: to know
Fut. vediṣyati
Pass. vidyate
Caus. vedayati
PPP vidita
Inf. vediṣyum
from which: vidyā f., veda m.
विद् 6U विन्दति (!): to find
Fut. vediṣyati / vetsyat
Pass. vidyate: there is, it exists
Caus. vedayati
PPP vinna / vitta
Inf. vediṣtum / vettum
i + adhi 2Ā adhīte, adhīyate: to study, to memorize
Caus. adhyāpayati: to cause to study, to teach
from which: adhyayana n.: study (esp. of the Veda); adhyāya m.: lesson, chapter (section for memorization)
कम् 10Ā कामयते: to love
Fut. kāmayiṣyate / kamiṣyate
Pass. kāmyate
Caus. kāmayati
PPP kānta (!)
Inf. kāmayitum / kamitum
Fig.: कृष्णो राधां कामयति
Painting by राजा रवि वर्मा (1848 - 1906)
(Image source: Details)
चुर् 10 चोरयति: to steal
Fut. corayiṣyati
Pass. coryate
Caus. corayati
PPP corita
Inf. coritum
Pay special attention to the meaning of the causatives for the following verbs:
dṛś — darśayati: to show
man — mānayati: to esteem, to honor (but is probably a denominative from māna "honor")
vac — vācayati: also: to read aloud (to cause a text to be spoken)
vad — vādayati: also: to cause a musical instrument to speak = to play a musical instrument
Fig.: वीणां वादयति
Vīṇā-Spielerin.
(Image source: Details)
भार m.: load
Fig.: बाला भारं हरति
Girl carrying load. Near Ahmedabad.
(Image source: Details)
भृत्य m.: subordinate, servant
Lesson 29
Preverbs:
उद्° : up, upward, aloft, out, ex-
परि° : around, about (place, time), about
भू + परि 1P परिभवति : (to become around someone = to encircle =) to master, conquer; to disregard, despise
अवज्ञान n.: disregard
गुप्त 3: protected, guarded
गृहस्थ 3: located in the house; m. master of the house (one who is in the second आश्रम)
ग्रस् 1Ā ग्रसते : to consume, devour
Fut. ग्रसिष्यते
Pass. ग्रस्यते
Caus. ग्रासयति
PPP ग्रस्त
Inf. ग्रसितुम्
तीक्ष्ण 3: "wild", sharp, pointed, strict, fierce, sharp-tongued
न्याय m.: norm, rule, right manner; method, logic (from इ + नि)
परिव्राजक m.: wanderer, wandering monk, pilgrim
Fig.: परिव्राजकाः
Pushkar = पुष्कर
(Image source: Details)
पालयति : also synonymous with पाति पुनर् Indeclinable: again, repeatedly, back, once more; however, but (before voiced consonants except r-: पुनर्)
प्रजा f.: procreation, birth, offspring
मत्स्य m.: fish
from this:
मात्स्य 3: belonging to the fish (to fishes)
Fig.: मत्स्यः रोहू मछली = Labeo rohita Hamilton
(Image source: Details)
मृदु 3 (f.: मृद्वी): gentle, mild, soft; slow, weak
यथा Adv.: as, like
रम् 1Ā रमते : to stand still, to rest, to linger; to take pleasure in, to delight
Fut. रंस्यते
Pass. रम्यते
Caus. रमयति
PPP रत
Inf. रन्तुम्
वानप्रस्थ m.: forest hermit (one who is in the 3rd आश्रम)
शुचि 3: shining, gleaming, fine; m.: purity
पूज् 10P पूजयति : to honor, to revere
PPP पूजित
Lesson 30
क्री 9U क्रीणाति : to buy
Fut. क्रेष्यति
Pass. क्रीयते
PPP क्रीत
Inf. क्रेतुम्
क्री + वि 9Ā विक्रीणीते : to sell
Abs. विक्रीय
Fig.: क्रीणन्ति विक्रीणते च
Bundi = बुन्दी, Rajasthan = राजस्थान
(Image source: Details)
ज्ञा 9U जानाति : to know, to recognize, to understand
Fut. ज्ञास्यति
Pass. ज्ञायते
Caus. ज्ञापयति
Caus. PPP ज्ञप्त / ज्ञापित
PPP ज्ञात
Inf. ज्ञातुम्
from which:
ज्ञाति m.: (blood) relative (relatives are those whom one knows!)
ज्ञान n.: knowledge, wisdom, understanding (esp. of the "higher" truths in religion and philosophy)
Fig.: ज्ञातयः
Darewadi, Ahmed Nagar District = अहमदनगर, Maharashtra = महाराष्ट्र
(Image source: Details)
पू 9U पुनाति : to purify
Fut. पविष्यति
Pass. पूयते
Caus. पावयति
PPP पूत
Inf. पवितुम्
Fig.: श्रोत्राणि पुनाति
(Bildkälla: Details)
अश् 9P अश्नाति : eat, consume
Fut. अशिष्यति
Pass. अश्यते
Caus. आशयति
PPP अशित
Inf. अशितुम्
Fig.: अश्नीयात् थाली, South India
(Bildkälla: Details)
प्रिय ३: dear, loving, friendly
Fig.: प्रिया
(Bildkälla: Details)
चेत् Conjunction: if; provided that (never stands at the beginning of a sentence)
न चेत् : if not
यदि Conjunction: if
यद्यपि : even if, although
यद्येवम् : if so, under these circumstances
पुनर् : again, repeatedly, back, once more, on the contrary, but
पुनः पुनर् : repeatedly
from this:
पुनर्भव m.: rebirth
Fig.: पुनर्भवः
(Bildkälla: Details)
जीव् 1P जीवति : live
Fut. जीविष्यति
Pass. जीव्यते
Caus. जीवयति
PPP जीवित : living
Inf. जीवितुम्
from this:
जीव m./n.: life, individual soul
सनातन ३ fem.: सनातनी : eternal, imperishable, constant
Lesson 31
युज् 7U युनक्ति : yoke, hitch, fasten; Ā also: to strain oneself (= exert oneself), connect with, concentrate on (Locative, सप्तमी)
Fut. योक्ष्यति
Pass. युज्यते
Caus. योजयति
PPP युक्त
Inf. योक्तुम्
thereof:
युग n.😗* yoke, pair, age (there are four ages:
- कृत
- त्रेता
- द्वापर
- कलि
The कलियुग began around 3102 BC, the year of the महाभारत war. For more details, see Basham, Wonder p. 323)
योग m.: "yoking, harnessing", exertion, connection, yoga (see Basham, Wonder pp. 327ff.)
Fig.: योगः
Yoga depiction.
(Image source: Details)
रुध् 7U रुणद्धि : to stop, bring to a standstill, restrain = to enclose, cover
Fut. रोत्स्यति
Pass. रुध्यते
Caus. रोधयति
PPP रुद्ध
Inf. रोद्धुम्
छिद् 7U छिनत्ति : to cut off
Fut. छेत्स्यति
Pass. छिद्यते
Caus. छेदयति
PPP छिन्न
Inf. छेत्तुम्
भञ्ज् 7P भनक्ति : to break (something)
Fut. भङ्क्ष्यति
Pass. भज्यते
PPP भग्न
अञ्ज् 7P अनक्ति : to anoint, smear
Fut. अङ्क्ष्यति । अञ्जिष्यति
Pass. अज्यते
Caus. अञ्जयति
PPP अक्त
Inf. अञ्जितुम् । अङ्क्तुम्
अञ्ज् + वि** 7Ā व्यङ्क्ते : to smear apart = to apply makeup, to distinguish oneself
PPP व्यक्त : distinguished, unfolded
thereof:
व्यञ्जन n.: means of distinction = makeup, spice, sign, consonant (that which distinguishes meanings)
Fig.: व्यञ्जनम्
Preparation for Kathakali dance, Kochi.
(Image source: Details)
भिद् 7U भिनत्ति : spalten
भिद् 7U भिनत्ति : to split
Fut. भेत्स्यति
Pass. भिद्यते
Caus. भेदयति
PPP भिन्न
Inf. भेत्तुम्
भुज् 7U भुनक्ति : to enjoy (e.g., food; "to enjoy the earth" = to rule the earth)
Fut. भोक्ष्यति
Pass. भुज्यते
Caus. भोजयति
PPP भुक्त**
Inf. भोक्तुम्
from this:
भोग m.: enjoyment, eating, pleasure, benefit, tax, levy
बन्ध् 9P बध्नाति (!): to bind, to tie
Fut. भन्त्स्यति
Pass. बध्यते
Caus. बन्धयति
PPP बद्ध
Inf. बद्धुम्
from this:
बन्धन n.: binding, fetter
ज्ञा + प्र 9U प्रजानाति : to recognize, to understand
from this:
प्रज्ञा f.: wisdom, knowledge
Fig.: प्रज्ञापारमिता
From a Prajñāpāramitā manuscript.
(Image source: Details)
भू + सम् 1P सम्भवति : to arise, to exist
शरीर n.: limb, body
Lesson 32
अग्र n.: tip, extreme end
मही f.: earth, ground and soil (lit.: the Great One)
एकदा
श्रम् श्राम्यते
श्रमिष्यते:br
श्रम्यते:br
श्रमयति:br
श्रान्त:br
श्रमित्वा । श्रान्त्वा:br
श्रम्य:br
श्रमितुम्
पार्श्व चूत
Fig.: चूतः
Mango tree, Kanpur.
(Image source: Details)
तरु वृक्ष पचेलिम स्पृहा परम्
रुह् रोहति
रोक्ष्यति:br
रुह्यते:br
रोहयति । रोपयति:br
रूढ:br
रुह्य:br
रोढुम्
ग्रह् गृह्णाति
ग्रहीष्यति (!):br
गृह्यते:br
ग्राहयति:br
गृहीत:br
गृह्य:br
ग्रहीतुम् (!)
वानर कपि
Fig.: वानराः
Monkeys (rhesus macaques) in Delhi.
(Image source: Details)
लोक् लोकयति
लोकयिष्यति:br
लोक्यते:br
लोकित:br
लोक्य:br
लोकितुम्
प्रहर्ष कति उपल
Fig.: उपलाः
Stone quarry south of Pune, Maharashtra.
(Image source: Details)
लक्ष्य
Fig.: लक्ष्यम्
Target practice / arrow target, Karnataka.
(Image source: Details)
क्षिप् क्षिपति
क्षेप्स्यति:br
क्षिप्यते:br
क्षेपयति:br
क्षिप्त:br
क्षिप्य:br
क्षेप्तुम्
चि चिनोति
चेष्यति:br
चीयते:br
चाययति:br
चित:br
चित्य:br
चेतुम्
Fig.: चितं गोमयं दहति
Burning cowdung patties in Rajasthan.
(Image source: Details)
चि अव
प्रति अहो
कौशल कुशल
Fig.: कौशलम्
Mehndi painting on hands in Mumbai.
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 33
दा 3U ददाति: to give
Fut. दास्यति
Pass. दीयते
Caus. दापयति
PPP दत्त
Inf. दातुम्
thereof:
दान n.: giving, gift, generosity
Fig.: दानम्
(Image source: Details)
दा + आ 3Ā अदत्ते: (to) receive, take possession of, take along
Absol. आदाय: with Acc.: in the company of, with
Fig.: सा पुत्रमादाय भारं बिभ्रती गच्छति
(Image source: Details)
sig[धा] 3U दधाति: to set, fix, allot
Fut. धास्यति
Pass. धीयते
Kaus. धापयति
PPP हित (!!)
Inf. धातुम्
धा + सम् + आ 3U समादधाति: to direct one's full attention to something, to collect oneself
from this:
समाधि m.: inner concentration, highest attention
Fig.: समाधि
(Image source: Details)
पॄ 3P पिपर्ति: to fill, to fulfill
Note:
3.pl.P पिपुरति
3.sg.Impf.P अपिपर् (from: *apipart)
3.pl.Impf.P अपिपरुर्
3.sg.Opt.P पिपूर्यात्
Fut. परिष्यति / परीष्यति
Pass. पूर्यते
Kaus. पूरयति / पारयति
PPP पूर्ण / पूर्त / पूरित
पॄ + सम् only Pass. सम्पूर्यते and Kaus.: to fill completely
भी 3P बिभेति: to fear (Abl., Gen.)
Fut. भेष्यति
Pass. भीयते
Kaus. भाययति
PPP भीत
Inf. भेतुम्
from this:
भय n.: fear, dread; danger (the subjective and the objective side)
Fig.: भयम्
(Image source: Details)
भृ 3U बिभर्ति: to bear, to carry; to sustain, to nourish
Fut. भरिष्यति
Pass. भ्रियते
Kaus. भारयति
PPP भृत
Inf. भर्तुम्
davon:
भार m.: Last
मा 3Ā मिमीते: messen
Fut. मास्यति / मास्यते
Pass. मीयते
Kaus. मापयति
PPP मित
Inf. मातुम्
मा + उप 3Ā उपमिमीते: vergleichen
davon:
उपमा f.: Vergleich
प्रतिमा f.: Abbild
हा 3P जहाति: verlassen
Fut. हास्यति
Pass. हीयते
Kaus. हापयति
PPP हीन: övergiven av, saknande, bristfällig
Inf. हातुम्
från PPP हीन:
हीनयान n.: det bristfälliga fordonet (inom buddhismen): nedsättande benämning av företrädarna för det "stora fordonet", महायान; den bristfälliga vägen (यान till या 2: gå, färdas). Uttrycket हीनयान bör inte längre användas. Den idag existerande formen av den gamla buddhismen kallas थेरवाद.
हु 3P जुहोति: hälla i elden (som offer, särskilt smält smör)
Fut. होष्यति
Pass. हूयते
Kaus. हावयति
PPP हुत
Inf. होतुम्
घृत n.: Schmelzbutter, Ghee (घी / گھی / ঘী)
"Ghee is made by simmering unsalted butter in a large pot until all water has boiled off and protein has settled to the bottom. The cooked and clarified butter is then spooned off to avoid disturbing the milk solids on the bottom of the pan. Unlike butter, ghee can be stored for extended periods without refrigeration, provided it is kept in an airtight container to prevent oxidation and remains moisture-free. Texture, colour, or taste of ghee depends on the source of the milk from which the butter was made. In India, ghee is usually made with water buffalo's milk as it tends to be whiter than cow's milk."
[Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee. -- Accessed on 2008-12-26]
Lesson 34
क्षिति f. = पृथ्वी = मही = भूमी
शस्य = सस्य n. sg. and pl.: seed, crop, grain
Fig.: सस्यम्
Rice field in India.
(Image source: Details)
यावत् : how long, how big
तावत् : so long, so big
उत्तम 3: highest
द्वीप m.n.: island, continent
Fig.: लक्षद्वीपाः
Lakshadweep Islands Map.
(Image source: Details)
मर्त्य 3: mortal (to मृ)
तिल m.: sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.)
Fig.: तिलाः
Sesame seeds.
(Image source: Details)
Fig.: Sesamum indicum L.
Sesame plant flowering.
(Image source: Details)
स्वर्ण n.: (beautifully colored =) gold
Fig.: स्वर्णम्
Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), Amritsar.
(Image source: Details)
निकेतन n.: dwelling place, temple
कोटि f.: tip; 10 million
श्रेष्ठ 3: best
तल m.n.: plain, surface
ऋषभ m.: bull
Fig.: ऋषभः
Nandi Bull statue, Chamundi Hills, Mysore.
(Image source: Details)
यम् 1P यच्छति : restrain, hold, offer, grant
यम् + प्र 1P प्रयच्छति : hold out, offer, deliver
या 2P याति : go, travel
कन्या f.: girl, maiden
Lesson 35
नश् 4P नश्यति : perish, be destroyed, disappear
Perf. Vb ननाश, नेशुर् :br
Fut. नशिष्यति । नङ्क्ष्यति :br
Caus. नाशयति :br
PPP नष्ट
नश् + प्र 4P प्रणश्यति** : disappear, perish, be destroyed
क्रम् 1U क्रामति, 4P क्राम्यति : stride, go
Perf. Vc चक्राम, चक्रमुर् :br
Fut. क्रमिष्यति :br
Pass. क्रम्यते :br
Caus. क्रमयति :br
PPP क्रान्त :br
Inf. क्रमितुम् :br
Absol. क्रमित्वा । क्रन्त्वा । क्रान्त्वा
Fig.: क्रामन्ति
People walking, Senegal.
(Image source: Details)
गै 1P गायति (gai + a-ti): sing, recite in singing tone, proclaim in verse
Perf. IV जगौ, जगुर् :br
Fut. गास्यति :br
Pass. गीयते :br
Caus. गापयति :br
PPP गीत :br
Inf. गातुम्
thereof:
गीता f.: song, chant
Fig.: जगुः
Temple musicians Kaadu Malleswara Temple Bangalore.
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 36
अह् P only Perfekt with present meaning आह, आहुर् : say, speak
अह् प्र P only Perfekt with present meaning प्राह : say, speak
ईक्ष् 1Ā ईक्षते : see, (dis)cover, look at
Perf. ईक्षां चक्रे
Fut. ईक्षिष्यते
Pass. ईक्ष्यते
Caus. ईक्षयति
PPP ईक्षित
Inf. ईक्षितुम्
चि 5U चिनोति : to pile up, to collect
Perf. चिकाय । चिचाय
Fut. चेष्यति
Pass. चीयते
Kaus. चाययति । चापयति
PPP चित
Inf. चेतुम्
Fig.: गोमयं चिकाय
(Image source: Details)
व्रज् 1P व्रजति : to stride, to go, to walk away
Perf. Vc वव्राज, वव्रजुर्
Fut. व्रजिष्यति
Pass. व्रज्यते
Kaus. व्राजयति
PPP व्रजित
Inf. व्रजितुम्
व्रज् + प्र 1P प्रव्रजति : to go away (esp. from home into homelessness as an ascetic = to become a monk)
अगार n.। आगार n.: house, home
Fig.: अगारम्
(Image source: Details)
thereof:
अनगार्य n. । अनगारika f.: homelessness of a Buddhist monk or novice
Fig.: अनगार्यम्
(Image source: Details)
अञ्जलि m.: The two hands placed high together in reverence
आदृत 3: respected
उपाध्याय m.: teacher
पृथिवी f.: earth
पृष्ठ n: back, rear side
पृष्ठम् : behind
प्रजापति m.: lord of creatures, creator god
अनु prefix: after, along, over - to, lengthwise, according to, towards, behind -
e.g.
अनुकृ : to imitate, to do after
अनुगम् : to follow someone, to walk along
अभि : to-, after - to, towards -, to -, against, into -, with regard to, on, over, at
e.g.
अभिगम् : to go towards, to approach
वद् + अभि Causative Ā अभिवादयते : formally greet, address
ग्लै 1P ग्लायति : feel reluctance, fade away
Perf. IV जग्लौ
Fut. ग्लास्यति
Pass. ग्लायते
Caus. ग्लापयति । ग्लपयति
PPP ग्लान
Inf. ग्लातुम्
Absol. -ग्लाय
घ्रा 1P जिघ्रति : smell something
Perf. IV जघ्रौ
Fut. घ्रास्यति
Pass. घ्रायते
Caus. घ्रापयति
PPP घ्रात । घ्राण
Inf. घ्रातुम्
Absol. -घ्राय
प्री 9U प्रीणति : delight, please; love, be inclined towards someone
प्री 4Ā प्रीयते : rejoice
Perf. IIIa पिप्राय, पिप्रिये
Fut. प्रेष्यति
Pass. प्रीयते
Caus. प्रीणयति
PPP प्रीत
Inf. प्रेतुम्
स्पृश् 6P स्पृशति : touch
Perf. IIa पस्पर्श, पस्पृशुर्
Fut. स्पर्क्ष्यति । स्प्रक्ष्यति
Pass. स्पृश्यते
Caus. स्पर्शयति
PPP स्पृष्ट
Inf. स्पर्ष्तुम् । स्प्रष्तुम्
Absol. -स्पृश्य
Fig.: सुगतो भूमीं पस्पर्श
(Image source: Details)
हृष् 4P हृष्यति : become stiff: bristle (hair), rejoice over (Instr., Acc., Loc.)
Perf. II जहर्ष
Fut. हर्षिष्यति
Pass. हृष्यते
Caus. हर्षयति
PPP हृषित
Fig.: लोमहर्षः
(Image source: Details)
स्वक 3: own (my, your ...) m.: member
Lesson 37
मूर्ख 3: dull-witted, stupid, foolish m. fool
मुनि m.: sage, (silent) ascetic
शाक्यमुनि m.: ascetic from the lineage of the शाक्य (Kṣatriyas from कपिलवस्तु) = Buddha Gautama
Fig.: शाक्यमुनिः
(Image source: Details)
दिन n.: day
वृक्ष m.: tree
Fig.: वृक्षः
(Image source: Details)
मुख n.: mouth, face, front part, beginning
Lesson 38
सूर्य m.: sun, solar god Sūrya
Fig.: सूर्यः
(Image source: Details)
उदक n.: water
Fig.: उदकम्
(Image source: Details)
वा 2P वाति : to blow, to breathe
Fut. वास्यति
Perf. IV ववौ
Pass. वायते
Caus. वापयति
PPP वान । वात
Inf. वातुम्
from which:
वात m.: wind
वा + निस् 2P निर्वाति : to blow, to dissipate, to extinguish
from which:
निर्वाण n.: extinguishing, Nirvana
परिनिर्वाण n.: perfect extinguishing, complete liberation (at the end of life of a Buddha or Arhat)
Fig.: गौतमबुद्धस्य महापरिनिर्वाणम्
(Image source: Details)
मिह् 1P मेहति : to urinate, to piss, to ejaculate
Fut. मेक्ष्यति
Perf. II मिमेह, मिमिहुर्
Pass. मिह्यते
Caus. मेहयति
PPP मीढ
from which:
मेघ m.: cloud ("piss-cloud")
सुत m.: son
राजन् m.: king (for kingship in India see Basham, Wonder pp. 82-94). As the final member of a compound (esp. तत्पुरुष) usually: -राज m. (like देव)
Feminine:
राज्ञी f.: queen, wife of a king
from राज :
राज्य 3: royal; n. kingdom, kingship, rule
नामन् n.: name
सीमन् f.: boundary, limit
आत्मन् m.: self, own person, innermost essence. Philosophical and in doctrines of liberation: the absolute within the individual, which however is not always conscious to the individual (v. Stietencron)
ब्रह्मन् n.: the absolute, the Veda (according to Thieme originally: formulated truth, from which ब्राह्मण "formulator of truths")
ब्रह्मन् m.: the personally conceived creator god Brahmā
Fig.: ब्रह्मा
(Image source: Details)
कर्मन् n.: to कृ 8U: action, deed, work; sacred act, sacrificial ritual; karma: past actions that later bear their fruits (e.g., in rebirth)
कर्मविपाक m.: ripening of actions = the good and bad consequences of deeds in previous existences (to वि-पच्)
हस्तिन् m.: elephant (Elephas maximus)
मनु m.: human being, man; name of the father of the human race (to मन् 4Ā)
from which:
मनुष्य m.: human being
शुच् 1P शोचति : (to flame, to shine) ; to mourn, to lament
Perf II शुशोच, शुशुचुर्
Fut. शोचिष्यति
Pass. शुच्यते
Caus. शोचयति
Inf. शुचितुम्
Absol. शोचित्वा । शुचित्वा
from which:
शुचि 3: shining, pure, clear
शोक m.: mourning, grief
अशोक 3: free from grief; Ashoka tree = Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde; name of the emperor Aśoka (देवानांप्रिय प्रियदर्शी) (ca. 304 – 232 BCE)
Fig.: अशोकवृक्षः
(Image source: Details)
Fig.: अशोकसाम्राज्यम्
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 40
पात्र n.: venerable one, master, worthy one
मेधा f.: wisdom, intellect, thought
पुस्तक m.n.: manuscript, book
कॢप् 1Ā कल्पते : to be in proper order, to fit (Loc.); to take shape, to form; to resolve upon, to condescend to (Dat.)
Perf. II चकॢपे optionally अनिट्
Fut. कल्पिष्यते । कल्प्स्यते
Caus. कल्पयति : to put in order, to make, to form in the imagination, to imagine
PPP कॢप्त
Inf. कल्पितुम् । कल्प्तुम्
from this:
कल्पना f.: formation in thought, assumption of something non-existent in reality, fiction
कॢप् + वि Caus. विकल्पयति : (to imagine differently =) to question, to doubt
from this:
विक्ल्प m.: alternative, doubt
तुद् 6U तुदति : to strike
Perf. II तुतोद, तुतुदुर्
Fut. तोत्स्यति
Pass. तुद्यते
Caus. तोदयति
PPP तुन्न (tud + na)
Inf. तोत्तुम्
तॄ 1P तरति : to cross over, to transgress, to escape from someone (Acc. = to surpass someone)
Perf. IIIb ततार, ततरुर् । तेरुर्
Fut. तरिष्यति । तरीष्यति
Pass. तीर्यते
Caus. तारयति
PPP तीर्ण
Inf. तरितुम् । तरीतुम्
from this:
तीर्थ n.: ford, sacred bathing place, pilgrimage site
Fig.: हरिद्वारे तीर्थम्
(Image source: Details)
तीर्थङ्कर m. (from: तीर्थम्+ कृ): ferryman (across suffering) = the 24 teachers of the Jains
Fig.: तीर्थङ्करः
(Image source: Details)
अव Preverb.: down, downward, away, ab-
तॄ + अव 1P अवतरति : to descend
from this:
अवतार m.: (descender, descent) incarnation of a god, esp. Viṣṇu 10 incarnations (see Basham, Wonder pp. 304 - 309)
Fig.: विष्णोर्दशावताराः
(Image source: Details)
स्वप् 2P स्वपिति, स्वपन्ति : to sleep, to go to bed
Impf. अस्वपीत् । अस्वपत्
Perf. सुष्वाप, सुषुपुर्
Fut. स्वप्स्यति
Pass. सुप्यते (from *svp-ya-te)
Caus. स्वापयति
PPP सुप्त
Inf. स्वप्तुम्
from this:
स्वप्न m.: sleep, dream
सुप्ति f. (from *svp-ti): sleep, esp. deep sleep
Fig.: स्वपन्ति
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 41
मूर्ख m = मूढ भुजङ्ग m.: snake
Fig.: भुजङ्गः
(Image source: Details)
केवलम् Adv.: only, alone, completely
विष n.: poison
Fig.: भुजङ्गस्य विषम्
(Image source: Details)
शास् 2P शास्ति : to reprimand, to control, to command, to teach
has the weak present stem शिष् : शिष्मस्, but the 3rd pl. pres. has the strong stem: शासति (!! ending -ati) alongside occasional शासन्ति. अशासुर्. Also the entire आत्मनेपद has, insofar as it occurs, the strong stem: शास्ते
Perf I शशास, शशासुर्
Fut. शासिष्यति
Pass. -शास्यते । शिष्यते
PPP शिष्ट : taught, wise
Inf. शासितुम्
Absol. -शिष्य । -शास्य
from this:
शासना f.: royal edict, teaching, religion
Fig.: शासना
(Image source: Details)
शास्त्र n.: teaching, textbook
शास्त्रिन् m.: learned, scholar
Fig.: शास्त्री
(Image source: Details)
शिष्य 3: to be instructed = student
शरण 3: protecting, shielding; n. protection, refuge, taking refuge
सङ्घ n.: (to सम्-हन् : to strike together): group, crowd, community (e.g. Buddhist)
कन्या f.: young girl, daughter, maiden
अति prefix: over, beyond (in space, in time, by number, by quantity, in order, by power, by intensity), exceedingly
इ + अति 2P अत्येति : to pass by
PPP अतीत : n. past
Lesson 42
प्रकृति f.: (to कृ + प्र) basic form, natural state, nature; primal matter, prime substance
अर्जुन m. proper name: Arjuna, one of the five sons of पण्डु. Hero in the महाभारत (see Basham, Wonder pp. 409 - 414)
स्था + अव 1Ā अवतिष्ठते : to abstain from, to keep away from, to refrain, to remain, to stand
PPP अवस्थित 3: standing, located
पुरा Adv.: once, formerly
अनेक 3: many (not a few)
कुमार m.: prince
दूत m.: messenger, envoy
इष् (1,4,9) Caus. इषयति : to send
सकाश m.: presence, attendance
शर m.: arrow-shaft, arrow
बाण m.: arrow, target
ज्ञा + प्रति 9U प्रतिजानाति : to approve, to promise; Ā: to answer, to confirm, to assert, to recognize
चल् 1P चलति : to set in motion
Fut. चलिष्यति
Perf. Vb चचाल, चेलुर्
Pass. चल्यते
Caus. चलयति । चालयति
PPP चलित
Absol. -चल्य
Inf. चलितुम्
अधिपति m. = राजन् आटोप m.: vanity, pride
चिन्तापर 3: absorbed in thought
अन्तरे Adv.: meanwhile, in the meantime
लीला f.: jest, play
यावत् Adv.: how long, while
तावत् Adv.: as long
द्विधा । द्वेधा Adv.: twofold, in two parts
शंस् 1P शंसति : to praise, to command
Fut. शंसिष्यति
Perf. I शशंस
Pass. शस्यते
Caus. शंसयति
PPP शस्त
Absol. शसित्वा । शस्त्वा
Inf. शंसितुम्
हृदय n.: heart
42.2.1. Some kinship terms
Fig.: माता, पिता, पुत्रकः
(Image source: Details)
भर्तृ m. (to भृ "to carry, to sustain"): sustainer, provider, husband
भार्या f., जाया f. पत्नी f.: wife (भार्या = gerundive to भृ : one who is to be carried, one who is to be sustained, one entitled to maintenance)
पितृ m.: Father
पितृ m. Plural: the deceased male ancestors, i.e.,
- father, grandfather, great-grandfather
- the progenitors of humanity
Rituals are performed for both, so-called श्राद्ध n. Daily, three male ancestors (paternal and maternal) are offered water and on certain occasions rice balls or flour balls (पिण्ड m. "balls"). Thus, the ancestors receive nourishment. The performance of this ceremony is one reason why a man should father a son. Those who are connected through this पिण्ड-gift are called सपिण्ड (those who share पिण्ड). सपिण्ड encompasses six generations: three backwards (to the great-grandfather) and three forwards (to the great-grandson).
तात m.: Papa
मातृ f.: Mother
पुत्र m.: Son
दुहितृ f. सुता f.: Daughter
नप्तृ m.: Grandson
भ्रातृ m.: Brother
स्वसृ f., भगिनी f.: Sister
देवृ m.: Brother of the husband (brother-in-law to the wife)
यातृ m.: Wife of the husband's brother
ननान्दृ f.: Sister of the husband
श्वसुर f.: Father-in-law (in ancient times: only of the wife)
श्वस्रू f.: Mother-in-law (declension follows later)
मातुल m.: Maternal uncle (mother's brother)
मातुलानी f.: Wife of the maternal uncle (maternal aunt by marriage)
पितृव्य m.: Paternal uncle (father's brother)
पितामह m.: Paternal grandfather
पितामही f.: Paternal grandmother
मातामह m.: Maternal grandfather
मातामही f.: Maternal grandmother
Lesson 43
ज्ञा + आ Causative आज्ञापयति : to command, to order
आपण m.: market
Fig.: आपणः
(Image source: Details)
सत्वर 3: fast, hurried
पण्य 3: purchasable; n.: goods, trade
Fig.: पण्यानि
(Image source: Details)
आम् : yes
सम m. = वर्ष n.
-आयुत 3: provided with
भद्र 3: good, happy; Vocative: my dear!
समय m. (to सम्-इ): agreement, contract, deadline, appointment, time
निश्चित 3: decided, fixed
नोचेत् : if not, otherwise
विलम्ब n.m.: delay, lateness
विपणि f.: shop, stall
Fig.: विपणिः
(Image source: Details)
वणिज् m.: merchant, trader
Fig.: वणिक्
(Image source: Details)
वर 3: best
शीघ्र 3: fast, quick
वत्स m.: calf, young, child; Voc.: my dear
Fig.: वत्सः
(Image source: Details)
उत्तम 3: highest, best
अल्प 3: small, little
मूल्य n.: value, price
कियत् 3: how big
शर्करा f.: sugar (the German "Zucker" goes via Italian zucchero, from there via Arabic sukkar - سكر and Persian šakkar - شکر back to the Sanskrit शर्करा!)
अधिक 3: additional, surplus, extraordinary
तर्हि : then, at that time; therefore, thus
तुल् 10 तुलयति । तोलयति : to weigh
Fig.: तोलन्ति
(Image source: Details)
कर्गल n.: paper
संपुट m.: can (here: package, bundle)
पुरतस् : in front, before, ahead
श्रेष्ठिन् m.: wealthy merchant
जव 3: fast, hurried
द्रु 1P द्रवति to run
Perf. IIIa दुद्राव, दुद्रुवुर्
Fut. द्रोष्यति
Pass. द्रूयते
Caus. द्रावयति
PPP द्रुत
Absol. -द्रुत्य
Inf. द्रोतुम्
रे Interjection: Hey! You there!
अन्यद् 3: another (declension like यद् )
वञ्चक m.: fraudster
पश्चात्ताप m.: remorse
इत्थम् Adv.: in this way, thus
दिन n.: day
जन्मन् n.: birth
आनन्द m.: bliss, joy
Lesson 44
प्रति Preverb: back, against, towards - away
e.g.
हन् + प्रति 2P प्रतिहन्ति : to strike back
वद् + प्रति 1P प्रतिवदति : to say back = to answer
ख्या + प्रति + आ 2P प्रत्याख्याति : to reject, to disdain
या 2P याति : to go, to travel
Perf. IV ययौ
Fut. यास्यति
Pass. यायते
Caus. यापयति
PPP यात
Inf. यातुम्
from this:
यान n.: going, path, vehicle
शी 2Ā शेते : to lie. This root has in all forms of the present stem Guna grade: 1.sg.Ind.Pres.Ā शेये (śe + e). The following forms are particularly noteworthy: 3.pl.Ind.Pres.Ā शेरते, 3.pl.Impf.Ā अशेरत
Perf. IIIa शिश्ये (śi-śī + e)
Fut. शयिष्यते
Caus. शापयति
PPP शयित
Inf. शयितुम्
from this:
शयन n.: couch, bed
Fig.: योगी शयने शेते
(Image source: Details)
नन्द् 1P नन्दति : to rejoice in (तृतीयया)
Perf. I ननन्द
Fut. नन्दिष्यति
Pass.: नन्द्यते
Caus. नन्दयति
PPP नन्दित
Inf. नन्दितुम्
Absol. -नन्द्य
Gerundiv नन्द्य
from this:
नन्दिन् 3: characterized by (special) joy, joyful ; m. name of the mount (वहन) of शिव (a bull)
Fig.: नन्दी
(Image source: Details)
नन्द् + अभि 1P (1Ā) अभिनन्दति : to have one's joy in (द्वितीयया), to greet someone joyfully, to welcome
यम् 1P यच्छति : to hold, carry ; to offer, grant ; to keep together, restrain, bridle, conquer
Perf. Vb ययाम, येमुर्
Fut. यंस्यति
Pass. यम्यते
Caus. यामयति but: नियमयति
PPP यत
Inf. यन्तुम्
Absol. -यम्य
यम् + आ 1U आयच्छति : to stretch, extend
PPP आयत 3: long stretched out
Fig.: आयतो मरुः
(Image source: Details)
यम् + प्र 1P प्रयच्छति : to offer, present, hand over
यम् + सम् 1P संयच्छति : to bind together, tie up, restrain
यत् 1Ā यतते : to strive for (सप्तमी, चतुर्थी, द्वितीया)
Perf. Vb येते
Fut. यतिष्यते
Pass. यत्यते
Caus. यातयति
PPP यत्त
Inf. यतितुम्
from this:
यत्न m.: effort, exertion
Fig.: यत्नेन
(Image source: Details)
रभ् 1Ā रभते (variant form to लभ्): grasp
Perf. Vb रेभे
Fut. रप्स्यते
Pass. रभ्यते
Caus. रम्भयति
PPP रब्ध
Inf. रब्धुम्
Absol. -रभ्य
रभ् + आ 1Ā आरभते : touch, begin, undertake
प्रव्रज्या f. (to प्र-व्रज्): leaving home for homelessness; ceremony by which one becomes a Buddhist novice (Pali: पब्बजा)
Fig.: प्रव्रअज्या / पब्बजा
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 45
वा ... वा : either ... or
Lesson 46
सम 3: equal, just, similar
from this:
समम् Adv.: in the same manner, simultaneously (तृतीयया), evenly
समता f.: equanimity
विषम 3: unequal, uneven, evil
ग्रह् 9U गृह्णाति (gṛh-ṇā-ti) : seize, grab, grasp
Perf Va (!) जग्राह, जगृहुर्
Fut. ग्रहीष्यति
Pass. गृह्यते
Caus.ग्राहयति
PPP गृहीत
Inf. ग्रहितुम्
Absol. -ग्राह्य
from this:
ग्रह m.: grasping, gripper, crocodile, wandering star
नवग्रह m.: the nine wandering stars (not planets!) (see Basham, Wonder p. 493):
- सूर्यः = Sun
- चन्द्रः = Moon
- मङ्गलः = Mars
- बुधः = Mercury
- बृहस्पतिः = Jupiter
- शुक्रः = Venus
- शनिः = Saturn
- राहुः
- केतुः
To राहु and केतु see:
Payer, Alois (1944–): Dharmashastra: Introduction and Overview. -- 10. Sacraments and Transition Rites (samskara). -- Appendix C: Rahu and Ketu, the invisible wandering stars. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/dharmashastra/dharmash10c.htm
Fig.: सूर्यः, चन्द्रः, मङ्गलः
(Image source: Details)
Fig.: बुधः, बृहस्पतिः
(Image source: Details)
Fig.: शुक्रः, शनिः
(Image source: Details)
Fig.: राहुः, केतुः
(Image source: Details)
तुष् 4P तुष्यति : to be content, to be satisfied with (षष्ठ्या, चतुर्थ्या, तृतियया, सप्तम्या)
Perf. II तुतोष, तुतुषुर्
Fut. तोक्ष्यति
Pass. तुष्यते
Caus. तोषयति
PPP तुष्ट
Inf. तोष्टुम्
नम् 1P नमति : to bend, to bow, to incline, to prostrate oneself
Perf. Vb ननाम, नेमुर्
Fut. नंस्यति
Pass. नम्यते
Caus. नमयति । नामयति
PPP नत
Inf. नन्तुम्
Fig.: नारायण तुभ्यं नमामि
(Image source: Details)
रुह् 1P रोहति : to ascend, to climb
Perf. II रुरोह, रुरुहे
Fut. रोक्ष्यति
Pass. रुह्यते
Caus. रोहयति । रोपयति
PPP. रूढ
Inf. रोढुम्
ह्वे । हू 1U ह्वयति : to call, to summon
Perf. IIIa जुहाव, जुहुवे
Fut. ह्वास्यति
Pass. हूयते
Caus. ह्वाययति
PPP हूत
Inf. ह्वातुम्
Absol. -हूय
Fig.: महामात्र कं चरिष्णुदूरशब्देनाह्वयसि
(Image source: Details)
1 महामात्र m. "Mahout"; चरिष्णु 3 "mobile", दूरशब्द m. "long-distance call, telephone" » चरिष्णुदूरशब्द "mobile phone" (word formation: A. Payer)
विभ्रम m.: the going back and forth
भ्रंश m.: the falling away
श्रम् 4P श्राम्यति : to toil, to become tired
Perf. Vc शश्राम, शश्रामुर्
Fut. श्रमिष्यति
Pass. श्रम्यते
Caus. श्रमयति । श्रामयति
PPP श्रान्त
Inf. श्रमितुम्
Absol. श्रमित्वा । श्रान्त्वा
from this:
आश्रम m.n.
श्रि 1U श्रयति : to lean, to lean against, to find support, to go to someone (द्वितीयया, सप्तम्या)
Perf. IIIa शिश्राय, शिश्रिये
Fut. श्रयिष्यति
Pass. श्रीयते
Caus. श्राययति
PPP श्रित
Inf. श्रयितुम्
सञ्ज् 1P सजति : to attach, to stick to (सप्तम्या)
Perf. I ससञ्ज, ससञ्जुर्
Fut. संक्ष्यति
Pass. सज्यते
Caus. सञ्जयति
PPP सक्त
Inf. संक्तुम्
from this:
सङ्ग m.: the attaching to, contact with (तृतीयया)
द्रु 1P द्रवति : run, hasten
Perf IIIa (अनिट्) दुद्राव, दुद्रुवुर्
Fut. द्रोष्यति
Pass. द्रूयते
Caus. द्रावयति
PPP द्रुत
Inf. द्रोतुम्
Absol. -द्रुत्य
भ्रम् 1P भ्रमति । 4Pभ्राम्यति : wander about, roam
Perf. Vc बभ्राम, बभ्रमुर् । Vb भ्रेमुर्
Fut. भ्रमिष्यति
Caus. भ्रमयति
PPP भ्रान्त
Inf. भ्रमितुम्
Absol. -भ्रम्य
from this:
विभ्रम m.: wandering about, confusion, error
लम्ब् 1Ā लम्बते : hang down from (सप्तम्या), hang on to (सप्तम्या)
Perf. I ललम्बे
Fut. लम्बिष्यते
Pass. लम्ब्यते
Caus. लम्बयति
PPP लम्बित
Inf. लम्बितुम्
Absol. -लम्ब्य
Fig.: लम्बोदर नमस्तुभ्यम्
(Image source: Details)
लम्ब् + आ 1Ā आलम्बते : hang on to (द्वितीयया)
यदि conjunction: if
भू + परि 1P परिभवति : surround, master, conquer
PPP परिभूत 3: conquered, humbled, degraded
नि prefix: downwards, down, in, backwards
e.g.
सद् + नि 1P निषीदति : sit down
भोस् vocative particle: exclamation of address, e.g.: hey, heda, oh, ei, hello, hi! often not translatable. This particle has a special sandhi: before all voiced sounds, it becomes भो.
Lesson 48
श्वस् : tomorrow
अद्य : today
लघु 3: light (not heavy, not difficult), fast, short (in expression)
व्याकरण n.: grammar (to व्याकृ)
तन्त्र n.: string ; loom, warp, fabric ; foundation, norm, rule ; doctrine, textbook ; Tantra ; magic formula ; means, trick, medicine ; government, authority
Fig.: तन्त्रम्
Sualkuchi = সুৱালকুচি, Assam = অসম
(Image source: Details)
Fig.: तन्त्री
Sitar player = सितारवादकः
(Image source: Details)
स्त्री f.: woman, wife ; feminine
Declension:
| स्त्री f. | एकवचनम् | बहुवचनम् |
|---|---|---|
| प्रथमा | स्त्री | स्त्रियस् |
| द्वितीया | स्त्रियम् स्त्रीयम् | स्त्रियस् स्त्रीस् |
| तृतीया | स्त्रिया | स्त्रीभिस् |
| चतुर्थी | स्त्रियै | स्त्रीभ्यस् |
| पञ्चमी | स्त्रियास् | स्त्रीभ्यस् |
| षष्ठी | स्त्रियास् | स्त्रीणाम् |
| सप्तमी | स्त्रियाम् | स्त्रीषु |
| आमन्त्रितम् | स्त्रि | स्त्रियस् |
Fig.: स्वतन्त्राः स्त्रियः
Self-help group (SHG), Tamil Nadu = தமிழ்நாடு
(Image source: Details)
दिवानिशम् Adverb: by day and night
सज्ज् 1P सज्जति : to hang, to adhere
कुमार m.: child, youth, prince; epithet of कार्तिकेय / Murugan = முருகன் = മുരുകന് / Subrahmanya = ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ
Fig.: कुमारः
Thaipusam Festival = தைப்பூசம், Batu Caves, Malaysia
(Image source: Details)
कुमारी f.: girl, daughter
Fig.: कुमारी नेपाल
(Image source: Details)
कौमर n.: childhood
यौवन n.: youth
स्थविर 3: old, aged
Fig.: स्थविराः जोधपुर
(Image source: Details)
स्थाविर n.: (advanced) age
वाच्य 3: also: blameworthy
सूक्ष्म 3: fine, tiny, subtle
Fig.: सूक्ष्मम्
Karanji Lake = ಕಾರಂಜಿ ಕೆರೆ
(Image source: Details)
प्रसङ्ग m.: attachment, inclination ; opportunity
विशेष m.: difference, peculiarity
प्रसूति f.: birth, offspring
चरित्र n.: custom, practice, customary law ; conduct
जाया f.: wife
Fig.: मम जाया
(Image: Payer)
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 49
दीर्घ 3: long
ह्रस्व 3: short
आयुस् n.: lifetime (the full lifespan one can live if nothing interferes) ;
thereof:
आयुर्वेद m.: the traditional medical system of India
see:
Carakasaṃhitā: Selected Texts from the Carakasaṃhitā / translated and explained by Alois Payer (1944–). -- 0. Introduction. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/caraka0001.htm
क्षिप् 6P क्षिपति : throw, hurl
Perf. II चिक्षेप, चिक्षेपिथ, चिक्षिपुर्
Fut. क्षेप्स्यति
Pass. क्षिप्यते
Kaus. क्षेपयति
PPP क्षिप्त
Inf. क्षेप्तुम्
Absol. -क्षिप्य
Gerundiv: क्षेप्य
त्वर् 1Ā त्वरते : hasten
Perf. Vc तत्वरे
Fut. त्वरिष्यते
Pass. त्वर्यते
Kaus. त्वरयति
PPP त्वरित । तू्र्ण
Inf. त्वरितुम्
द्रुह् 4P द्रुह्यति : harm
Perf. II दुद्रोह, दुद्रुहुर्
Fut. द्रोहिष्यति । ध्रोक्ष्यति
Pass. द्रुह्यते
Kaus. द्रोहयति
PPP द्रुग्ध । द्रूढ
Inf. द्रोग्धुम्
कुलूहल n.: curiosity, interest
Fig.: कुलूहलम्
(Image source: Details)
कृत्स्न 3: whole, complete
परिचय m.: acquaintance
कला f.: art
Fig.: उत्तमा काला शिवो नटराजा, 11th cent.
(Image source: Details)
वर m.n.: wish
उत Indecl.: and, also, or
विहंग m.: bird ("going into the air-स्dream - विह")
Fig.: विहंगः
(Image source: Details)
वेष m.: garment, appearance, exterior
Fig.: वेषः वाराणस्याम्
(Image source: Details)
छन्न n.: blanket, hiding place
पञ्जर n.: cage
Fig.: पञ्जरम्
Fortune teller with parrot in cage: the parrot draws slips of paper on which fate is written Mysore
(Image source: Details)
चाण्डाल । चण्डाल m.: lowest caste of the Dalits
स्वयम् Indecl.: self, of itself
अवनि f.: earth
मुहूर्त m.,n.: moment, instant
ध्यै 1P ध्यायति : to imagine, to think
Perf. IV दध्यौ
Fut. ध्यास्यति
Pass. ध्यायते
Caus. ध्यापयति
PPP ध्यात
Inf. ध्यातुम्
Gerundive ध्येय
आदर m.: consideration, attention, respect
Fig.: सादरः
Amritsar = ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ
(Image source: Details)
कुतुक n. = कुलूहल n.
परम 3: farthest, highest ; पञ्चम्या : better than, higher than
शिशु m.: child, young one
Fig.: गजशिशुः
Sri Lanka
(Image source: Details)
Lesson 50
ध्रुव 3: firm, unchangeable
निषेक m.: sprinkling, fertilization, liquid, ejaculation, ceremony at conception
पण्डित 3: clever, wise, learned
मन् + अव 4Ā अवमन्यते : to disregard, to despise
मन्त्रिन् 3: advisory ; m.: advisor, councilor, minister
Fig.: मन्त्री
Kapil Sibal (1948 -), Union minister in Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Earth Sciences (since 2006)
(Image source: Details)
रहस् n.: secret, solitude
रिष् 1P रिषति 4P रिष्यति : to be damaged, to fail, to injure
Perf. II रिरेष, रिरिषुर्
Fut. रेषिष्यति
Pass. रिष्यते
Caus. रेषयति
PPP रिष्ट
लुप् 6U लुम्पति : to break, to destroy
Perf. II लुलोप, लुलुपे
Fut. लोप्स्यति
Pass. लुप्यते
Caus. लोपयति
PPP लुप्त
Inf. लोप्तुम्
Gerundive लुप्य । लोप्य
विधि m.: also: fate (to विधा)
वृष् 1P वर्षति : to rain (mostly with a कर्तृ -- a god or a cloud)
Perf. II ववर्ष, ववृषुर्
Fut. वर्षिष्यति
Pass. वृष्यते
Caus. वर्षयति
PPP वृष्ट
Inf. वर्षितुम्
Abs. वर्षित्वा । वृष्ट्वा
Abs.-वृष्य
Fig.: महामेघो वर्षिष्यति
Arrival of the monsoon, Bangalore ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Image source: Details)
संयक् Adv.: correct, true, in the proper manner ; thoroughly, completely
आदित्य m.: sun ; pl.: Āditya : a specific class of gods
Fig.: आदित्यः
(Image source: Details)
सर्व 3: each, all
Declension like यद् (exception: Nom.Acc.sg.Neuter)
| Singular एकवचनम् | Plural बहुवचनम् | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine पुंस् | Neuter नपुंसकम् | Feminine स्त्री | Masculine पुंस् | Neuter नपुंसकम् | Feminine स्त्री | |||
| 1. Nominative १. प्रथमा | सर्वस् | सर्वम् | सर्वा | सर्वे | सर्वाणि | सर्वास् | ||
| 2. Accusative २. द्वितीया | सर्वम् | सर्वम् | सर्वाम् | सर्वान् | सर्वाणि | सर्वास् | ||
| 3. Instrumental ३. तृतीया | सर्वेण | सर्वया | सर्वैस् | |||||
| 4. Dative ४. चतुर्थी | सर्वस्मै | सर्वस्यै | सर्वेभ्यस् | |||||
| 5. Ablative ५. पञ्चमी | सर्वस्मात् | सर्वस्यास् | सर्वेभ्यस् | |||||
| 6. Genitive ६. षष्ठी | सर्वस्य | सर्वस्यास् | सर्वेषाम् | |||||
| 7. Locative ७. सप्तमी | सर्वस्मिन् | सर्वस्याम् | सर्वेषु | |||||
वै : Particle, which emphasizes the preceding word: indeed, truly, but
इह Adv.: here, here on earth, hither; now. Before nouns in the locative (षष्ठी) synonymous with अस्मिन्, अस्याम् कल्प m: ordinance, custom, ritual; World period (to कॢप्)
कल्याण 3 (f.: कल्याणी) :beautiful
Fig.: कल्याणी
(Image source: Details)
कु- : as the first member of compounds: bad
Fig.: कुनगरम् धारावी, मुंबई
(Image source: Details)
चक्ष् 2Ā चष्टे 2.pl. Ā चड्ढ्वे : to see
Perf. चचक्षे
not used in the other tenses
चक्ष् + प्र 2Ā प्रचष्टे : to tell, to consider as, to name
देश m.: place, spot, land, region
Lesson 51
अजिन n.: antelope skin, esp. the skin of the black antelope (blackbuck : Antilope cervicapra L. ). Originally occurred throughout the Indian subcontinent from Punjab and Sind to Bengal and from Nepal to Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) (Tamil: கன்னியாகுமரி) See:
Walker's mammals of the world / Ronald M. Nowak. -- 6th ed. -- Baltimore [etc.] : Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., 1999. -- 2 vols. -- ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. -- Vol. 2. -- pp. 1193f.
Fig.:
(Image source: Details)
अतिथि m.: guest
अभ्यन्तर 3: located inside, nearest; m. the closest relative, native
अरण्य n.: wilderness, forest
अरण्य n.: wilderness, forest
ऋतु m.: periodic process, season, time period, menstruation, time when the woman is fertile and has a right to sexual intercourse with her husband.
Regarding ऋतु see Manu III, 45-48: according to this, ऋतु lasts 16 days (according to the alternative translation: 20 days) from the beginning of menstruation; sexual intercourse is forbidden during the first four days after the onset of bleeding (according to the alternative translation: during the first eight (4 + 4) days), as well as on the 11th (or 15th) and 13th (or 18th) day. On even days, the woman conceives sons; on odd days, daughters. For what follows, a ऋतु of 16 days in total (not the alternative translation) is assumed, as most indigenous commentaries do, which was thus the prevailing view.
Since ovulation occurs 14 days before the start of menstruation, this determination of the fertile period nearly "guarantees" fertility for a menstrual interval of 19 to 30 days. The forbidden days (11th and 13th) improve the probability of sexual intercourse on the 12th and 14th days, i.e., the probability of conception in a cycle of 28 days (the lifespan of sperm in the woman is approximately 3 days). These regulations can be described as a positive application of Knaus-Ogino.
Fig.: ऋतुः
(Image source: Details)
एकत्र Adv.: in one place
जटा f.: hair braid (ascetic hairstyle)
Fig.: जटा ऋषिकेश
(Image source: Details)
तुल्य 3: equal, comparable (तृतीयया)
तरय 3 (f.: तरयी): threefold, consisting of three parts
प्राणान्तिक 3 (f.: -ī): deadly, bringing death, lifelong
बाह्य 3: outside, located outdoors, foreign
भिक्षा f.: begged alms, begging food
मार्यादा f.: boundary, limit
शिष् 7P शिनष्टि : to leave, to abandon
Perf.II शिशेषे, शिशिषुर्
Fut. शेक्ष्यति
Pass. शिष्यते
Caus. शेषयति
PPPशिष्ट
Absol. -शिष्य
शिष् + वि 7P विशिनष्टि : to distinguish
Pass. विशिष्यते : to differ from (पञ्चम्या, तृतीयया), to be better than (पञ्चम्या, तृतीयया), to be the best among (षष्ठ्या, सप्तम्या)
समान 3: of the same kind, equal, similar; m.: contemporary
स्व 3: own, one's (my, your etc.). Declined like सर्व. In the Abl.Loc.sg.m.n and in Nom.pl.m it can also be declined like देव:
Abl.sg.m.n स्वस्मात् । स्वात्
Loc.sg.m.n. स्वस्मिन् । स्वे
Nom.pl.m स्वे । स्वास्
गर्ह् 1Ā गर्हते 10P गर्हयति : to scold, to blame
Perf I जगर्हे
Fut. गर्हिष्यते
PPP गर्हित
पिशित n.: (prepared) meat
Fig.: पिशितम्
Kolkata = কলকাতা
(Image source: Details)
उपहार m.: offering, sacrifice, gift
मधु n.: honey, sweet drink, mead (honey wine)
Fig.: मधु
City Palace, उदयपुर
(Image source: Details)
मांस n.: meat
मृगया f.: hunting
Fig.: मृगया
Hunting with चीता (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) Gujarat = ગુજરાત, 1812
(Image source: Details)
शिवा f.: (female) jackal (golden jackal = Canis aureus)
Fig.: शिवा
Canis aureus, Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary
(Image source: Details)
रुत n.: shouting
कौशिक m.: owl
Fig.: कौशिकः
Brahma owl (Athene brama), Mahesana = મહેસાણા
(Image source: Details)
शकुनि m.: bird
श्वन् m.: dog
strong stem श्वान्
weak stem before vowel सुन्
weak stem before consonant श्व
Fig.: श्वा लिङ्गं च
Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
(Image source: Details)
परिचित 3: familiar, known
अटवी f.: forest
शून्य 3: empty, desolate
आपान(क) n.: drinking bout
Fig.: आपानकम् जोधपुर
(Image source: Details)
क्रूर 3: raw, cruel
दिह् 2U देग्धि, दिग्धे : to smear, daub
Perf. II दिदेह
Fut. धेक्ष्यति
Pass. दिह्यते
Caus. देहयति
PPP दिग्ध
विष n.: poison
Fig.: मूषिकाविषाणि
Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Image source: Details)
भुजंग m.: snake
Fig.: भुजंगः
Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Image source: Details)
सायक m.: arrow
उत्साद m.: destruction, perishing
कलत्र Neuter: wife, female
बन्दी f.: captive, booty
योषित् f.: young woman, girl
शार्दूल m. = व्याघ्र m.
रुधिर n.: blood
अर्चन n. अर्चना f. = पूजा f.
बलि m.: payment, donation, tribute
मणि m.: jewel
Fig.: मणिः
Hope Diamond from Guntur = గుంటూరు, today Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington DC
(Image source: Details)
वन n.: forest
मद m.: also "must" of an elephant (in Musth)
Fig.: मदः
(Image source: Details)
राग m.: also: color, red color
कालन n.: forest
खन् 1U खनति : to dig
Perf. चखान, चखने
Fut. खनिष्यति
Caus. खानयति
PPP खात
Absol. खनित्वा । खात्वा
चिन्त् 10 चिन्तयति : to think, to ponder
शबर .: proper name of a non-Aryan tribe
Lesson 52
अखिल 3: seamless, whole
निखिल 3: complete, whole
from:
खिल m.: fallow field, wasteland
Fig.: खिलः
Tambhol, Akole, Ahmednagar = अहमदनगर
(Image source: Details)
अन्तर् Adv.: inside, in the interior; postposition with Gen. Loc. (षष्टी, सप्तमी): within, in the middle; postposition with Gen. Abl. (षष्ठी, पञ्चमी): out of ...
अन्योन्य 3: mutually, each other
इ + वि + परि 2P विपर्येति : to fail
PPP विपरीत 3: wrong, incorrect
त्रि 3: three
| Masculine पुंस् | Neuter नपुंसकम् | Feminine स्त्री | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Nominative १. प्रथमा | त्रयस् | त्रीणि | तिस्रस् |
| 2. Accusative २. द्वितीया | त्रीन् | त्रीणि | तिस्रस् |
| 3. Instrumental ३. तृतीया | त्रिभिस् | ||
| 4. Dative ४. चतुर्थी | त्रिभ्यस् | ||
| 5. Ablative ५. पञ्चमी | त्रिभ्यस् | ||
| 6. Genitive ६. षष्ठी | त्रयाणाम् | ||
| 7. Locative ७. सप्तमी | त्रिषु | ||
निस् Postposition and prefix with nouns and verbs: out, away, out of, forth, from, away, without - by
पीड् 10P पीडयति : to press, torment; to distress, besiege, plague
Fig.: पीडिताः
Hyderabad = హైదరాబాద్
(Image source: Details)
पर 3: (declension like सर्व) distant, foreign, higher than (पञ्चम्या), outermost, highest; other, foreign, hostile; m.: foreigner
thereof:
परम् Adv.: to a high degree, thereupon, later, but, however
प्रति Postposition (द्वितीयया): to - towards, after, with regard to, opposite
प्रधान 3: principal, best; n.: the most important
Fig.: प्रधानः मुंबई
(Image source: Details)
लौल्य n.: greed, lustfulness
वर्ग m.: section, division, group
त्रिवर्ग m.: group of three (e.g. धर्मः, अर्थः, कामः; or: सत्त्वम्, रजस्, तमस्; or: ब्राह्मणाः, क्षत्रियाः, वैश्याः)
वश् 2P वस्टि, उशन्ति, Imperat. 2.sg.: उड्ढि : to want, command, desire
Perf Va उवाश, ऊशुर्
Fut. वशिष्यति
Pass. उष्यते
Kaus. वाशयति
PPP उशित
Inf. वशितुम्
Absol. -वश्य
वा 2P वाति : to blow, to breathe
Perf IV ववौ
Fut. वास्यति
Pass. वायते
Kaus. वापयति
PPP वान । वात
Inf. वातुम्
from this:
वात m.: wind
वृज् 7P वृणक्ति 1P वर्जति : to turn, to rotate; to ward off, to exclude
Perf. II ववर्ज, ववृजुर्
Fut. वर्जिष्यति
Pass. वृज्यते
Kaus. वर्जयति : to remove
Kaus. PPP वर्जित : deprived of something, free from
PPP वृक्त
Inf. वर्जितुम्
व्यवहार m.: activity, conduct, interaction, commerce, business, trade, (legal) process
शील n.: custom, habit, nature, character, good habit = morality
सूर्य m.: sun
सेव् 1Ā सेवते : to serve someone (द्वितीया), to attend, to honor, to love
Perf I सिषेवे
Fut. सेविष्यते
Pass. सेव्यते
Kaus. सेवयति
PPP सेवित
Inf. सेवितुम्
Absol. -सेव्य
from this:
सेवा f.: service, attendance
धीर 3: firm, steadfast, continuous, persistent
शम् शाम्यति
शशाम, शेमुर् शमिष्यति शम्यते शमयति शान्त शमित्वा । शान्त्वा
कोविद 3: experienced in (षष्ठ्या सप्तम्या वा)
याम m.: night watch (each three hours)
परंपरा f.: uninterrupted series
अमुत्र Adv.: there, thither
च्यु 1Ā च्यवते : to move, to travel, to fall down
Perf. IIIa चुच्युवे
Fut. च्योष्यते
Pass. च्यूयते
Kaus. च्यावयति
PPP च्युत
भू + अनु 1P अनुभवति : recognize, feel, perceive, experience
चक्र n.: wheel
Fig.: चक्रम्
Konark = कोनार्क
(Image source: Details)
कदली f.: banana tree (Musa sp.)
Fig.: कदली
Hampi = ಹಂಪೆ
(Image source: Details)
सार m.n.: core, marrow, essence, substance
दिव्य 3: heavenly, divine
वर 3: best
आदर्श m.: mirror
मल m.n.: dirt, blemish
Fig.: मलम् मुंबई
(Image source: Details)
त्रिपिष्टप n.: Indra's heaven
मार m.: the personified evil, the personified temptation/manipulation, devil
Fig.:
Amaravati = అమరావతి, 2nd cent. CE
(Image source: Details)
विजिज्ञासु 3: one who wishes to recognize completely
त्रै 1Ā त्रायते : protect, save
Perf. IV तत्रे
Fut. त्रास्यते
Pass. त्रायते
Caus. त्रापयति
PPP त्राण । त्रात
Inf. त्रातुम्