Vocabulary List (Complete Overview)

All new words from the course in the order of their introduction, with thematic explanations.

Lesson 2

deva m. -- देव : Celestial being, god; prince, king.

īśvara m. -- ईश्वर : Lord, ruler, god (monotheistic).

brāhmaṇa m. -- ब्राह्मण : Brāhmaṇa (priestly class).

kṣatriya m. -- क्षत्रिय : Kṣatriya (warrior and ruling class).

vaiśya m. -- वैश्य : Vaiśya (agricultural and merchant class).

śūdra m. -- शूद्र : Śūdra (service class).

According to classical theory (e.g., Manusmṛti I, 88-91), the duties are distributed as follows:

of the Brāhmaṇas
study of the Vedas
teaching
sacrifice for oneself
sacrifice for others
giving (donations)
receiving gifts
of the Kṣatriyas
protecting the people
giving gifts (to Brāhmaṇas)
sacrificing for oneself
study of the Vedas
of the Vaiśyas
cattle rearing
agriculture
trade
money lending
sacrificing for oneself
giving gifts (to Brāhmaṇas)
sacrificing for oneself
study of the Vedas
of the Śūdras
serving the three upper classes

dvija m. -- द्विज : "Twice-born" (initiates of the upper three classes: Brāhmaṇa, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya).

varṇa m. -- वर्ण : Color, birth class (social order).

The four classes (varṇa m.) are often confused with castes. However, the four classes -- unlike castes -- are not specifically Indian; in Europe as well, we had (partly up to the First World War) a class system, as evidenced by the following illustration from the 15th century:

Fig.: Illustration of the estate division of the European Middle Ages (woodcut from the late 15th century).
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Caption:
Priestly estate (~Brāhmaṇa): Tu supplex ora = You pray earnestly!
Noble estate (~Kṣatriya): Tu protege = You protect!
Peasant estate (~Vaiśya/Śūdra): Tuque labora = And you work!

The three estates wear their respective estate attire. Above the estates – thereby designated as willed by God – Christ reigns.

Max Weber (1864–1920) defines estate as follows:

»Estate« is to denote a multitude of people who, within an association, effectively
a) claim an estate-specific special esteem, - possibly also
b) estate-specific special monopolies.

Estates can arise
a) primarily, through their own estate-specific way of life, particularly through the type of profession (way-of-life or professional estates),
b) secondarily, hereditarily charismatic, through successful prestige claims based on estate-specific descent (birth estates),
c) through estate-specific appropriation of political or hierocratic lordships as monopolies (political or hierocratic estates).

The development of birth estates is regularly a form of (hereditary) appropriation of privileges to an association or to qualified individuals. Any fixed appropriation of opportunities, particularly [of] lordships [or occupational] opportunities, tends to lead to the formation of estates. Any formation of estates tends to lead to the monopolistic appropriation of lordships and occupational opportunities.

As occupational classes grow on the foundation of a market-oriented economy, estates arise and persist preferably on the foundation of monopolistically led liturgical or feudal or estate-based patrimonial provision of needs by associations.

»Estate-based« is to denote a society when the social stratification occurs preferably according to estates, »class-based«, if it occurs preferably according to classes. Of the »classes«, the »social« class is closest to the »estate«, while the »occupational class« is furthest away. Estates are often formed by property classes according to their focal point.

Every estate-based society is conventional, ordered by rules of life conduct, thereby creating economically irrational consumption conditions and hindering free market formation through monopolistic appropriations and by excluding the free disposal of one's own earning capacity.

[Weber, Max (1864–1920): Economy and Society : Outline of Interpretive Sociology. – 5th, revised ed. – Tübingen : Mohr, 1976. – p. 625 ff.]

Varṇas are accordingly birth-estates.

kavi m. -- कवि : Poet.

agni m. -- अग्नि : Fire, God Agni.

Fig.: God Agni, miniature painting, 18th century.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

sādhu 3 -- साधु : correct, good.

sādhu m. -- साधु : "holy" man, Sādhu.

Fig.: Sādhu (साधु), Pashupatinath Temple, Kathmandu.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

guru 3 -- गुरु : heavy, significant, worthy of veneration

guru m. -- गुरु : worthy of veneration person: father, mother, elder relative, esp. teacher, master

Lesson 3

Learn the following words:

śruti f. = श्रुति : hearing, the eternal tradition (designation for the Vedas and Brāhmaṇa's).

smṛti f. = स्मृति : recollection, memory, meditative recollection = mindfulness, tradition (counter-concept to śruti). Encompasses:
the six vedāṅga n. (वेदाङ्ग)

śikṣā f. (शिक्षा): correct pronunciation
chandas n. (छन्दस्): meter
vyākaraṇa n. (व्याकरण): grammar
nirukta n. (निरुक्त) : word explanation, etymology
jyotiṣa n. (ज्योतिष) : astronomy, calendar science
kalpa m. (कल्प) : ceremonial
śrautasūtra n. (श्रौतसूत्र) : instructional texts for the performance of great sacrifices
gṛhyasūtra n. (गृह्यसूत्र) : instructional texts for the ceremonies and sacrifices of daily life
dharmasūtra n. (धर्मसूत्र) and dharmaśāstra n. (धर्मशास्त्र) : instructional texts on law and custom (right conduct)
the great epics mahābhārata n. (महाभारत) and rāmāyaṇa n. (रामायण)
the purāṇa n. (पुराण)
nītiśāstra n. (नीतिशास्त्र) : instructional texts on worldly wisdom

smṛti is also particularly a designation for Dharma instructional texts.

dhenu f. = धेनु : (milk) cow.

paśu m. = पशु : domesticated livestock, cattle (collective noun).

devatā f. = देवता : deity (abstract and concrete).

brāhmaṇī f. = ब्राह्मणी : Brahmanin.

kṣatriyā f. = क्षत्रिया : female Kṣatriya.

kṣatriyī f. = क्षत्रियी : wife of a Kṣatriya.

vaiśyā f. = वैश्या : female Vaiśya.

śūdrā f. = शूद्रा : female Śūdra.

śūdrī f. / śūdrāṇī f. = शूद्री शूद्राणी : wife of a Śūdra.

devī f. = देवी : goddess, esp. Durgā f. = दुर्गा, the consort of Śiva's = शिव.

Fig.: Durgā = दुर्गा, Orissa
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

sādhvī f. = साध्वी : fem. from sādhu.

gurvī f. = गुर्वी : fem. from guru.

asmitā f. = अस्मिता : "I-am-ness", i.e. the (false) belief: I am he who sees etc.

ānvīkṣikī f. = आन्वीक्षिकी : philosophy (the science that arrives at its conclusions through logically correct reasoning).

upekṣā f. = उपेक्षा : non-attention, equanimity.

karuṇā f. = करुणा : compassion, pity.

muditā f. = मुदिता : joy, especially sympathetic joy (opposite of envy).

Lesson 5

Learn the following words:

abhiniveṣa m. = अभिनिवेष : inclination, tenacity, insistence; specifically: attachment to the body as if it were something one's own.

kāma m. = काम : desire, craving, desired gift, sensual pleasure, love; the god of love Kāma.

Fig.: God Kāma = kāmadeva = कामदेव, 18th century
(Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain)

krodha m. = क्रोध : anger.

kleśa m. = क्लेश : torment, plague.

trayī f. = त्रयी : triad; esp. the three Vedas (Ṛgveda, Sāmaveda, Yajurveda).

daṇḍanīti f. = दण्डनीति : politics (a Tatpuruṣa compound from daṇḍa m. = "stick, power, rule, punishment" and nīti f. = "right guidance").

dvijāti 3 / dvija 3 = द्विजाति / द्विज : twice-born.

dveṣa m. = द्वेष : hatred.

maitrī f. = मैत्री : friendship, friendliness, friendly goodwill.

rāga m. = राग : (red) color, passion, love.

lobha m. = लोभ : greed, avarice.

varṇa m. = वर्ण : color, genus, social class.

vārttā f. = वार्त्ता : livelihood, economics (economy).

vidyā f. = विद्या : knowledge, science.

avidyā f. = अविद्या : ignorance, non-knowledge.

ca = च : and.
(It is placed after the word it connects. When connecting multiple words, it ideally stands behind the first word of the last linking element: brāhmaṇāḥ kṣatriyā vaiśyāḥ śūdrāś ca = ब्राह्मणाः क्षत्रिया वैश्याः शूद्राश्च).

ca ... ca = च ... च : both ... and.

Lesson 6

In Sanskrit, verbs are listed in the root form. The number following the root indicates the conjugation class.

P: Root is only Parasmaipada
Ā: Root is only Ātmanepada
U: Ubhayapada ("both word forms"): Root is used in both Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada.
(): In parentheses is the 3rd person singular present indicative (laṭ).

Learn the following words:
yaj 1 U (yajati) यज् यजति : to honor with a sacrifice, to offer
bhū 1 P (bhavati) भू भवति : to become, to arise, to be
smṛ 1 P (smarati) स्मृ स्मरति : to make present, to remember
nṛt 4 P (nṛtyati) नृत् नृत्यति : to dance
nī 1 U (nayati) नी नयति : to lead
man 4 Ā (manyate) मन् मन्यते : to think
muh 4 P (muhyati) मुह् मुह्यति : to be confused
yudh 4 Ā (yudhyate) युध् युध्यते : to fight
viś 6 P (viśati) विश् विशति : to enter
sṛj 6 P (sṛjati) सृज् सृजति : to let go, to release from oneself, to emanate

Lesson 7

Learn the following words:

aś 5 Ā (aśnute) अश् अश्नुते : reach, arrive at, attain
āp 5 P (āpnoti) आप् आप्नोति : reach, attain
kup 4 P (kupyati) कुप् कुप्यति : be angry
krudh 4 P (krudhyati) क्रुध् क्रुध्यति : be angry
khād 1 P (khādati) खाद् खादति : chew, eat
śru 5 P (śṛṇoti !) श्रु शृणोति : hear (something: Accusative, someone: Genitive or Accusative; about: Accusative; from someone: Genitive, Ablative, Instrumental)
su 5 U (sunoti) सु सुनोति : press out
soma m. सोम : pressed drink, Soma; Moon (Which plant was used to press Soma is still disputed today).

Fig.: Was this the Vedic Soma plant?: Fly agaric: Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

phala n. फल : fruit (also in a figurative sense: (karmic) fruit of an action)
nṛtya n. नृत्य : dance
svarga m. स्वर्ग : heaven
naraka m. नरक : hell (according to one Hindu conception, the universe has the shape of an egg (Brahmāṇḍa m.n. = ब्रह्माण्ड = "Egg of Brahmā"): above the earth are six heavens with increasing bliss, below the earth are seven so-called pātāla n. = पाताल, dwellings of the nāga m. = नाग (snakes) and other mythical beings, among them are 7 hells with increasing torments)
aṅga n. अङ्ग : limb of the body, component; also = vedāṅga = वेदाङ्ग
gam 1 P (gacchati) गम् गच्छति : go (According to the indigenous verb classification, it belongs to Present Class 1, but is actually a formation with a present stem-forming suffix -ccha-: gam » Strengthened grade (gm ») ga-ccha-ti)

Lesson 8

Learn the following words:

ji 1 P (jayati) जि जयति : to conquer, defeat
labh 1 Ā (labhate) लभ् लभते : to grasp, obtain, seize
tu तु : but (appears after the first word of the contrasting sentence or clause)
paś 4 P (paśyati) पश् पश्यति : to see, behold (used as the present stem instead of the root dṛś 0 "to see, behold")
kṛ 8 U (karoti) कृ करोति : to make, do
tan 8 U (tanoti) तन् तनोति : to stretch
rakṣ 1 P (rakṣati) रक्ष् रक्षति : to guard
sārathi m. सारथि : charioteer, coachman
kapi m. कपि : ape
kumārī f. कुमारी : the girl, maiden
nāga m. नाग : the naked one, elephant, snake (elephants and snakes have no fur, just as the "naked ape" human)
gaja m. गज : elephant
śuc 1 P (śocati) शुच् शोचति : to mourn
śuka m. शुक : parrot
pat 1 P (patati) पत् पतति : to fall, fly
patrikā f. पत्रिका : letter
likh 1 P (likhati) लिख् लिखति : to incise, write (originally with a stylus on palm leaves, but later in general)

Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Indian steel stylus for incising into palm leaves
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Writing stick of the Batak (Sumatra), as it was presumably also used in India
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

sukha n. सुख : happiness, well-being
duḥkha n. दुःख : unhappiness, suffering

Lesson 9

Learn the following words:

adhyayana n. (अध्ययन) : learning, in particular Vedic study

Fig.: adhyayana = अध्ययन, Sri Skandaguru Vidyalayam, Tiruparankundram near Madurai.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

kāru m. / kāruka m. (कारु / कारुक) : craftsman

Fig.: kāru = कारु, Gujarat.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

kuśīlava m. (कुशीलव) : (wandering) showman, actor, singer
kusīda n. (कुसीद) : usury
kṛṣ 1 P (karṣati) कृष् कर्षति : to pull
kṛṣ 6 U (kṛṣati) कृष् कृषति : to plow
from this: kṛṣi f. / kṛṣikā f. (कृषि / कृषिका) : agriculture
dāna n. (दान) : giving, gift, generosity
pratigraha m. (प्रतिग्रह) : receiving, gift
pravacana n. (प्रवचन) : speech, (oral) instruction
pāśupālya n. (पाशुपाल्य) : cattle rearing, livestock farming
to yaj 1 U:
ijyā f. (इज्या) : sacrifice (from *yj » ij + suffix yā)
yajana n. (यजन) : sacrifice on behalf of someone else
rūpa n. (रूप) : appearance, form, beautiful form, nature, being
vāṇijya n. / vāṇijyā f. / vaṇijyā f. (वाणिज्य / वाणिज्या / वणिज्या) : trade
śuśrūṣā f. (शुश्रूषा) : obedience, obedient service

Lesson 10

Learn the following words:

gṛha n. गृह : house
grāma m. ग्राम : village
nagara n. नगर : city

For urban and village life, see Basham, Wonder, Chapter 6.

yajña m. यज्ञ : sacrifice

In India, the sacrifice is primarily an honoring of the deity as a guest. By this one obligates oneself to the deity.

Word formation: yaj 1 U + kṛt-suffix -na-.

puṇya n. पुण्य : good deed, merit

By which one earns well-being and good rebirths.

pāpa n. पाप : evil deed, evil (opposite of puṇya)
satya n. सत्य : truth

In India, the true word was attributed with magical power; indeed, the entire cosmic order is maintained and created by the true word. For this important concept, see the fundamental work:

Lüders, Heinrich (1869–1943): Varuna / Heinrich Lüders. Edited from the estate by Ludwig Alsdorf. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. -- Vol. 2: Varuna and Ṛta. -- 1959. -- XXIII pages, pp. 340 - 764

Fig.: वरुणः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

anṛta n. अनृत : untruth, lie (opposite of satya)

Word formation an- (“un-”) + ṛta n.

ṛta is a central concept in the Veda, whose translation is disputed: “truth” (Lüders, Thieme), “order” (Renou).

ṛṣi m. ऋषि : Vedic sage, author of Vedic hymns

The names of these ṛṣis are mentioned in the Brāhmaṇas as well as in separate lists of the Vedas. All Brahmins trace their origin to such ṛṣis, after whom their gotra (गोत्र) are named. For the concept of gotra, see Basham, Wonder, Chapter 5.

Fig.: विश्वामित्रः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

vad 1 P (vadati) वद् वदति : to say, to speak
prach 6 P (pṛcchati !) प्रच्छ् पृच्छति : to ask (someone: Acc.; about something: Acc.)
saha सह : together with, jointly with (also in the context of "to fight with" etc.) (Postposition with Instrumental)

Lüders, Heinrich (1869–1943): Varuna / Heinrich Lüders. Edited from the estate by Ludwig Alsdorf. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. -- Vol. 2: Varuna and the Ṛta. -- 1959. -- XXIII pages, pp. 340 - 764

Fig.: वरुणः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

anṛta n. अनृत : untruth, lie (opposite of satya)

Word formation an- ("un-") + ṛta n.

ṛta is a central concept in the Veda, whose translation is disputed: "truth" (Lüders, Thieme), "order" (Renou).

ṛṣi m. ऋषि : Vedic sage, author of Vedic hymns

Fig.: विश्वामित्रः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Fig.: वरुणः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

anṛta n. अनृत : untruth, lie (opposite of satya)

Word formation an- ("un-") + ṛta n.

ṛta is a central concept in the Veda, whose translation is disputed: "truth" (Lüders, Thieme), "order" (Renou).
ṛṣi m. ऋषि : Vedic sage, author of Vedic hymns

The names of these ṛṣis are mentioned in the Brāhmaṇas as well as in separate lists of Vedic hymns. All Brahmanas trace their origin to such ṛṣis, after whom their gotra (गोत्र) are named. For the concept gotra see Basham, Wonder, Chap. 5.

Fig.: विश्वामित्रः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

vad 1 P (vadati) वद् वदति : to say, to speak
prach 6 P (pṛcchati !) प्रच्छ् पृच्छति : to ask (someone: Acc.; about something: Acc.)
saha सह : together with, jointly with (also in "to fight with" etc.) (Postposition with Instrumental)

Lesson 11

Learn the following words:

iti इति : thus
Stands after the formulation of a thought, wish, utterance, quote almost as quotation marks (").
e.g. sādhavaḥ svargaṃ gacchantīti brāhmaṇā vadanti "Brahmanas say: 'The righteous go to heaven'" = "Brahmanas say that the righteous go to heaven".
In Sanskrit there is no indirect speech; formations with iti often need to be rendered in German as indirect speech.
... (quote) ... iti śrutiḥ = "thus the Veda".
Often a verb of thinking is to be added after iti: "thinking: '...' he does that". Render idiomatically in German (e.g. "Because he is hungry, he goes...").

evam एवम् : thus (adverbially, e.g. evaṃ jayati "thus he conquers").
na न : not
Negates individual words (stands immediately before them: na sādhuḥ "not a good person") or entire sentences (stands at the beginning or immediately before the verb).

putra m. पुत्र : son (In India it was necessary to beget a son who could perform the sacrifices for the ancestors.)
dharma m. धर्म : ("that which is firm," i.e.) right, law, custom, character.
Corresponds most closely to natural law/moral law. Everyone has their own duties (svadharma) according to varṇa and āśrama (stage of life).
adharma m. अधर्म : wrong (opposite of dharma).
iṣ 6 P (icchati) इष् इच्छति : to wish (iṣ-ccha-ti).

Some nominal formations:

vad 1 P वद् : to say
vāda m. वाद : utterance, statement, word
vadana n. वदन : speaking; instrument of speech: mouth, face

Fig.: vadanāni = वदनानि
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

prach 6 P प्रच्छ् : to ask
praśna m. प्रश्न : question (suffix -na as in yaj-ña)

iṣ 6 P इष् : to wish
iṣṭi f. इष्टि : wish (iṣ + -ti)

Lesson 12

budh 4 Ā (budhyate) / 1 U (bodhati), PPP buddha बुध् बुध्यते बोधति बुद्ध : to awaken, to awaken to knowledge, to recognize; PPP buddha 3 awakened, hence Buddha = "the Awakened" (not: the Enlightened)

Fig.: गौतमो बुद्धः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

dah 1 P (dahati), PPP dagdha दह् दहति दग्ध : to burn (something)
sah 1 Ā (sahate), PPP soḍha सह् sahate soḍha : to overcome, to endure, to bear patiently = to forgive
mṛga m. मृग : wild animal
mārga m. मार्ग : path (paths were often game trails)

Fig.: मार्गः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

api अपि : also (postposed)

Regarding the 6th conjugation class, some roots are counted by indigenous grammarians that form the present stem with a nasal infix and thematic vowel a, e.g.:

muc 6 U (muñcati), PPP mukta मुच् मुञ्चति मुक्त : to release, to let go, to free; to liberate from the cycle of rebirths (saṃsāra m.) = to redeem
sic 6 U (siñcati), PPP sikta सिच् सिञ्चति सिक्त : to sprinkle

Regarding word formation:

muc: mokṣa m. मोक्ष : release, liberation, redemption
sic + abhi-: abhiṣeka m. अभिषेक : anointing of a king during the royal consecration, royal consecration
budh: bodhi m./f. बोधि : awakening (through which a Buddha or Jina attains liberating insight)

Fig.: महावीरो जिनः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

buddhi f. (budh + -ti) बुद्धि : insight, organ of cognition.

12.5.1. Passive and PPP of the roots learned so far

Root धातु	Passive Present 3. sg. Indicative यक् लट्	PPP क्त
aś 5 Ā अश्	aśyate अश्यते	aṣṭa अष्ट
āp 5 P आप्	āpyate आप्यते	āpta आप्त
as 2 P अस्	—	bhūta भूत
bhaj 1 U भज्	bhajyate भज्यते	bhakta भक्त
bhū 1 P भू	bhūyate भूयते	bhūta भूत
budh 4 Ā / 1 U बुध्	budhyate बुध्यते	buddha बुद्ध
dah 1 P दह्	dahyate दह्यते	dagdha दग्ध
div 4 P दिव्	dīvyate दीव्यते	dyūta द्यूत
dṛś दृश्	dṛśyate दृश्यते	dṛṣṭa दृष्ट
gam 1 P गम्	gamyate गम्यते	gata गत
grah 9 U ग्रह्	gṛhyate गृह्यते	gṛhīta गृहीत
hṛ 1 U हृ	hriyate ह्रियते	hṛta हृत
i 2 P इ	īyate ईयते	ita इत
iṣ 6 P इष्	iṣyate इष्यते	iṣṭa इष्ट
jan 4 Ā जन्	janyate जन्यते	jāta जात
ji 1 P जि	jīyate जीयते	jita जित
kath 10 U कथ्	kathyate कथ्यते	kathita कथित
khād 1 P खाद्	khādyate खाद्यते	khādita खादित
kṛ 8 U कृ	kriyate क्रियते	kṛta कृत
krudh 4 P क्रुध्	krudhyate क्रुध्यते	kruddha क्रुद्ध
kup 4 P कुप्	kupyate कुप्यते	kupita कुपित
labh 1 Ā लभ्	labhyate लभ्यते	labdha लब्ध
man 4 Ā मन्	manyate मन्यते	mata मत
mṛ 6 Ā मृ	mriyate म्रियते	mṛta मृत
muc 6 U मुच्	mucyate मुच्यते	mukta मुक्त
nī 1 U नी	nīyate नीयते	nīta नीत
paś पश्	(dṛśyate) दृश्यते	(dṛṣṭa) दृष्ट
pat 1 P पत्	patyate पत्यते	patita पतित
prach 6 P प्रच्छ्	pṛcchyate पृच्छ्यते	pṛṣṭa पृष्ट
pūj 10 U पूज्	pūjyate पूज्यते	pūjita पूजित
rakṣ 1 P रक्ष्	rakṣyate रक्ष्यते	rakṣita रक्षित
ram 1 Ā रम्	ramyate रम्यते	rata रत
sah 1 Ā सह्	sahyate सह्यते	soḍha सोढ
sic 6 U सिच्	sicyate सिच्यते	sikta सिक्त
śru 5 P श्रु	śrūyate श्रूयते	śruta श्रुत
su 5 U सु	sūyate सूयते	suta सुत
svap 2 P स्वप्	supyate सुप्यते	supta सुप्त
tyaj 1 P त्यज्	tyajyate त्यज्यते	tyakta त्यक्त
uch उछ्	—	uṣita उषित
vad 1 P वद्	udyate उद्यते	udita उदित
vas 1 P वस्	uṣyate उष्यते	uṣita उषित
vadh वध्	vadyate वद्यते	hata हत
yaj 1 U यज्	ijyate इज्यते	iṣṭa इष्ट
yudh 4 Ā युध्	yudhyate युध्यते	yuddha युद्ध

Lesson 13

Learn the following words:

eva एव : emphasizes the preceding word
asura m. असुर : demon

ASURA. 'Spiritual, divine.'
In the oldest parts of the Ṛgveda this term is used for the supreme spirit, and is the same as the Ahura of the Zoroastrians. In the sense of 'god' it was applied to several of the chief deities, as to Indra, Agni, and Varuṇa. It afterwards acquired an entirely opposite meaning, and came to signify, as now, a demon or enemy of the gods.
The word is found with this signification in the later parts of the Ṛgveda, particularly in the last book, and also in the Atharvaveda. The Brāhmaṇas attach the same meaning to it, and record many contests between the Asuras and the gods. According to the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, the breath (asu) of Prajapati became alive, and "with that breath he created me Asuras." In another part of the same work it is said that Prajāpati "became pregnant. He created Asuras from his abdomen." The Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa accords with the former statement, and states that "he created Asuras from his lower breath." The Taittirīya Āraṇyaka represents that Prajāpati created gods, men, fathers, Gandharvas, and Apsarases from water, and that the Asuras, Rakṣasas, and piśācas sprang from the drops which were spilt. Manu's statement is that they were created by the Prajāpatis.
According to the Viṣṇu Purāṇa, they were produced from the groin of Brahma (prajāpati). The account of the Vāyu Purāṇa is: "Asuras were first produced as sons from his (Prajāpati's) groin. Asu is declared by Brāhmaṇa to mean breath. From it these beings were produced; hence they are Asuras." The word has long been used as a general name for the enemies of the gods, including the Daityas and Danavas and other descendants of Kaśyapa, but not including the Rakṣasas descended from Pulastya.
In this sense a different derivation has been found for it: the source is no longer asu, 'breath,' but the initial a is taken as the negative prefix, and asura signifies 'not a god;' hence, according to some, arose the word sura, commonly used for 'a god.'"
[Source: Dowson, John (1820–1881): A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology and religion, geography, history, and literature. -- London, Trübner, 1879. -- s.v. ]

Fig.: महिषासुरः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

guṇa m. गुण : thread, cord; quality, good quality
pad 4 Ā (padyate), Pass.: padyate, PPP panna पद् पद्यते पद्यते पन्न : to go, to arrive in
as 2 P (asti) अस् अस्ति : to be, to exist
as 4 P (asyati), Pass.: asyate, PPP asta अस् अस्यति अस्यते अस्त : to throw, (to) cast away
i 2 P (eti), Pass.: īyate, PPP ita इ एति ईयते इत : to go
pā 2 P (pāti), Pass. pāyate, PPP pāta पा पाति पायते पात : to protect, to guard

pā 1 P (pibati), Pass. pīyate, PPP pīta पा पिबति पीयते पीत : to drink (traditionally counted in the 1st class)

dviṣ 2 U (dveṣṭi), Pass. dviṣyate, PPP dviṣṭa द्विष् द्वेष्टि द्विष्यते द्विष्ट : to hate, to be hostile towards
ad 2 P (atti), Pass. adyate, PPP anna अद् अत्ति अद्यते अन्न : to eat, to consume
anna n. अन्न : food (from PPP: *ad-na: that which is eaten)

Fig.: अन्नम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Word formation:

pad 4 Ā:

pada n. पद : step, position, place

pāda m. पाद : foot, a quarter, verse line

Fig.: चत्वारः पादाः : गजः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

dviṣ 2 U:

dveṣa द्वेष : hatred

Lesson 14

śīla n. (शील) : (good) character, morality
bhūṣ-aṇa n (भूषण) : ornament
dīpa m. (दीप) : lamp

Fig.: दीपाः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

bala n. (बल) : violence, power, strength; army force, host
bāla 3 (बाल) : young, childish, foolish; m. boy
bālā f. (बाला) : young girl
nara m. (नर) : man, human being
śatru m. (शत्रु) : enemy
loka m. (लोक) : world; Sing. and Plur.: the people, humans, the populace
jala n. (जल) : water
jan 4 Ā (jāyate), Pass. janyate / jāyate, PPP jāta (जन् जायते जन्यते जायते जात) : to be born, to arise, to appear
jan-a m. (जन) : creature, human being, people
vac 2 P (vakti, no 3rd plur.!), Pass. ucyate, PPP ukta (वच् वक्ति उच्यते उक्त) : to say, to speak to (accusative)
uk-ti f. (उक्ति) : utterance, word
vac-ana n. (वचन) : speaking, the word
vāk-ya n. (वाक्य) : word, speech

Lesson 15

पुष्कल 3: splendid, magnificent, abundant

वा : or (postposed)

अथवा : or (preposed)

चतुर्थ 3 (f.: चतुर्थी): fourth

विद् "to find" 6 U विन्दति ; Pass. विद्यते ; PPP विन्न / वित्त विद् "to know" 2 P वेत्ति ; Pass. विद्यते ; PPP विदित पत् "to fly, to fall" 1 P पतति ; Pass. पत्यते ; PPP पतित अर्ध 3: half, m.n. half

पूजा f.: honor, honorable reception, religious worship (Pūjā)

Fig.: पूजा
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कुल n.: herd, multitude, race, descent, family

इन्द्र m.: prince, first, best among ; king of gods Indra

Fig.: इन्द्रः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

दास m.: slave, serf, servant

दासी f.: slave woman, serf woman, servant

काल m.: time, (right) moment ; fate, death ; god of death Kāla

काल 3: black, bluish-black, dark

पुरुष m.: human being, man, servant

-जन as the second member of Tatpuruṣas often expresses the plural

स्तु 2 स्तौति ; Pass. स्तूयते ; PPP स्तुत : to praise, extol

from this:

स्तुति f.: praise, hymn of praise

स्तोत्र n.: (means of praise =) hymn of praise, hymnus

सिंह m.: lion (Panthera leo persica)

Fig.: सिंहः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

व्याघ्र m.: tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) (lit.: yawner)

Fig.: व्याघ्रः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

इव (postposed): as it were, like (in comparisons: व्याघ्र इव पुरुषः = "a man like a tiger", "a tiger-like man"

एव (postposed): emphasizes the preceding, often corresponds in German to emphasis, a kind of emoticon \<!\>, e.g. सत्यमेव जयति "only the truth prevails", "precisely the truth prevails", "the truth prevails"

अरि m.: enemy (according to Thieme, Der Fremdling im Ṛgveda: originally = foreigner)

आर्य 3: Aryan, noble ; m. Aryan (self-designation of the Sanskrit-speaking ancient Indians, literally: hospitable (Thieme)) ; nobleman, gentleman

to जन्

जाति f.: birth, kind, caste (for caste as जाति see Basham, Wonder, p. 148ff.)

मृ 4 Ā म्रियते ; Pass. म्रियते ; PPP मृत : to die (according to Indian grammarians: 6 Ā)

from this:

मरण n.: dying, death

मृति f.: dying, death

मृत्यु m.: death ; personified: god of death

Lesson 16

अध्यापन n.: teaching, instruction

Fig.: अध्यापनम्
"This is a special ceremony in a small temple in Satara (सातारा). It is performed by the students of the Swami Muktananda Vedashala on the celebration of Mahāśivarātri. This is a vedic school, where children by heart the sacred texts called the Vedas. This school teaches the Krishna Yajurveda and some portions of the Samaveda. I'm doing my master's thesis on this school."
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

अनसूया f.: not grumbling, envylessness

नृशंस्य n.: malice, baseness

from this:

अनृशंस्य n.: not malice

जीव् 1 P जीवति ; Pass. जीव्यते ; PPP जीवित : to live

from this:

आजीव m.: livelihood

क्षमा f.: patience, forbearance, leniency

क्षेम n.: calm, peace, well-being, secure possession

चित्त n.: consciousness, thinking, mind

निरोध m.: stopping, bringing to a standstill

bhūta n. (भूत) (PPP to bhū): being, ghost

योग m.: yoking, connection, union, acquisition ; Yoga

Fig.: योगी
Birla Mandir, Delhi
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वृत् 1 Ā वर्तते ; Pass. वृत्यते ; PPP वृत्त : to turn, to bend oneself, to be (somewhere), to dwell

शस्त्र (śastra) n.: cutting tool, cutting weapon, sword, weapon

शौच n.: purification, purity

साधन m.,n. साधनी साधना f.: leading to the goal, effecting

अहिंसा f.: non-injury to anyone, not harming, non-violence

Abb.: अहिंसा
"The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes the Jain Vow of Ahimsa. The word in the middle is "ahimsa". The wheel represents the dharmacakra which stands for the resolve to halt the cycle of reincarnation through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence."
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 17

हन् 2 P हन्ति, घ्नन्ति Pass. हन्यते PPP हत : to strike, to beat down, to kill

from this:

घात m.: killing

Abb.: घाताः
Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

आस् 2Ā आस्ते Pass. आस्यते PPP आसित : to sit

from this:

आसन n.: sitting, seat ; also: yoga postures of the yogin

Abb.: योगासनम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

रुद् 2 P रोदिति Pass. रुद्यते PPP रुदित : to weep, howl

from this:

रुद्र m.: (the howler =) the storm god Rudra

ब्रू 2 U ब्रवीति Ā ब्रूते no passive and PPP: to speak, to say (something to someone: double accusative)

दुह् 2 U दोग्धि Pass. दुह्यते PPP दुग्ध : to milk

Fig.: दोग्धि
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

दिश् 6 U दिशति Pass. दिश्यते PPP दिष्ट : to show, to instruct, to command

from this:

दिष्टि f.: instruction, fortunate circumstance

दिष्ट्या Instr.: (lit.: by a fortunate circumstance) O fortunate circumstance (exclamation of joy and bliss)

Lesson 18

सुष्टु 3: highly praised, excellent, good

शोभन 3: brilliant, splendid, magnificent, beautiful, good

सम 3: equal, same, similar (with instrumental)

व्याधि m.: illness

रिपु m. = शत्रु , deceiver

वह्नि m. = अग्नि ज्ञान n.: knowledge

शूर 3: brave, heroic ; m.: hero

शब्द m.: sound, tone, signal: word

उदक n.: water

अन्त m.: end, boundary

आदि m.: beginning

दण्ड m.: stick, rod, punishment

मात्रा f. मात्र n.: measure, limit

सहित 3: united, provided with

हस्त m.: hand

प्रभृति f.: beginning

Lesson 19

अर्थ m.: purpose, goal, meaning (of a word), wealth, property, assets. अर्थम् (Acc.), अर्थेन (Instr.) with Gen. or as the second member of a Tatpuruṣa compound: for the sake of ..., in order to.

अर्थ is one of the three goals of life (पुरुषार्थ), as described in secular and religious literature:

धर्म m.: attainment of merit through doing what is right, or at least avoiding evil that would result from not following dharma

अर्थ m.: purposeful behavior, attainment of prosperity

काम m.: sensual pleasure, esp. in the sexual realm

Fig.: कामः
Illustration to कामसूत्र
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

स्था 1 P तिष्ठति Pass. स्थीयते PPP. स्थित : to stand, remain, persist, be situated. (Traditionally counted among the 1st conjugation class, although it is a reduplicating thematic present class, as पा 1 पिबति)

स्था + उप 1 U उपतिष्ठति : to step forward, to stand before someone in a respectful posture

स्था + प्र 1 Ā प्रतिष्ठते : to set out, to depart

from स्था :

स्थान n.: place, (right) spot, location

स्थिति f.: staying, steadfastness, persistence

गर्भ m.: womb, lap, interior, embryo / foetus. At the end of a Bahuvrīhi compound often: "interior", e.g.

धनगर्भ 3: "whose interior is money = in which money is located"

गर्भगृह n.: the innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple, containing the most important deity image (for the structure of Hindu temples see: Volwahsen, A.: India : Buildings of Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. -- Munich, 1968)

Fig.: गर्भगृहम्
Badami (ಬದಾಮಿ)
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वारिद m.: water-bearer = rain cloud

Fig.: वारिदः
Goa (गोंय)
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वा 2 P वाति Pass. वायते PPP. वान / वात : to blow

thereof:

वात m.: Wind

वह् 1 U वहति Pass. उह्यते PPP ऊढ : lead, drive (trans.)

छत्त्र n.: sunshade, umbrella

Fig.: छत्त्रम्
"Onappottan (ഓണപ്പൊട്ടന്‍), in traditional costume is a custom in sourthern parts of Kerala. Onappottan visists houses during the onam and gives blessings. Off late onappottan has become a rare sight, confined to villages."
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

पण्डित m.: scholar, sage ; 3: clever, knowledgeable (in)

Fig.: पण्डितः जवाहरलाल नेहरू १९५९
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

सेव् 1 Ā सेवते Pass. सेव्यते PPP सेवित : reside with, inhabit (Acc., Loc.) ; visit, go to (Acc.) ; serve, tend, worship ; practice, use ; have sexual intercourse

नि Präverb: down, into

सेव् + नि 1 Ā निषेवते : reside with, inhabit, visit

अमुत्र : there, in the other world

इह : here, in this world

विद् 6 U विन्दति Pass. विद्यते PPP विन्न / वित्त : find

भार्या f.: one to be maintained = wife

प्रिय 3: dear, pleasant

मित्र n. (!): friend

बान्धव m.: relative

हि : for, indeed (must never stand at the beginning of a sentence)

Lesson 20

वा : or

आश्रम m., n.: hermitage, stage of life, phase of life (namely as ब्रह्मचरिन्, गृहस्थ, वनप्रस्थ and possibly as सन्न्यासिन् ; see Basham, Wonder p. 159f.)

Fig.: आश्रमः
Rishikesh = ऋषिकेश. "This is actually part of the Ashram in Rishikesh where the Beatles stayed. This specific part was not there when they were there, but it does look cool."
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कर ३ f. करी । करा : doing, making, causing

कर m.: hand (to कृ 8)

कर m.: payment, tribute, tax (not to कृ, but probably a loanword from Tamil - தமிழ்)

क्रिया f.: action, sacred action, sacrificial act, ceremony (to कृ 8)

अधि Preverb: over, on, up-, with reference to

गम् +अधि 1 P अधिगच्छति : encounter, reach, attain

तनूकृ 8 U तनूकरोति : reduce, weaken

दायक ३ f.: दायिका : giving, bestowing

नृप m.: "Protector of men" = king

प्रणिधान n.: application, effort, attention towards, helpfulness, contemplation, vow

बाधना f.: distress, plague, torment

भार्या f.: "one to be maintained" = wife

भावना f.: meditative unfolding (to भू causative)

मही f.: earth, ground

लक्षण n.: feature, sign, attribute

विप्र m.: "Trembler" = poet, singer, priest, Brahmin

विषय m.: area, region, object, sense-object

अपवर्ग m.: end, liberation

नि Preverb: downwards, down, into, backwards

वृत् + नि 1 Ā निवर्तते : turn around, return

सद् 1 P सीदति (!) Pass. सद्यते PPP सन्न : sit, settle down

सद् + प्र 1 P प्रसीदति : to sit, be seated (in a figurative sense) = become composed, calm, cheerful; to be gracious towards someone (Genitive षष्ठी)

समाधि m.: inner concentration, highest attention, meditative "absorption"

स्वाध्याय m.: "self-study", recitation (especially of the Veda), study of the Vedas

परलौकिक ३ : pertaining to the beyond, otherworldly

तनु ३ : slender

मध्य ३ : middle; n. center

पृथु ३ (पृथ्वी) : wide, broad, large

श्रोणि । श्रोणी f.: hip

रक्त ३ : colored, red

ओष्ठ m.: lip

असित ३ : dark, black

ईक्ष् 1 Ā ईक्षते Pass. ईक्ष्यते PPP ईक्षित : to see

नम् 1 P नमति Pass. नम्यते PPP नत : to bend

उद् Preverb: up, upward, out, from, ex-

नाभि f.: navel

वपुस् n.: beauty, form body (declension see later)

स्त्री f.: woman

स्तन m.: breast

दरैद्र ३ : poor

ऋध् 5 P ऋध्नोति Pass. ऋध्यते PPP ऋद्ध : to thrive

ऋध् + सम् : to thrive; PPP: successful, rich

विचित्र ३ : colorful, diverse, beautiful, wonderful, strange

विधि m.(!): arrangement, law, regulation; creation, fate

चेष्ट् 1 Ā चेष्टते Pass. चेष्ट्यते PPP चेष्टित : to stir

Lesson 21

भज् 1 U भजति Pass. भज्यते PPP भक्त : to allot something (Acc.) to someone, to grant, to love someone, honor, revere

from this:

भक्ति f.: devotion, loyalty, love (in the religious sphere: love and respect for a personal God. see Basham, Wonder p. 332f.)
भाग m.: share, part
भग m.: (good) share, fortune, well-being, dignity
भगवन्त् 3: fortune-having, dignity-having (epithet of विष्णु – कृष्ण)

Fig.: भगवान्कृष्णः भगवान्कृष्णः as जगन्नाथ (right) with his half-sister सुभद्रा (center) and his older brother बलराम, Orissa = ଓଡ଼ିଶा
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

भगवद्गीता f.: "Song (गीता) of the Worthy One (कृष्ण)"

Fig.: भगवद्गीता भगवद्गीता - Manuscript, 19th century
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

भिक्ष् 1 Ā भिक्षते Pass. भिक्ष्यते PPP भिक्षित (actually a desiderative of भज्: to wish that one participates): to beg

from this:

भिक्षु m.: beggar, monk

Fig.: भिक्षवः
Luang Prabang = ຫລວງພະບາງ, Laos = ປະເທດລາວ
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

दुष् 4 P दुष्यति Pass. दुष्यते PPP दुष्ट : to spoil (intransitive), to become bad, to be disgraced

दोष m.: error

पच् 1 U पचति Pass. पच्यते (no PPP, instead पक्व 3: cooked, stewed) Absol. पक्त्वा : to cook (transitive) = to boil, fry, roast etc.

Lesson 22

काम m.: wish, desire; desired gift, sensual pleasure, love, god of love

कामम् Acc. adverbially: according to wish, as one pleases

Fig.: कामदेवः
19th century
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शक् 5 P शक्नोति Pass. शक्यते PPP शक्त Inf. शक्तुम् : to be able, can

from this:

शक्ति f.: ability, power, capability; also: divine power, personified as a female companion especially of शिव

शक्र m.: the powerful (epithet of इन्द्र)

Fig.: दुर्गाशक्तिः
Kolkata = কলকাতা
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

अर्ह 1 P अर्हति Pass. अर्ह्यते PPP अर्हित Inf. अर्हितुम् : to deserve (to be worthy of something), to be allowed, to be obliged to, should (in the 2nd person, अर्ह् + infinitive is often used as a mild command: "You should")

अर्हन्त् 3 Pres. Part. P: a worthy one. In Buddhism and Jainism: someone who has attained final liberation

व्रत n.: vow, religious duty, religious observance (one promises something to the deity in order to receive something from them. Example: a mother promises to dedicate her daughter as a temple prostitute (देवदासी) if her daughter recovers. Important व्रत today: fasting; abstention from foods one loves; sexual abstinence; reading sacred texts; performing specific rituals; feeding Brahmins, etc. Briefly on व्रत: Walker, Hindu World Vol. II, p. 581f. Detailed: P. V. Kane: History of Dharmaśāstra Vol. 5,1 p. 1 - 462. There pp. 253 - 462 List of व्रत and religious festivals ("the following list ... does not claim to be thoroughly exhaustive" !!!)

चर् 1 P charati Pass. charyate PPP charita Inf. charitum (Sanskrit: चर् 1 P चरति Pass. चर्यते PPP चरित Inf. चरितुम्) : to graze, to wander about, to stir, to move, to act, to practice something, to perform (e.g. व्रतं चर्: to practice a vow, esp. sexual abstinence)

thereof:

चर ३: mobile; n.: the mobile = animals (in contrast to plants)

चरण n., m.: foot

चरित n.: way of life, deeds

ब्रह्मचर्य n.: performance of the Veda (ब्रह्मन्) = study of the Veda in the first stage of life (that of ब्रह्मचारिन्), which requires strict sexual abstinence; hence also: sexual abstinence, celibate way of life

Fig.: धेनवश्चरन्ति
Goa = गोंय
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 23

समान ३: equal

सामान्य n.: equality, agreement

अधिक ३ : superfluous, additional, greater, better, extraordinary

विशेष m.: peculiarity, specification, differentia specifica

Lesson 24

अलम् Adverb: enough, sufficient, equal to (someone, something); with Dative: enough for, sufficient for, equal to; with Instrumental: enough with, cease from , e.g. अलं क्रोधेन = "enough with anger = cease from anger!"

In the same way as अलम् with Instrumental is used:

कृतम् : कृतं क्रोधेन = "It is done with anger = cease from anger!"

अलम् + कृ 8U अलंकरोति : to adorn

अलंकार m.: ornament, means of adornment (in poetry)

Fig.: अलंकारः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

हेतु m.: impulse, motivation, cause, reason; हेतुना, हेतोस्, हेतवे with Genitive or as the second member of a compound = "for the sake of ..., because of"

प्रतिमा f.: portrait, image

Fig.: देवीप्रतिमा
Hampi = ಹಂಪೆ, Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वृत् + प्र 1Ā प्रवर्तते : to occur, to happen, to arise

From वृत्:

वृत्ति f.: behavior, activity, way of life

वृत्त n.: behavior

अभि Prefix: be-, towards - there, to - here, to - there, against, into - within, with regard to, on, over, at

नि Prefix: downwards, down, into, backwards

आ Preposition / Postposition: before Ablative or after Accusative: as far as, up to ; with Ablative: from here, from on, since

अतस् Indeclinable: from there, then, therefore, hence (Pronominal stem a- "this" + Ablative suffix -tas)

अध्यक्ष m.: overseer, department head ; eyewitness

इन्द्रिय n.: power, sense organ

ऊह m.: consideration, argumentation

from that

अपोह m.: negation (अप + ऊह)

ऊहापोह m.: discussion of pros and cons

Fig.: ऊहापोहः
"NEW DELHI/INDIA, 16NOV08 - Suhasini Haidar, Deputy Foreign Editor, CNN-IBN Network 18, India, moderates a panel discussion at the World Economic Forum's India Economic Summit 2008 in New Delhi."
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

औपकारिक 3 f.: -ई : useful

कुप्य n.: forest product, metal (non-precious metal)

ख्या 2P ख्याति PPP ख्यात : to see, to become visible ; to name, to explain, to communicate

ख्या + आ 2P आख्यात : to tell

from that:

आख्यान n.: narrative, story

Fig.: आख्यानम्
"San Francisco storyteller Jeff Byers shares a story with the residents of Chenneri, an Irula village. Storyteller Jeeva Raghunath translates into Tamil for the villagers."
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

ख्या + सम् 2P संख्याति : to add up, to calculate

from that:

संख्या f.: counting, enumeration ; सांख्य n.: one of the six philosophical systems (short: Basham, Wonder p. 326f.)

ग्रहण n.: grasping

चौल n.: ceremony (संस्कार) of hair-cutting (at the age of 3 years)

तत्त्व n.: true nature, truth, reality (तद् + त्व = this-ness)

स्वस्ति f.: happiness, well-being (nominal formation from सु अस्ति = "it is good")

नमस् n.: bowing, reverence, greeting (declension later). Greeting formula: नमो नमः

from that:

कृ + नमस् 8 नमस्करोमि : to bow, revere, greet

Fig.: जयदेवकविर्विष्णुं नमस्करोति
Manuscript of the गीतगोविन्द, 1730 CE
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

स्वागत n.: welcome (from su-ā-gata)

तृण n.: blade of grass

पुनर् Adverb: again, back, but

Lesson 25

त्यज् 1P त्यजति : to leave, abandon, forsake

Fut. त्यक्ष्यति
Pass. त्यज्यते
PPP त्यक्त
Inf. त्यक्तुम्
Absol. 2: -त्यज्य

from that:

त्याग m.: abandonment, renunciation, avoidance

दार m. pl. (!!!): wife

द्रव्य n.: object, property, material possession, money

धान्य n.: threshed grain

Fig.: धान्यम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

धृ 1U धरति : to hold, keep holding

Fut. धरिष्यति
Pass. ध्रियते
PPP धृत
Inf. धर्तुम्
Absol. 2: -धृत्य

thereof:

धर्म m.: that which is firm and holds fast = Dharma

नित्य ३ : constant, enduring, eternal

नित्यम् Adv.: always, constantly ever

प्रज्ञा f.: wisdom, knowledge

प्रदान n.: giving, donation ; gift, offering

मद् 4 P माद्यति (!) : to rejoice, to revel in something (Instr., Gen., Loc.)

Fut. मदिष्यति
Pass. मद्यते
PPP मत्त
Inf. मदितुम्

thereof:

मद m.: intoxication, sensual intoxication = sensuality

मान m.: assessment, reputation, fame, honor, pride, arrogance, sense of inferiority ; (one measures oneself against others)

यदि Conjunction: if

न्याय m.: rule, principle, method, judgment (juridical), logic (from ni + i + a)

अन्यथा Adv.: otherwise, differently, falsely, incorrectly

या 2P याति, यान्ति = गम्

Pass. यायते
PPP यात
Inf. यातुम्
Absol. 2: -याय

दारिद्र्य n. = दरिद्रस्य भावः प्रदान n. = दान शास् 2P शास्ति, शासति (3. pl.) : to command, to teach, to punish

Pass. शिष्यते
PPP शिष्ट ३ : taught
Absol 1.: शासित्वा / शिष्त्वा

thereof:

शिक्षा f.: science, instruction ; phonetics

स्तेन m.: thief

स्तेय n.: theft

किल्बिष n.: guilt, insult, sin

विना Postposition: without, except (with Acc., Instr., Abl.)

मूल n.: root

Abb.: मूलानि
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

लिप् 6U लिम्पति (!): to smear, to daub

Fut. लेप्स्यति
Pass. लिप्यते
PPP लिप्त
Inf. लेप्तुम्

from:

लिप्ति f.: anointing, writing, script

Fig.: लिप्तिः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वर्ष n.,m.: rain, rainy season, year

वह् 1U वहति : to lead, to drive, to blow (wind)

Fut. वक्ष्यति
Pass. उह्यते
PPP ऊढ
Inf. वोढुम्
Absol 2: -उह्य वह् + वि 1P विवहति : to lead away (namely the bride from her parents' house) = to marry

from:

विवाह m.: leading away, marriage of a woman (Instr., saha) (for marriage see Basham, Wonder pp. 166-171)

Fig.: विवाहः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

नी + वि 1U विनयति : to lead away, to instruct, to educate

from:

विनय m.: removal, education, discipline, Buddhist: monastic discipline, monastic law

विज्ञान n.: knowledge, cognition

विष्टि f.: work, corvée

Fig.: विष्टिः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वृध् 1Ā वर्धते : to grow, to become larger

Fut. वर्धिष्यते
Pass. वृध्यते
PPP वृद्ध : grown, old, increased
Inf. वर्धितुम्

from:

वृद्धि f.: growth, increase, guṇa stage (from: vṛdh-ti)

सामर्थ्य n.: that which corresponds to its purpose

स्वभाव m.: being, nature, character

हर्ष m.: (raising of the body hair), joy

हिरण्य ३ : golden; n.: gold, money, wealth

Fig.: हिरण्यम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

अणु ३ : thin, fine, very small; m.: atom

गोदान n.: giving of cows / a cow; second hair-cutting ceremony (a संस्कार)

Lesson 27

वस् 1P (वसति): to stay, dwell (with locative of the person with whom one dwells)

Fut.: वत्स्यति:br Pass.: उष्यते:br PPP: उषित:br Inf.: वस्तुम्

from that:

वस्तु n.: seat, place; reality, real thing, actuality, object

वस्तुतस्: in reality, actually

वस् 2Ā (वस्ते): to put on (clothing), wear (clothing)

Fut.: वसिष्यते:br PPP: वसित:br Inf.: वसितुम्

from that:

वस्त्र n.: means to put on oneself = garment, robe, cloth

Fig.: वस्त्राणि
Vastrāṇi. Majuli, Assam.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वस् 6P (उच्छति): to shine forth (this root is important because of the nominal formations:)

वसु n.: wealth, treasure, property, possession

वसन्त m.: ("shining" =) spring (March to May)

Fig.: वसन्तः
Vasanta (Schleichera oleosa), Khopoli, Maharashtra, 2007-04-07.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

हृ 1U (हरति): to hold, carry; to fetch, take away, steal

Fut.: हरिष्यति:br Pass.: ह्रियते:br PPP: हृत:br Inf.: हर्तुम्

from that:

हर 3: taking away; m.: the destroyer = epithet of Śiva

counterpart to हर:

हरि 3: blond, yellow, green; m. epithet of Viṣṇu (does not belong to the root हृ 1)

हरिहर m.: Viṣṇu and Śiva united as a single deity.

Fig.: हरिहरः
Harihara (left: Viṣṇu, right: Śiva).
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Fig.: हरिहरः
Harihara (left: Viṣṇu, right: Śiva). Godrumdwip, West Bengal.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 28

विद् 2P वेत्ति, विदन्ति: to know
Fut. vediṣyati
Pass. vidyate
Caus. vedayati
PPP vidita
Inf. vediṣyum
from this: vidyā f., veda m.

विद् 6U विन्दति (!): to find
Fut. vediṣyati / vetsyat
Pass. vidyate: there is, it exists
Caus. vedayati
PPP vinna / vitta
Inf. vediṣtum / vettum

i + adhi 2Ā adhīte, adhīyate: to study, to memorize
Caus. adhyāpayati: to cause to study, to teach
from this: adhyayana n.: study (esp. of the Veda); adhyāya m.: lesson, chapter (section for memorization)

कम् 10Ā कामयते: to love
Fut. kāmayiṣyate / kamiṣyate
Pass. kāmyate
Caus. kāmayati
PPP kānta (!)
Inf. kāmayitum / kamitum

Fig.: कृष्णो राधां कामयति
Painting by राजा रवि वर्मा (1848 - 1906)
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

चुर् 10 चोरयति: to steal
Fut. corayiṣyati
Pass. coryate
Caus. corayati
PPP corita
Inf. coritum

Pay special attention to the meaning of the causatives for the following verbs:
dṛś — darśayati: to show
man — mānayati: to esteem, to honor (but is probably a denominative from māna "honor")
vac — vācayati: also: to read aloud (to cause a text to be spoken)
vad — vādayati: also: to cause a musical instrument to speak = to play a musical instrument

Fig.: वीणां वादयति
Vīṇā-Spielerin.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

भार m.: burden, load

Fig.: बाला भारं हरति
Girl carrying a load. Near Ahmedabad.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

भृत्य m.: subordinate, servant

Lesson 29

Preverbs:

उद्° : up, upward, aloft, out, ex-

परि° : around, about (place, time), here and there

भू + परि 1P परिभवति : (to become around someone = to encircle =) to master, conquer; to disregard, despise

अवज्ञान n.: disregard, contempt

गुप्त 3: protected, guarded

गृहस्थ 3: located in the house; m. master of the house (one who is in the second आश्रम)

ग्रस् 1Ā ग्रसते : to consume, devour

Fut. ग्रसिष्यते
Pass. ग्रस्यते
Caus. ग्रासयति
PPP ग्रस्त
Inf. ग्रसितुम्

तीक्ष्ण 3: "wild", sharp, pointed, strict, fierce, sharp-tongued

न्याय m.: norm, rule, right manner; method, logic (from इ + नि)

परिव्राजक m.: wanderer, wandering monk, pilgrim

Fig.: परिव्राजकाः
Pushkar = पुष्कर
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

पालयति : also synonymous with पाति पुनर् Indeclinable: again, time and again, back, once more; but, however (before voiced consonants except r-: पुनर्)

प्रजा f.: procreation, birth, offspring

मत्स्य m.: fish

from this:

मात्स्य 3: belonging to the fish (to fishes)

Fig.: मत्स्यः रोहू मछली = Labeo rohita Hamilton
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

मृदु 3 (f.: मृद्वी): gentle, mild, soft; slow, weak

यथा Adv.: how, as if

रम् 1Ā रमते : to stand still, to rest, to linger; to take pleasure in, to delight oneself

Fut. रंस्यते
Pass. रम्यते
Kaus. रमयति
PPP रत
Inf. रन्तुम्

वानप्रस्थ m.: forest hermit (one who is in the 3rd आश्रम)

शुचि 3: shining, gleaming, fine; m.: purity

पूज् 10P पूजयति : to honor, to revere

PPP पूजित

Lesson 30

क्री 9U क्रीणाति : to buy

Fut. क्रेष्यति
Pass. क्रीयते
PPP क्रीत
Inf. क्रेतुम्

क्री + वि 9Ā विक्रीणीते : to sell

Absol. विक्रीय

Fig.: क्रीणन्ति विक्रीणते च
Bundi = बुन्दी, Rajasthan = राजस्थान
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

ज्ञा 9U जानाति : to know, to recognize, to know, to understand

Fut. ज्ञास्यति
Pass. ज्ञायते
Kaus. ज्ञापयति
Kaus. PPP ज्ञप्त / ज्ञापित
PPP ज्ञात
Inf. ज्ञातुम्

from this:

ज्ञाति m.: (blood) relative (relatives are those whom one knows!)

ज्ञान n.: knowledge, wisdom, recognition (esp. of the "higher" truths in religion and philosophy)

Fig.: ज्ञातयः
Darewadi, Ahmed Nagar District = अहमदनगर, Maharashtra = महाराष्ट्र
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

पू 9U पुनाति : to purify

Fut. पविष्यति
Pass. पूयते
Kaus. पावयति
PPP पूत
Inf. पवितुम्

Fig.: श्रोत्राणि पुनाति
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

अश् 9P अश्नाति : to eat, to consume

Fut. अशिष्यति
Pass. अश्यते
Caus. आशयति
PPP अशित
Inf. अशितुम्

Fig.: अश्नीयात् थाली, South India
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

प्रिय ३: dear, loving, friendly

Fig.: प्रिया
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

चेत् Conjunction: if; provided that (never stands at the beginning of a sentence)

न चेत् : if not

यदि Conjunction: if

यद्यपि : even if, although

यद्येवम् : if so, under these circumstances

पुनर् : again, time and again, back, once more, on the contrary, but

पुनः पुनर् : time and again

from this:

पुनर्भव m.: rebirth

Fig.: पुनर्भवः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

जीव् 1P जीवति : to live

Fut. जीविष्यति
Pass. जीव्यते
Caus. जीवयति
PPP जीवित : living
Inf. जीवितुम्

from this:

जीव m./n.: life, individual soul

सनातन ३ fem.: सनातनी : eternal, imperishable, constant

Lesson 31

युज् 7U युनक्ति : to yoke, to hitch, to fasten ; Ā also: to strain oneself (= to exert oneself), to connect with, to concentrate on (Locative, सप्तमी)

Fut. योक्ष्यति
Pass. युज्यते
Caus. योजयति
PPP युक्त
Inf. योक्तुम्

thereof:
युग n. → युग n.: yoke, pair, age (there are four ages:

कृत
त्रेता
द्वापर
कलि

The कलियुग began around 3102 BCE, the year of the महाभारत war. For more details, see Basham, Wonder p. 323)

योग m.: "yoking, harnessing", exertion, connection, yoga (see Basham, Wonder pp. 327ff.)

Fig.: योगः
Yoga depiction.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

रुध् 7U रुणद्धि : to stop, bring to a standstill, restrain = to enclose, cover

Fut. रोत्स्यति
Pass. रुध्यते
Caus. रोधयति
PPP रुद्ध
Inf. रोद्धुम्

छिद् 7U छिनत्ति : to cut off

Fut. छेत्स्यति
Pass. छिद्यते
Caus. छेदयति
PPP छिन्न
Inf. छेत्तुम्

भञ्ज् 7P भनक्ति : to break (something)

Fut. भङ्क्ष्यति
Pass. भज्यते
PPP भग्न

अञ्ज् 7P अनक्ति : to anoint, smear

Fut. अङ्क्ष्यति । अञ्जिष्यति
Pass. अज्यते
Caus. अञ्जयति
PPP अक्त
Inf. अञ्जितुम् । अङ्क्तुम्

अञ्ज् + vi → अञ्ज् + वि 7Ā व्यङ्क्ते : to smear apart = to apply makeup, to distinguish oneself

PPP व्यक्त : distinguished, unfolded

thereof:
व्यञ्जन n.: means of distinction = makeup, spice, sign, consonant (that which distinguishes meanings)

Fig.: व्यञ्जनम्
Preparation for Kathakali dance, Kochi.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

भिद् 7U भिनत्ति : to split

Fut. भेत्स्यति
Pass. भिद्यते
Caus. भेदयति
PPP भिन्न
Inf. भेत्तुम्

भुज् 7U भुनक्ति : to enjoy (e.g. food; "to enjoy the earth" = to rule the earth)

Fut. भोक्ष्यति
Pass. भुज्यते
Caus. भोजयति
PPP bhukt → PPP भुक्त
Inf. भोक्तुम्

from this:
भोग m.: enjoyment, eating, pleasure, benefit, tax, levy

बन्ध् 9P बध्नाति (!): to bind, to tie

Fut. भन्त्स्यति
Pass. बध्यते
Caus. बन्धयति
PPP बद्ध
Inf. बद्धुम्

from this:
बन्धन n.: binding, fetter

ज्ञा + प्र 9U प्रजानाति : to recognize, to understand

from this:
प्रज्ञा f.: wisdom, knowledge

Fig.: प्रज्ञापारमिता
From a Prajñāpāramitā manuscript.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

भू + सम् 1P सम्भवति : to arise, to exist

शरीर n.: limb, body

Lesson 32

अग्र n.: tip, extreme end

मही f.: earth, ground and soil (lit.: the Great One)

एकदा

श्रम् श्राम्यते

श्रमिष्यते:br
श्रम्यते:br
श्रमयति:br
श्रान्त:br
श्रमित्वा । श्रान्त्वा:br
श्रम्य:br
श्रमितुम्

पार्श्व चूत

Fig.: चूतः
Mango tree, Kanpur.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

तरु वृक्ष पचेलिम स्पृहा परम्

रुह् रोहति

रोक्ष्यति:br
रुह्यते:br
रोहयति । रोपयति:br
रूढ:br
रुह्य:br
रोढुम्

ग्रह् गृह्णाति

ग्रहीष्यति (!):br
गृह्यते:br
ग्राहयति:br
गृहीत:br
गृह्य:br
ग्रहीतुम् (!)

वानर कपि

Fig.: वानराः
Macaques (rhesus macaques) in Delhi.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

लोक् लोकयति

लोकयिष्यति:br
लोक्यते:br
लोकित:br
लोक्य:br
लोकितुम्

प्रहर्ष कति उपल

Fig.: उपलाः
Stone quarry south of Pune, Maharashtra.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

लक्ष्य

Fig.: लक्ष्यम्
Target practice / arrow target, Karnataka.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

क्षिप् क्षिपति

क्षेप्स्यति:br
क्षिप्यते:br
क्षेपयति:br
क्षिप्त:br
क्षिप्य:br
क्षेप्तुम्

चि चिनोति

चेष्यति:br
चीयते:br
चाययति:br
चित:br
चित्य:br
चेतुम्

Fig.: चितं गोमयं दहति
Burning cowdung patties in Rajasthan.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

चि अव

प्रति अहो

कौशल कुशल

Fig.: कौशलम्
Mehndi painting on hands in Mumbai.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 33

दा 3U ददाति: to give

Fut. दास्यति
Pass. दीयते
Caus. दापयति
PPP दत्त
Inf. दातुम्

thereof:

दान n.: giving, gift, generosity

Fig.: दानम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

दा + आ 3Ā अदत्ते: (to) receive, take possession of, take along

Absol. आदाय: with Acc.: in the company of, with

Fig.: सा पुत्रमादाय भारं बिभ्रती गच्छति
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

sig[धा] 3U दधाति: to set, establish, allot

Fut. धास्यति
Pass. धीयते
Kaus. धापयति
PPP हित (!!)
Inf. धातुम्

धा + सम् + आ 3U समादधाति: to direct one's full attention to something, to collect oneself

from this:

समाधि m.: inner concentration, highest attention

Fig.: समाधि
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

पॄ 3P पिपर्ति: to fill, to fulfill

Note:
3.pl.P पिपुरति
3.sg.Impf.P अपिपर् (from: *apipart)
3.pl.Impf.P अपिपरुर्
3.sg.Opt.P पिपूर्यात्

Fut. परिष्यति / परीष्यति
Pass. पूर्यते
Kaus. पूरयति / पारयति
PPP पूर्ण / पूर्त / पूरित

पॄ + सम् only Pass. सम्पूर्यते and Kaus.: to fill completely

भी 3P बिभेति: to fear (Abl., Gen.)

Fut. भेष्यति
Pass. भीयते
Kaus. भाययति
PPP भीत
Inf. भेतुम्

from this:

भय n.: fear, dread; danger (the subjective and the objective aspect)

Fig.: भयम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

भृ 3U बिभर्ति: to bear, carry; to sustain, nourish

Fut. भरिष्यति
Pass. भ्रियते
Caus. भारयति
PPP भृत
Inf. भर्तुम्

from that:

भार m.: burden

मा 3Ā मिमीते: to measure

Fut. मास्यति / मास्यते
Pass. मीयते
Caus. मापयति
PPP मित
Inf. मातुम्

मा + उप 3Ā उपमिमीते: to compare

from that:

उपमा f.: comparison

प्रतिमा f.: image

हा 3P जहाति: to abandon

Fut. हास्यति
Pass. हीयते
Caus. हापयति
PPP हीन: abandoned by, lacking, defective
Inf. हातुम्
from PPP हीन:

हीनयान n.: the defective vehicle (of Buddhism): derogatory term used by representatives of the "Great Vehicle", namely महायान; the defective path (यान to या 2: to go, to travel). The term हीनयान should no longer be used. The form of the old Buddhism that still exists today is called थेरवाद.

Fig.: हीनयानमेव
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

हु 3P जुहोति: to pour into fire (as an offering, esp. melted butter)

Fut. होष्यति
Pass. हूयते
Caus. हावयति
PPP हुत
Inf. होतुम्

Fig.: घृतमग्नौ जुहोति
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

घृत n.: melted butter, ghee (घी / گھی / ঘী)

"Ghee is made by simmering unsalted butter in a large pot until all water has boiled off and protein has settled to the bottom. The cooked and clarified butter is then spooned off to avoid disturbing the milk solids on the bottom of the pan. Unlike butter, ghee can be stored for extended periods without refrigeration, provided it is kept in an airtight container to prevent oxidation and remains moisture-free. Texture, colour, or taste of ghee depends on the source of the milk from which the butter was made. In India, ghee is usually made with water buffalo's milk as it tends to be whiter than cow's milk."

[Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee. -- Accessed on 2008-12-26]

Lesson 34

क्षिति f. = पृथ्वी = मही = भूमी

शस्य = सस्य n. sg. and pl.: seed, crop, grain

Fig.: सस्यम्
Rice field in India.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

यावत् : how long, how big

तावत् : so long, so big

उत्तम 3: highest

द्वीप m.n.: island, continent

Fig.: लक्षद्वीपाः
Lakshadweep Islands Map.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

मर्त्य 3: mortal (to मृ)

तिल m.: sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.)

Fig.: तिलाः
Sesame seeds.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Fig.: Sesamum indicum L.
Sesame plant flowering.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

स्वर्ण n.: (beautifully colored =) gold

Fig.: स्वर्णम्
Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), Amritsar.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

निकेतन n.: dwelling, temple

कोटि f.: tip; 10 million

श्रेष्ठ 3: best

तल m.n.: plain, surface

ऋषभ m.: bull

Fig.: ऋषभः
Nandi Bull statue, Chamundi Hills, Mysore.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

यम् 1P यच्छति : restrain, hold, offer, grant

यम् + प्र 1P प्रयच्छति : hold out, offer, deliver

या 2P याति : go, travel

कन्या f.: girl, maiden

Lesson 35

नश् 4P नश्यति : perish, be lost, disappear

Perf. Vb ननाश, नेशुर् :br
Fut. नशिष्यति । नङ्क्ष्यति :br
Kaus. नाशयति :br
PPP नष्ट

नश् + प्र 4P प्रणश्यति** : disappear, be lost, perish

क्रम् 1U क्रामति, 4P क्राम्यति : stride, go

Perf. Vc चक्राम, चक्रमुर् :br
Fut. क्रमिष्यति :br
Pass. क्रम्यते :br
Kaus. क्रमयति :br
PPP क्रान्त :br
Inf. क्रमितुम् :br
Absol. क्रमित्वा । क्रन्त्वा । क्रान्त्वा

Fig.: क्रामन्ति
People walking, Senegal.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

गै 1P गायति (gai + a-ti): sing, recite in singing tone, proclaim in verse

Perf. IV जगौ, जगुर् :br
Fut. गास्यति :br
Pass. गीयते :br
Kaus. गापयति :br
PPP गीत :br
Inf. गातुम्

thereof:
गीता f.: song, chant

Fig.: जगुः
Temple musicians Kaadu Malleswara Temple Bangalore.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 36

अह् P only Perfekt with present meaning आह, आहुर् : say, speak

अह् प्र P only Perfekt with present meaning प्राह : say, speak

ईक्ष् 1Ā ईक्षते : see, (dis)cover, observe

Perf. ईक्षां चक्रे
Fut. ईक्षिष्यते
Pass. ईक्ष्यते
Kaus. ईक्षयति
PPP ईक्षित
Inf. ईक्षितुम्

चि 5U चिनोति : to pile up, to collect

Perf. चिकाय । चिचाय
Fut. चेष्यति
Pass. चीयते
Caus. चाययति । चापयति
PPP चित
Inf. चेतुम्

Fig.: गोमयं चिकाय
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

व्रज् 1P व्रजति : to stride, to go, to walk away

Perf. Vc वव्राज, वव्रजुर्
Fut. व्रजिष्यति
Pass. व्रज्यते
Caus. व्राजयति
PPP व्रजित
Inf. व्रजितुम्

व्रज् + प्र 1P प्रव्रजति : to go away (esp. leaving home for homelessness as an ascetic = becoming a monk)

अगार n.। आगार n.: house, home

Fig.: अगारम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

from this:

अनगार्य n. । अनगारika f.: homelessness of a Buddhist monk or novice

Fig.: अनगार्यम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

अञ्जलि m.: The two hands placed together high in reverence

आदृत 3: respected

उपाध्याय m.: teacher

पृथिवी f.: earth

पृष्ठ n: back, rear side

पृष्ठम् : behind

प्रजापति m.: Lord of creatures, creator god

अनु Pref.: after, along, over - towards, lengthwise, according to, in addition, behind - after

e.g.

अनुकृ : to imitate, to copy

अनुगम् : to follow someone, to walk along

अभि : to-, towards - towards, to - towards, against, into -, with regard to, on, over, at

e.g.

अभिगम् : to go towards, to approach

वद् + अभि Causative Ā अभिवादयते : formally to greet, to address

ग्लै 1P ग्लायति : to feel reluctance, to fade away

Perf. IV जग्लौ
Fut. ग्लास्यति
Pass. ग्लायते
Caus. ग्लापयति । ग्लपयति
PPP ग्लान
Inf. ग्लातुम्
Absol. -ग्लाय

घ्रा 1P जिघ्रति : to smell something

Perf. IV जघ्रौ
Fut. घ्रास्यति
Pass. घ्रायते
Caus. घ्रापयति
PPP घ्रात । घ्राण
Inf. घ्रातुम्
Absol. -घ्राय

प्री 9U प्रीणति : to delight, to please; to love, to be favorable towards someone

प्री 4Ā प्रीयते : to rejoice

Perf. IIIa पिप्राय, पिप्रिये
Fut. प्रेष्यति
Pass. प्रीयते
Caus. प्रीणयति
PPP प्रीत
Inf. प्रेतुम्

स्पृश् 6P स्पृशति : to touch

Perf. IIa पस्पर्श, पस्पृशुर्
Fut. स्पर्क्ष्यति । स्प्रक्ष्यति
Pass. स्पृश्यते
Caus. स्पर्शयति
PPP स्पृष्ट
Inf. स्पर्ष्तुम् । स्प्रष्तुम्
Absol. -स्पृश्य

Fig.: सुगतो भूमीं पस्पर्श
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

हृष् 4P हृष्यति : to become stiff: to bristle (hair), to rejoice over (Instr., Acc., Loc.)

Perf. II जहर्ष
Fut. हर्षिष्यति
Pass. हृष्यते
Caus. हर्षयति
PPP हृषित

Fig.: लोमहर्षः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

स्वक 3: one's own (my, your ...) m.: member

Lesson 37

मूर्ख 3: dull-witted, stupid, foolish m. fool

मुनि m.: wise man, (silent) ascetic

शाक्यमुनि m.: ascetic from the lineage of the शाक्य (Kṣatriyas from कपिलवस्तु) = Buddha Gautama

Fig.: शाक्यमुनिः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

दिन n.: day

वृक्ष m.: tree

Fig.: वृक्षः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

मुख n.: mouth, face, front part, beginning

Lesson 38

सूर्य m.: sun, solar god Sūrya

Fig.: सूर्यः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

उदक n.: water

Fig.: उदकम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वा 2P वाति : to blow, to breathe

Fut. वास्यति
Perf. IV ववौ
Pass. वायते
Caus. वापयति
PPP वान । वात
Inf. वातुम्

from this:

वात m.: wind

वा + निस् 2P निर्वाति : to blow, to dissipate, to extinguish

from this:

निर्वाण n.: extinguishing, Nirvana

परिनिर्वाण n.: perfect extinguishing, complete liberation (at the end of life of a Buddha or Arhat)

Fig.: गौतमबुद्धस्य महापरिनिर्वाणम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

मिह् 1P मेहति : to urinate, to piss, to ejaculate

Fut. मेक्ष्यति
Perf. II मिमेह, मिमिहुर्
Pass. मिह्यते
Caus. मेहयति
PPP मीढ

from this:

मेघ m.: cloud ("piss-cloud")

सुत m.: son

राजन् m.: king (for kingship in India, see Basham, Wonder pp. 82-94). As the final member of a compound (esp. तत्पुरुष) usually: -राज m. (like देव)

Feminine:

राज्ञी f.: queen, wife of a king

from राज :

राज्य 3: royal; n. kingdom, kingship, rule

नामन् n.: name

सीमन् f.: boundary, limit

आत्मन् m.: self, own person, innermost essence. Philosophical and in doctrines of liberation: the absolute within the individual, which however the individual is not necessarily conscious of (v. Stietencron)

ब्रह्मन् n.: the absolute, the Veda (according to Thieme originally: formulated truth, from which ब्राह्मण "formulator of truths")

ब्रह्मन् m.: the personally conceived creator god Brahmā

Fig.: ब्रह्मा
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कर्मन् n.: to कृ 8U: action, deed, work; sacred act, sacrificial ritual; Karma: past action that later bears its fruits (e.g. in rebirth)

कर्मविपाक m.: ripening of deeds = the good and bad consequences of actions in previous existences (to वि-पच्)

हस्तिन् m.: elephant (Elephas maximus)

मनु m.: human being, man; name of the father of the human race (to मन् 4Ā)

from which:

मनुष्य m.: human being

शुच् 1P शोचति : (to flame, to shine) ; to mourn, to lament

Perf II शुशोच, शुशुचुर्
Fut. शोचिष्यति
Pass. शुच्यते
Caus. शोचयति
Inf. शुचितुम्
Absol. शोचित्वा । शुचित्वा

from which:

शुचि 3: shining, pure, clear

शोक m.: mourning, grief

अशोक 3: free from grief; Ashoka tree = Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde; name of the emperor Aśoka (देवानांप्रिय प्रियदर्शी) (ca. 304 BC – 232 BC)

Fig.: अशोकवृक्षः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Fig.: अशोकसाम्राज्यम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 40

पात्र n.: venerable one, master, worthy one

मेधा f.: wisdom, intellect, thought

पुस्तक m.n.: manuscript, book

कॢप् 1Ā कल्पते : to be in proper order, to fit (Loc.); to take shape, to form; to resolve upon, to condescend to (Dat.)

Perf. II चकॢपे optionally अनिट्
Fut. कल्पिष्यते । कल्प्स्यते
Caus. कल्पयति : to put in order, to make, to form in the imagination, to imagine
PPP कॢप्त
Inf. कल्पितुम् । कल्प्तुम्

from this:

कल्पना f.: mental formation, assumption of something non-existent in reality, fiction

कॢप् + वि Caus. विकल्पयति : (to imagine differently =) to question, to doubt

from this:

विक्ल्प m.: alternative, doubt

तुद् 6U तुदति : to strike

Perf. II तुतोद, तुतुदुर्
Fut. तोत्स्यति
Pass. तुद्यते
Caus. तोदयति
PPP तुन्न (tud + na)
Inf. तोत्तुम्

तॄ 1P तरति : to cross over, to transgress, to escape from someone (Acc. = to cross someone)

Perf. IIIb ततार, ततरुर् । तेरुर्
Fut. तरिष्यति । तरीष्यति
Pass. तीर्यते
Caus. तारयति
PPP तीर्ण
Inf. तरितुम् । तरीतुम्

from this:

तीर्थ n.: ford, sacred bathing place, pilgrimage site

Fig.: हरिद्वारे तीर्थम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

तीर्थङ्कर m. (from: तीर्थम्+ कृ): ferryman (across suffering) = the 24 teachers of Jainism

Fig.: तीर्थङ्करः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

अव Pref.: down, downward, away, off-

तॄ + अव 1P अवतरति : to descend

from this:

अवतार m.: (descender, descent) incarnation of a god, esp. Viṣṇu 10 incarnations (see Basham, Wonder pp. 304 - 309)

Fig.: विष्णोर्दशावताराः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

स्वप् 2P स्वपिति, स्वपन्ति : to sleep, to go to bed

Impf. अस्वपीत् । अस्वपत्
Perf. सुष्वाप, सुषुपुर्
Fut. स्वप्स्यति
Pass. सुप्यते (from *svp-ya-te)
Caus. स्वापयति
PPP सुप्त
Inf. स्वप्तुम्

from this:

स्वप्न m.: sleep, dream

सुप्ति f. (from *svp-ti): sleep, esp. deep sleep

Fig.: स्वपन्ति
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 41

मूर्ख m = मूढ भुजङ्ग m.: snake

Fig.: भुजङ्गः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

केवलम् Adv.: only, alone, completely

विष n.: poison

Fig.: भुजङ्गस्य विषम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शास् 2P शास्ति : to reprimand, to control, to command, to teach

has the weak present stem शिष् : शिष्मस्, but the 3rd pl. P has the strong stem: शासति (!! ending -ati) alongside occasional शासन्ति. अशासुर्. Also the entire आत्मनेपद has, insofar as it occurs, the strong stem: शास्ते

Perf I शशास, शशासुर्
Fut. शासिष्यति
Pass. -शास्यते । शिष्यते
PPP शिष्ट : taught, wise
Inf. शासितुम्
Absol. -शिष्य । -शास्य

from this:

शासना f.: royal edict, teaching, religion

Fig.: शासना
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शास्त्र n.: teaching, textbook

शास्त्रिन् m.: learned, scholar

Fig.: शास्त्री
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शिष्य 3: to be instructed = student

शरण 3: protecting, shielding; n. protection, refuge, taking refuge

सङ्घ n.: (to सम्-हन् : to strike together): group, crowd, community (e.g. Buddhist)

कन्या f.: young girl, daughter, maiden

अति prefix: over, beyond (in space, in time, by number, by quantity, in order, by power, by intensity), exceedingly

इ + अति 2P अत्येति : to pass by

PPP अतीत : n. past

Lesson 42

प्रकृति f.: (to कृ + प्र) basic form, natural state, nature; prime matter, primordial substance

अर्जुन m. proper name: Arjuna, one of the five sons of पण्डु. Hero in the महाभारत (see Basham, Wonder pp. 409 - 414)

स्था + अव 1Ā अवतिष्ठते : to abstain from, to keep away from, to refrain, to remain, to stand

PPP अवस्थित 3: standing, located

पुरा Adv.: once, formerly

अनेक 3: many (not a few)

कुमार m.: prince

दूत m.: messenger, envoy

इष् (1,4,9) Caus. इषयति : to send

सकाश m.: presence, attendance

शर m.: arrow-shaft, arrow

बाण m.: arrow, target

ज्ञा + प्रति 9U प्रतिजानाति : to approve, to promise; Ā: to answer, to confirm, to assert, to recognize

चल् 1P चलति : to set in motion

Fut. चलिष्यति
Perf. Vb चचाल, चेलुर्
Pass. चल्यते
Caus. चलयति । चालयति
PPP चलित
Absol. -चल्य
Inf. चलितुम्

अधिपति m. = राजन् आटोप m.: vanity, pride

चिन्तापर 3: absorbed in thought

अन्तरे Adv.: meanwhile

लीला f.: jest, play

यावत् Adv.: how long, during

तावत् Adv.: as long

द्विधा । द्वेधा Adv.: twofold, in two parts

शंस् 1P शंसति : to praise, to command

Fut. शंसिष्यति
Perf. I शशंस
Pass. शस्यते
Caus. शंसयति
PPP शस्त
Absol. शसित्वा । शस्त्वा
Inf. शंसितुम्

हृदय n.: heart

42.2.1. Some Kinship Terms

Fig.: माता, पिता, पुत्रकः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

भर्तृ m. (to भृ "to carry, to sustain"): sustainer, provider, husband

भार्या f., जाया f. पत्नी f.: wife (भार्या = gerundive to भृ : one who is to be carried, one who is to be sustained, one entitled to maintenance)

पितृ m.: Father

पितृ m. Plural: the deceased male ancestors, i.e.,

father, grandfather, great-grandfather
the progenitors of humanity

Rites are performed for both, so-called श्राद्ध n. Every day, three male ancestors (on the father's side and on the mother's side) are offered water and, on certain occasions, rice balls or flour balls (पिण्ड m. "balls"). Thus, the ancestors receive nourishment. The performance of this ceremony is one reason why a man should father a son. Those who are connected through this पिण्ड-gift are called सपिण्ड (those to whom पिण्ड is common). सपिण्ड encompasses six generations: three backwards (up to the great-grandfather) and three forwards (down to the great-grandson).

तात m.: Papa

मातृ f.: Mother

पुत्र m.: Son

दुहितृ f. सुता f.: Daughter

नप्तृ m.: Grandson

भ्रातृ m.: Brother

स्वसृ f., भगिनी f.: Sister

देवृ m.: Brother of the husband (brother-in-law to the wife)

यातृ m.: Wife of the husband's brother

ननान्दृ f.: Sister of the husband

श्वसुर f.: Father-in-law (in ancient times: only of the wife)

श्वस्रू f.: Mother-in-law (declension follows later)

मातुल m.: Maternal uncle (mother's brother)

मातुलानी f.: Wife of the maternal uncle (maternal aunt by marriage)

पितृव्य m.: Paternal uncle (father's brother)

पितामह m.: Paternal grandfather

पितामही f.: Paternal grandmother

मातामह m.: Maternal grandfather

मातामही f.: Maternal grandmother

Lesson 43

ज्ञा + आ Causative आज्ञापयति : to command, to order

आपण m.: market

Fig.: आपणः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

सत्वर 3: fast, hurried

पण्य 3: purchasable; n.: goods, trade

Fig.: पण्यानि
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

आम् : yes

सम m. = वर्ष n.

-आयुत 3: provided with

भद्र 3: good, happy; Vocative: my dear!

समय m. (to सम्-इ): agreement, contract, deadline, appointment, time

निश्चित 3: decided, fixed

नोचेत् : if not, otherwise

विलम्ब n.m.: delay, lateness

विपणि f.: shop, stall

Fig.: विपणिः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वणिज् m.: merchant, trader

Fig.: वणिक्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वर 3: best

शीघ्र 3: fast, swift

वत्स m.: calf, young, child; Voc.: my dear

Fig.: वत्सः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

उत्तम 3: highest, best

अल्प 3: small, little

मूल्य n.: value, price

कियत् 3: how big

शर्करा f.: sugar (the German "Zucker" goes via Italian zucchero, from there via Arabic sukkar - سكر and Persian šakkar - شکر back to the Sanskrit शर्करा!)

अधिक 3: additional, surplus, extraordinary

तर्हि : then, at that time; therefore, thus

तुल् 10 तुलयति । तोलयति : to weigh

Fig.: तोलन्ति
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कर्गल n.: paper

संपुट m.: can (here: package, bundle)

पुरतस् : in front, before, ahead

श्रेष्ठिन् m.: wealthy merchant

जव 3: fast, hurried

द्रु 1P द्रवति to run

Perf. IIIa दुद्राव, दुद्रुवुर्
Fut. द्रोष्यति
Pass. द्रूयते
Caus. द्रावयति
PPP द्रुत
Absol. -द्रुत्य
Inf. द्रोतुम्

रे Interjection: Hey! You there!

अन्यद् 3: another (declension like यद् )

वञ्चक m.: fraudster

पश्चात्ताप m.: remorse

इत्थम् Adv.: in this way, thus

दिन n.: day

जन्मन् n.: birth

आनन्द m.: bliss, joy

Lesson 44

प्रति Preverb: back, against, towards - away

e.g.

हन् + प्रति 2P प्रतिहन्ति : to strike back

वद् + प्रति 1P प्रतिवदति : to say back = to answer

ख्या + प्रति + आ 2P प्रत्याख्याति : to reject, to disdain

या 2P याति : to go, to travel

Perf. IV ययौ
Fut. यास्यति
Pass. यायते
Caus. यापयति
PPP यात
Inf. यातुम्

from this:

यान n.: going, path, vehicle

Abb.: रेल्यानम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शी 2Ā शेते : to lie. This root has in all forms of the present stem Guna grade: 1.sg.Ind.Pres.Ā शेये (śe + e). The following forms are particularly noteworthy: 3.pl.Ind.Pres.Ā शेरते, 3.pl.Impf.Ā अशेरत

Perf. IIIa शिश्ये (śi-śī + e)
Fut. शयिष्यते
Caus. शापयति
PPP शयित
Inf. शयितुम्

from this:

शयन n.: couch, bed

Fig.: योगी शयने शेते
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

नन्द् 1P नन्दति : to rejoice in (तृतीयया)

Perf. I ननन्द
Fut. नन्दिष्यति
Pass.: नन्द्यते
Caus. नन्दयति
PPP नन्दित
Inf. नन्दितुम्
Absol. -नन्द्य
Gerundiv नन्द्य

from this:

नन्दिन् 3: characterized by (special) joy, joyful ; m. name of the mount (वहन) of शिव (a bull)

Fig.: नन्दी
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

नन्द् + अभि 1P (1Ā) अभिनन्दति : to have one's joy in (द्वितीयया), to greet someone with joy, to welcome

यम् 1P यच्छति : to hold, carry ; to offer, grant ; to keep together, restrain, bridle, subdue

Perf. Vb ययाम, येमुर्
Fut. यंस्यति
Pass. यम्यते
Caus. यामयति but: नियमयति
PPP यत
Inf. यन्तुम्
Absol. -यम्य

यम् + आ 1U आयच्छति : to stretch, extend

PPP आयत 3: long stretched out

Fig.: आयतो मरुः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

यम् + प्र 1P प्रयच्छति : to offer, present, hand over

यम् + सम् 1P संयच्छति : to bind together, tie up, restrain

यत् 1Ā यतते : to strive after (सप्तमी, चतुर्थी, द्वितीया)

Perf. Vb येते
Fut. यतिष्यते
Pass. यत्यते
Caus. यातयति
PPP यत्त
Inf. यतितुम्

from this:

यत्न m.: effort, exertion

Fig.: यत्नेन
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

रभ् 1Ā रभते (variant form of लभ्): to grasp, to seize

Perf. Verb रेभे
Fut. रप्स्यते
Pass. रभ्यते
Caus. रम्भयति
PPP रब्ध
Inf. रब्धुम्
Absol. -रभ्य

रभ् + आ 1Ā आरभते : to touch, to begin, to undertake

प्रव्रज्या f. (from प्र-व्रज्): the act of leaving home for homelessness; ceremony by which one becomes a Buddhist novice (Pali: पब्बजा)

Fig.: प्रव्रअज्या / पब्बजा
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 45

वा ... वा : either ... or

Lesson 46

सम 3: equal, just, similar

from this:
समम् Adv.: in the same manner, at the same time (तृतीयया), evenly
समता f.: equanimity
विषम 3: unequal, uneven, evil

ग्रह् 9U गृह्णाति (gṛh-ṇā-ti) : to seize, to grasp, to catch

Perf. Va (!) जग्राह, जगृहुर्
Fut. ग्रहीष्यति
Pass. गृह्यते
Caus.ग्राहयति
PPP गृहीत
Inf. ग्रहितुम्
Absol. -ग्राह्य
from this:
ग्रह m.: grasping, gripper, crocodile, wandering star
नवग्रह m.: the nine wandering stars (not planets!) (see Basham, Wonder p. 493):

सूर्यः = Sun
चन्द्रः = Moon
मङ्गलः = Mars
बुधः = Mercury
बृहस्पतिः = Jupiter
शुक्रः = Venus
शनिः = Saturn
राहुः
केतुः

For राहु and केतु see:

Payer, Alois (1944–): Dharmashastra: Introduction and Overview. -- 10. Sacraments and Transition Rites (samskara). -- Appendix C: Rahu and Ketu, the invisible wandering stars. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/dharmashastra/dharmash10c.htm

Fig.: सूर्यः, चन्द्रः, मङ्गलः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Fig.: बुधः, बृहस्पतिः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Fig.: शुक्रः, शनिः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Fig.: राहुः, केतुः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

तुष् 4P तुष्यति : to be content, to be satisfied with (षष्ठ्या, चतुर्थ्या, तृतियया, सप्तम्या)

Perf. II तुतोष, तुतुषुर्
Fut. तोक्ष्यति
Pass. तुष्यते
Kaus. तोषयति
PPP तुष्ट
Inf. तोष्टुम्

नम् 1P नमति : to bend, to bow, to incline, to prostrate oneself

Perf. Vb ननाम, नेमुर्
Fut. नंस्यति
Pass. नम्यते
Kaus. नमयति । नामयति
PPP नत
Inf. नन्तुम्

Fig.: नारायण तुभ्यं नमामि
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

रुह् 1P रोहति : to climb, to ascend

Perf. II रुरोह, रुरुहे
Fut. रोक्ष्यति
Pass. रुह्यते
Kaus. रोहयति । रोपयति
PPP. रूढ
Inf. रोढुम्

Fig.: अश्वरोहकः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

ह्वे । हू 1U ह्वयति : to call, to summon

Perf. IIIa जुहाव, जुहुवे
Fut. ह्वास्यति
Pass. हूयते
Caus. ह्वाययति
PPP हूत
Inf. ह्वातुम्
Absol. -हूय

Fig.: महामात्र कं चरिष्णुदूरशब्देनाह्वयसि
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

1 महामात्र m. "Mahout"; चरिष्णु 3 "mobile", दूरशब्द m. "long-distance call, telephone" » चरिष्णुदूरशब्द "mobile phone" (word formation: A. Payer)

विभ्रम m.: the going back and forth

भ्रंश m.: the falling away

श्रम् 4P श्राम्यति : to toil, to become tired

Perf. Vc शश्राम, शश्रामुर्
Fut. श्रमिष्यति
Pass. श्रम्यते
Caus. श्रमयति । श्रामयति
PPP श्रान्त
Inf. श्रमितुम्
Absol. श्रमित्वा । श्रान्त्वा
from which:
आश्रम m.n.

Fig.: श्रान्तः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

श्रि 1U श्रयति : to lean, to lean against, to find support, to go to someone (द्वितीयया, सप्तम्या)

Perf. IIIa शिश्राय, शिश्रिये
Fut. श्रयिष्यति
Pass. श्रीयते
Caus. श्राययति
PPP श्रित
Inf. श्रयितुम्

सञ्ज् 1P सजति : to attach, to stick to (सप्तम्या)

Perf. I ससञ्ज, ससञ्जुर्
Fut. संक्ष्यति
Pass. सज्यते
Caus. सञ्जयति
PPP सक्त
Inf. संक्तुम्
from which:
सङ्ग m.: the attaching to, contact with (तृतीयया)

Fig.: सङ्गः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

द्रु 1P द्रवति : run, hasten

Perf IIIa (अनिट्) दुद्राव, दुद्रुवुर्
Fut. द्रोष्यति
Pass. द्रूयते
Caus. द्रावयति
PPP द्रुत
Inf. द्रोतुम्
Absol. -द्रुत्य

भ्रम् 1P भ्रमति । 4Pभ्राम्यति : wander about, roam

Perf. Vc बभ्राम, बभ्रमुर् । Vb भ्रेमुर्
Fut. भ्रमिष्यति
Caus. भ्रमयति
PPP भ्रान्त
Inf. भ्रमितुम्
Absol. -भ्रम्य
from this:
विभ्रम m.: wandering, confusion, error

लम्ब् 1Ā लम्बते : hang down from (सप्तम्या), hang on (सप्तम्या)

Perf. I ललम्बे
Fut. लम्बिष्यते
Pass. लम्ब्यते
Caus. लम्बयति
PPP लम्बित
Inf. लम्बितुम्
Absol. -लम्ब्य

Fig.: लम्बोदर नमस्तुभ्यम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

लम्ब् + आ 1Ā आलम्बते : hang on (द्वितीयया)

यदि conjunction: if

भू + परि 1P परिभवति : surround, master, conquer

PPP परिभूत 3: conquered, humbled, degraded

नि prefix: downwards, down, in, backwards

e.g.
सद् + नि 1P निषीदति : sit down

भोस् vocative particle: exclamation of address, e.g.: hey, heda, oh, ei, hello, hi! often not to be translated. This particle has a special sandhi: before all voiced sounds, it becomes भो.

Fig.: भोः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 48

श्वस् : tomorrow

अद्य : today

लघु 3: easy (not hard, not difficult), fast, short (in expression)

व्याकरण n.: grammar (to व्याकृ)

तन्त्र n.: string ; loom, warp, fabric ; foundation, norm, rule ; doctrine, textbook ; Tantra ; magic formula ; means, trick, medicine ; government, authority

Fig.: तन्त्रम्
Sualkuchi = সুৱালকুচি, Assam = অসম
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Fig.: तन्त्री
Sitar player = सितारवादकः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

स्त्री f.: woman, wife ; feminine

Declension:

स्त्री f.	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्
प्रथमा	स्त्री	स्त्रियस्
द्वितीया	स्त्रियम् स्त्रीयम्	स्त्रियस् स्त्रीस्
तृतीया	स्त्रिया	स्त्रीभिस्
चतुर्थी	स्त्रियै	स्त्रीभ्यस्
पञ्चमी	स्त्रियास्	स्त्रीभ्यस्
षष्ठी	स्त्रियास्	स्त्रीणाम्
सप्तमी	स्त्रियाम्	स्त्रीषु
आमन्त्रितम्	स्त्रि	स्त्रियस्

Fig.: स्वतन्त्राः स्त्रियः
Self-help group (SHG), Tamil Nadu = தமிழ்நாடு
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

दिवानिशम् Adverb: by day and night

सज्ज् 1P सज्जति : to hang, to adhere

कुमार m.: child, youth, prince; epithet of कार्तिकेय / Murugan = முருகன் = മുരുകന്‍ / Subrahmanya = ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ

Fig.: कुमारः
Thaipusam Festival = தைப்பூசம், Batu Caves, Malaysia
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कुमारी f.: girl, daughter

Fig.: कुमारी नेपाल
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कौमर n.: childhood

यौवन n.: youth

स्थविर 3: old, aged

Fig.: स्थविराः जोधपुर
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

स्थाविर n.: (advanced) age

वाच्य 3: also: blameworthy

सूक्ष्म 3: fine, tiny, subtle

Fig.: सूक्ष्मम्
Karanji Lake = ಕಾರಂಜಿ ಕೆರೆ
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

प्रसङ्ग m.: attachment, inclination ; opportunity

विशेष m.: difference, peculiarity

प्रसूति f.: birth, offspring

चरित्र n.: custom, practice, customary law ; conduct

जाया f.: wife

Fig.: मम जाया
(Image: Payer)
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 49

दीर्घ 3: long

ह्रस्व 3: short

आयुस् n.: lifetime (the full lifespan one can live, if nothing interferes) ;

from this:

आयुर्वेद m.: the traditional medical system of India

see:

Carakasaṃhitā: Selected Texts from the Carakasaṃhitā / translated and explained by Alois Payer (1944–). -- 0. Introduction. -- URL: http://www.payer.de/ayurveda/caraka0001.htm

क्षिप् 6P क्षिपति : to throw, to hurl

Perf. II चिक्षेप, चिक्षेपिथ, चिक्षिपुर्
Fut. क्षेप्स्यति
Pass. क्षिप्यते
Kaus. क्षेपयति
PPP क्षिप्त
Inf. क्षेप्तुम्
Absol. -क्षिप्य
Gerundiv: क्षेप्य

त्वर् 1Ā त्वरते : to hasten

Perf. Vc तत्वरे
Fut. त्वरिष्यते
Pass. त्वर्यते
Kaus. त्वरयति
PPP त्वरित । तू्र्ण
Inf. त्वरितुम्

द्रुह् 4P द्रुह्यति : to harm

Perf. II दुद्रोह, दुद्रुहुर्
Fut. द्रोहिष्यति । ध्रोक्ष्यति
Pass. द्रुह्यते
Kaus. द्रोहयति
PPP द्रुग्ध । द्रूढ
Inf. द्रोग्धुम्

कुलूहल n.: curiosity, interest

Fig.: कुलूहलम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कृत्स्न 3: whole, complete

परिचय m.: acquaintance

कला f.: art

Fig.: उत्तमा काला शिवो नटराजा, 11th cent.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वर m.n.: wish

उत Indecl.: and, also, or

विहंग m.: bird ("going into the air-स्dream - विह")

Fig.: विहंगः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वेष m.: garment, appearance, exterior

Fig.: वेषः वाराणस्याम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

छन्न n.: blanket, hiding place

पञ्जर n.: cage

Fig.: पञ्जरम्
Fortune teller with parrot in cage: the parrot draws slips of paper on which fate is written Mysore
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

चाण्डाल । चण्डाल m.: lowest caste Dalits

स्वयम् Indecl.: self, of itself

अवनि f.: earth

मुहूर्त m.,n.: moment, instant

ध्यै 1P ध्यायति : to imagine, think

Perf. IV दध्यौ
Fut. ध्यास्यति
Pass. ध्यायते
Caus. ध्यापयति
PPP ध्यात
Inf. ध्यातुम्
Gerundive ध्येय

आदर m.: consideration, attention, respect

Fig.: सादरः
Amritsar = ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कुतुक n. = कुलूहल n.

परम 3: farthest, highest ; पञ्चम्या : better than, higher than

शिशु m.: child, offspring

Fig.: गजशिशुः
Sri Lanka
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Lesson 50

ध्रुव 3: firm, unchangeable

निषेक m.: sprinkling, fertilization, liquid, ejaculation, ceremony at conception

पण्डित 3: clever, wise, learned

मन् + अव 4Ā अवमन्यते : to disregard, despise

मन्त्रिन् 3: advisory ; m.: advisor, councilor, minister

Fig.: मन्त्री
Kapil Sibal (1948 -), Union minister in Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Earth Sciences (since 2006)
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

रहस् n.: secret, solitude

रिष् 1P रिषति 4P रिष्यति : to be damaged, fail, injure

Perf. II रिरेष, रिरिषुर्
Fut. रेषिष्यति
Pass. रिष्यते
Caus. रेषयति
PPP रिष्ट

लुप् 6U लुम्पति : to break, destroy

Perf. II लुलोप, लुलुपे
Fut. लोप्स्यति
Pass. लुप्यते
Caus. लोपयति
PPP लुप्त
Inf. लोप्तुम्
Gerundive लुप्य । लोप्य

विधि m.: also: fate (to विधा)

वृष् 1P वर्षति : to rain (mostly with a कर्तृ -- a god or a cloud)

Perf. II ववर्ष, ववृषुर्
Fut. वर्षिष्यति
Pass. वृष्यते
Caus. वर्षयति
PPP वृष्ट
Inf. वर्षितुम्
Abs. वर्षित्वा । वृष्ट्वा
Abs.-वृष्य

Fig.: महामेघो वर्षिष्यति
Arrival of the monsoon, Bangalore ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

संयक् Adv.: correctly, truly, in the proper manner ; thoroughly, completely

आदित्य m.: sun ; pl.: Āditya : a specific class of gods

Fig.: आदित्यः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

सर्व 3: each, all

Declension like यद् (exception: Nom.Acc.sg.Neuter)

	Singular एकवचनम्				Plural बहुवचनम्
	Masculine पुंस्	Neuter नपुंसकम्	Feminine स्त्री	Masculine पुंस्	Neuter नपुंसकम्	Feminine स्त्री
1. Nominative १. प्रथमा	सर्वस्	सर्वम्	सर्वा	सर्वे	सर्वाणि	सर्वास्
2. Accusative २. द्वितीया	सर्वम्	सर्वम्	सर्वाम्	सर्वान्	सर्वाणि	सर्वास्
3. Instrumental ३. तृतीया	सर्वेण		सर्वया	सर्वैस्
4. Dative ४. चतुर्थी	सर्वस्मै		सर्वस्यै	सर्वेभ्यस्
5. Ablative ५. पञ्चमी	सर्वस्मात्		सर्वस्यास्	सर्वेभ्यस्
6. Genitive ६. षष्ठी	सर्वस्य		सर्वस्यास्	सर्वेषाम्
7. Locative ७. सप्तमी	सर्वस्मिन्		सर्वस्याम्	सर्वेषु

वै : Particle that emphasizes the preceding word: indeed, truly, but

इह Adv.: here, here on earth, hither; now. Before nouns in the locative (षष्ठी) synonymous with अस्मिन्, अस्याम् कल्प m: ordinance, custom, ritual; World period (to कॢप्)

कल्याण 3 (f.: कल्याणी) :beautiful

Fig.: कल्याणी
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कु- : as the first member of compounds: bad

Fig.: कुनगरम् धारावी, मुंबई
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

चक्ष् 2Ā चष्टे 2.pl. Ā चड्ढ्वे : to see

Perf. चचक्षे
not used in other tenses

चक्ष् + प्र 2Ā प्रचष्टे : to tell, consider as, name

देश m.: place, spot, land, region

Lesson 51

अजिन n.: antelope skin, esp. the skin of the black antelope (blackbuck : Antilope cervicapra L. ). Originally occurred throughout the Indian subcontinent from Punjab and Sind to Bengal and from Nepal to Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) (Tamil: கன்னியாகுமரி) See:

Walker's mammals of the world / Ronald M. Nowak. -- 6th ed. -- Baltimore [etc.] : Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., 1999. -- 2 vols. -- ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. -- Vol. 2. -- pp. 1193f.

Fig.:
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

अतिथि m.: guest

अभ्यन्तर 3: located inside, nearest; m. the closest relative, native

अरण्य n.: wilderness, forest

ऋतु m.: periodic process, season, time period, menstruation, time when the woman is fertile and has a right to sexual intercourse with her husband.

Regarding ऋतु see Manu III, 45-48: according to this, ऋतु lasts 16 days (according to the alternative translation: 20 days) from the beginning of menstruation; sexual intercourse is forbidden during the first four days after the onset of bleeding (according to the alternative translation: during the first eight (4 + 4) days), as well as on the 11th (or 15th) and 13th (or 18th) day. On even days, the woman conceives sons; on odd days, daughters. For what follows, a ऋतु of 16 days in total is assumed (not the alternative translation), as most indigenous commentaries do, which was thus the prevailing view.

Since ovulation occurs 14 days before the start of menstruation, this determination of the fertile period nearly "guarantees" fertility for a menstrual cycle length between 19 and 30 days. The forbidden days (11th and 13th) improve the probability of sexual intercourse on the 12th and 14th days, i.e., the probability of conception in a cycle of 28 days (the lifespan of sperm in the woman is approximately 3 days). These regulations can be described as a positive application of the Knaus-Ogino method.

Fig.: ऋतुः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

एकत्र Adv.: in one place

जटा f.: hair braid (ascetic hairstyle)

Fig.: जटा ऋषिकेश
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

तुल्य 3: equal, comparable (तृतीयया)

तरय 3 (f.: तरयी): threefold, consisting of three parts

प्राणान्तिक 3 (f.: -ī): deadly, death-bringing, lifelong

बाह्य 3: outside, located outdoors, foreign

भिक्षा f.: begged alms, begging food

मार्यादा f.: boundary, limit

शिष् 7P शिनष्टि : to leave, to abandon

Perf.II शिशेषे, शिशिषुर्
Fut. शेक्ष्यति
Pass. शिष्यते
Kaus. शेषयति
PPPशिष्ट
Absol. -शिष्य

शिष् + वि 7P विशिनष्टि : to distinguish

Pass. विशिष्यते : to differ from (पञ्चम्या, तृतीयया), to be better than (पञ्चम्या, तृतीयया), to be the best among (षष्ठ्या, सप्तम्या)

समान 3: of the same kind, equal, similar ; m.: contemporary

स्व 3: own, one's (my, your etc.). Declined like सर्व. In the Abl.Loc.sg.m.n and in Nom.pl.m it can also be declined like देव:

Abl.sg.m.n स्वस्मात् । स्वात्
Lok.sg.m.n. स्वस्मिन् । स्वे
Nom.pl.m स्वे । स्वास्

गर्ह् 1Ā गर्हते 10P गर्हयति : to scold, to blame

Perf I जगर्हे
Fut. गर्हिष्यते
PPP गर्हित

पिशित n.: (prepared) meat

Fig.: पिशितम्
Kolkata = কলকাতা
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

उपहार m.: offering, sacrifice, gift

मधु n.: honey, sweet drink, mead (honey wine)

Fig.: मधु
City Palace, उदयपुर
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

मांस n.: flesh

मृगया f.: hunt

Fig.: मृगया
Hunt with चीता (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) Gujarat = ગુજરાત, 1812
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शिवा f.: (female) jackal (golden jackal = Canis aureus)

Fig.: शिवा
Canis aureus, Kalatop Khajjiar Sanctuary
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

रुत n.: shouting

कौशिक m.: owl

Fig.: कौशिकः
Brahma owl (Athene brama), Mahesana = મહેસાણા
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शकुनि m.: bird

श्वन् m.: dog

strong stem श्वान्
weak stem before vowel सुन्
weak stem before consonant श्व

Fig.: श्वा लिङ्गं च
Karnataka = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

परिचित 3: familiar, known

अटवी f.: forest

शून्य 3: empty, desolate

आपान(क) n.: drinking bout

Fig.: आपानकम् जोधपुर
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

क्रूर 3: raw, cruel

दिह् 2U देग्धि, दिग्धे : to smear, to daub

Perf. II दिदेह
Fut. धेक्ष्यति
Pass. दिह्यते
Caus. देहयति
PPP दिग्ध

विष n.: poison

Fig.: मूषिकाविषाणि
Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

भुजंग m.: snake

Fig.: भुजंगः
Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

सायक m.: arrow

उत्साद m.: destruction, ruin

कलत्र Neuter: wife, female

बन्दी f.: captive, booty

योषित् f.: young woman, girl

शार्दूल m. = व्याघ्र m.

रुधिर n.: blood

अर्चन n. अर्चना f. = पूजा f.

बलि m.: payment, donation, tribute

मणि m.: jewel

Fig.: मणिः
Hope Diamond from Guntur = గుంటూరు, today Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Washington DC
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

वन n.: forest

मद m.: also "must" (elephant's sexual secretion) (in Musht)

Fig.: मदः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

राग m.: also: color, red color

कालन n.: forest

खन् 1U खनति : to dig

Perf. चखान, चखने
Fut. खनिष्यति
Caus. खानयति
PPP खात
Absol. खनित्वा । खात्वा

चिन्त् 10 चिन्तयति : to think, to ponder

शबर .: proper name of a non-Aryan tribe

Lesson 52

अखिल 3: seamless, whole

निखिल 3: complete, whole

from:

खिल m.: fallow field, wasteland

Fig.: खिलः
Tambhol, Akole, Ahmednagar = अहमदनगर
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

अन्तर् Adv.: inside, within ; Postposition with Gen. Loc. (षष्टी, सप्तमी): inside, in the middle ; Postposition with Gen. Abl. (षष्ठी, पञ्चमी): out of ...

अन्योन्य 3: mutually, each other

इ + वि + परि 2P विपर्येति : to fail

PPP विपरीत 3: wrong, incorrect

त्रि 3: three

	Masculine पुंस्	Neuter नपुंसकम्	Feminine स्त्री
1. Nominative १. प्रथमा	त्रयस्	त्रीणि	तिस्रस्
2. Accusative २. द्वितीया	त्रीन्	त्रीणि	तिस्रस्
3. Instrumental ३. तृतीया	त्रिभिस्
4. Dative ४. चतुर्थी	त्रिभ्यस्
5. Ablative ५. पञ्चमी	त्रिभ्यस्
6. Genitive ६. षष्ठी	त्रयाणाम्
7. Locative ७. सप्तमी	त्रिषु

निस् Postposition and prefix with nouns and verbs: out, away, out of, forth, from, away, without - by

पीड् 10P पीडयति : to press, torment ; to distress, besiege, plague

Fig.: पीडिताः
Hyderabad = హైదరాబాద్
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

पर 3: (Declension like सर्व) distant, foreign, higher than (पञ्चम्या), outermost, highest ; other, foreign, hostile ; m.: Foreigner

from that:

परम् Adv.: to a high degree, thereupon, later, but, however

प्रति Postposition (द्वितीयया): to - towards, after, with regard to, opposite

प्रधान 3: principal, best ; n.: The most important

Fig.: प्रधानः मुंबई
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

लौल्य n.: Greed, lustfulness

वर्ग m.: Section, division, group

त्रिवर्ग m.: Group of three (e.g. धर्मः, अर्थः, कामः ; or: सत्त्वम्, रजस्, तमस् ; or: ब्राह्मणाः, क्षत्रियाः, वैश्याः)

वश् 2P वस्टि, उशन्ति, Imperat. 2.sg.: उड्ढि : to want, command, desire

Perf Va उवाश, ऊशुर्
Fut. वशिष्यति
Pass. उष्यते
Kaus. वाशयति
PPP उशित
Inf. वशितुम्
Absol. -वश्य

वा 2P वाति : to blow, to breathe

Perf IV ववौ
Fut. वास्यति
Pass. वायते
Kaus. वापयति
PPP वान । वात
Inf. वातुम्

from this:

वात m.: wind

वृज् 7P वृणक्ति 1P वर्जति : to turn, to rotate; to ward off, to exclude

Perf. II ववर्ज, ववृजुर्
Fut. वर्जिष्यति
Pass. वृज्यते
Kaus. वर्जयति : to remove
Kaus. PPP वर्जित : deprived of something, free from
PPP वृक्त
Inf. वर्जितुम्

व्यवहार m.: activity, conduct, interaction, commerce, business, trade, (legal) process

शील n.: custom, habit, nature, character, good habit = morality

सूर्य m.: sun

सेव् 1Ā सेवते : to serve someone (द्वितीया), to attend, to honor, to love

Perf I सिषेवे
Fut. सेविष्यते
Pass. सेव्यते
Kaus. सेवयति
PPP सेवित
Inf. सेवितुम्
Absol. -सेव्य

from this:

सेवा f.: service, attendance

धीर 3: firm, steadfast, continuous, persistent

शम् शाम्यति

शशाम, शेमुर् शमिष्यति शम्यते शमयति शान्त शमित्वा । शान्त्वा

कोविद 3: experienced in (षष्ठ्या सप्तम्या वा)

याम m.: night watch (each three hours)

परंपरा f.: uninterrupted series

अमुत्र Adv.: there, thither

च्यु 1Ā च्यवते : to move, to travel, to fall down

Perf. IIIa चुच्युवे
Fut. च्योष्यते
Pass. च्यूयते
Kaus. च्यावयति
PPP च्युत

भू + अनु 1P अनुभवति : to recognize, to feel/perceive, to perceive, to experience

चक्र n.: wheel, chariot

Fig.: चक्रम्
Konark = कोनार्क
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कदली f.: banana tree (Musa sp.)

Fig.: कदली
Hampi = ಹಂಪೆ
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

सार m.n.: core, marrow, essence, substance

दिव्य 3: heavenly, divine

वर 3: best

आदर्श m.: mirror, reflector

मल m.n.: dirt, stain

Fig.: मलम् मुंबई
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

त्रिपिष्टप n.: Indra's heaven

मार m.: the personified evil, the personified temptation/manipulation, devil

Fig.:
Amaravati = అమరావతి, 2nd cent. CE
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

विजिज्ञासु 3: one who wishes to know completely

त्रै 1Ā त्रायते : to protect, to save

Perf. IV तत्रे
Fut. त्रास्यते
Pass. त्रायते
Caus. त्रापयति
PPP त्राण । त्रात
Inf. त्रातुम्

Vocabulary List (Complete Overview) ​

Lesson 2 ​

Lesson 3 ​

Lesson 5 ​

Lesson 6 ​

Lesson 7 ​

Lesson 8 ​

Lesson 9 ​

Lesson 10 ​

Lesson 11 ​

Lesson 12 ​

12.5.1. Passive and PPP of the roots learned so far ​

Lesson 13 ​

Lesson 14 ​

Lesson 15 ​

Lesson 16 ​

Lesson 17 ​

Lesson 18 ​

Lesson 19 ​

Lesson 20 ​

Lesson 21 ​

Lesson 22 ​

Lesson 23 ​

Lesson 24 ​

Lesson 25 ​

Lesson 27 ​

Lesson 28 ​

Lesson 29 ​

Lesson 30 ​

Lesson 31 ​

Lesson 32 ​

Lesson 33 ​

Lesson 34 ​

Lesson 35 ​

Lesson 36 ​

Lesson 37 ​

Lesson 38 ​

Lesson 40 ​

Lesson 41 ​

Lesson 42 ​

42.2.1. Some Kinship Terms ​

Lesson 43 ​

Lesson 44 ​

Lesson 45 ​

Lesson 46 ​

Lesson 48 ​

Lesson 49 ​

Lesson 50 ​

Lesson 51 ​

Lesson 52 ​

Vocabulary List (Complete Overview)

Lesson 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 5

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

Lesson 9

Lesson 10

Lesson 11

Lesson 12

12.5.1. Passive and PPP of the roots learned so far

Lesson 13

Lesson 14

Lesson 15

Lesson 16

Lesson 17

Lesson 18

Lesson 19

Lesson 20

Lesson 21

Lesson 22

Lesson 23

Lesson 24

Lesson 25

Lesson 27

Lesson 28

Lesson 29

Lesson 30

Lesson 31

Lesson 32

Lesson 33

Lesson 34

Lesson 35

Lesson 36

Lesson 37

Lesson 38

Lesson 40

Lesson 41

Lesson 42

42.2.1. Some Kinship Terms

Lesson 43

Lesson 44

Lesson 45

Lesson 46

Lesson 48

Lesson 49

Lesson 50

Lesson 51

Lesson 52