Isifundo 12

12.1. I-Participle Yexesha elidlule elisebenzise isimo esivumayo (PPP)

Indlela eyodwa yokwakha izibhalo zesimo esivumayo zexesha elidlule, yileyo esebenzisa isakhiwo esaziwa ngokuthi yi-Participle Yexesha elidlule elisebenzise isimo esivumayo (PPP).

Ngempela, i-PPP ayiyona i-participle yangempela, ngoba ayakhiwa ngqo kwisiseko sexesha. Kunoko, yinto eyakhiwe njengenombolo evela emgqeni womphumela (root) ene-suffix yokuqala -ta noma -na. Ngakho-ke, kuthiwa kwi-grammar yase-India ukuthi leli sifixi siyi-kta.

12.1.1. Isifanekiso semisebenzi edlulisele (transitive verbs)

Umsebenzisi (kartṛ) esimo se-Instrumentalis (tṛtīyā) -- into edlulisiweyo (karman) esimo se-Nominative (prathamā) -- I-Participle Yexesha elidlule elisebenzise isimo esivumayo

Kule meko, i-PPP ihambisana nento edlulisiweyo ngesibalo, isimo, nesifazane.

Akudingeki kube khona umbuso omncane ("ukuba").

Izibonelo:

sādhunā svarga āptaḥ = साधुना स्वर्ग आप्तः = "(Umsingisi wathola indawo yokuhlala) = Umsingisi uthole indawo yokuhlala."

brāhmaṇena devīṣṭā = ब्राह्मणेन देवीष्टा = "(UmBrahman uqede ukukhuleka) = UmBrahman uqede ukukhuleka ngokukhuleka."

12.1.2. Isifanekiso I semisebenzi engadlulisi (intransitive verbs) kanye nemisebenzi yokuhamba

Umsebenzisi (kartṛ) esimo se-Nominative (prathamā) -- I-Participle Yexesha elidlule elisebenzise isimo esivumayo

Kule meko, i-PPP ihambisana nomsebenzisi ngesibalo, isimo, nesifazane. I-Participle Yexesha elidlule "elisebenzise isimo esivumayo" inentshisekelo yomsebenzi (active meaning) kumisebenzi engadlulisi (imisebenzi engenasinto edlulisiweyo) kanye nemisebenzi yokuhamba.

Isibonelo:

kṣatriyā nagaraṃ gatā = क्षत्रिया नगरं गता = "Indodakazi ye-Kṣatriya iye edolobheni."

12.1.3. Isithini II kumaphoyintshi angapheli namaphoyintshi okuhamba

Umsebenzisi (kartṛ) esikhundleni sesithathu (tṛtīyā) -- PPP esikhundleni sokuqala isibalo esisodwa nesilimi esingenalitha

Isibonelo:

kṣatriyeṇa (nagaraṃ) gatam = क्षत्रियेण (नगरं) गतम् = „(Kwaqhubeka) ngumKṣatriya (ngasemgwaqeni) = UmKṣatriya uye (ngasemgwaqeni).“

Ukusebenzisa isithini II kuyinto evamile kakhulu kunokusebenzisa isithini I.

12.2. Ngokuthi PPP kusho ukuthini

Ngakho-ke, noma i-„Participle Perfekt Passiv“ yamaphoyintshi apheli ngokukhethekile inentshisekelo yokuthi kwenziwe (āpta = „kufinyelelwe (kwenziwe)“) futhi yamaphoyintshi angapheli namaphoyintshi okuhamba inentshisekelo yokuthi kwenziwe (gata = „uye“), kukhona amanye amaphoyintshi lapho i-PPP ingaba nentshisekelo yokuthi kwenziwe nentshisekelo yokuthi kwenziwe:

isib.
gata = गत = „uye“ (okwenziwe); kodwa futhi: gato mārgaḥ = गतो मार्गः = „umgwaqo oye“ (okwenziwe)
āpta = आप्त = „kufinyelelwe“ (okwenziwe), „ufinyelele“ (okwenziwe)

12.3. Ukwakhiwa kwe-PPP

Kukhona izindlela ezilandelayo zokwakhiwa (kumaphoyintshi ngamunye kufanele ufunde i-PPP yakhe!):

(kakhulu) umphumela ophansi

+ -ta
ngokusebenzisa i-vowel -i- ngaphambi: -ita
ngaphandle kwe-vowel: -ta
+ -na

Amagama amadoda athi: -tā, -itā, -nā; isilimi esingenalitha sifana no-phala n.

12.3.1. PPP ku -ta (kta)

12.3.1.1. Ngaphandle kwe-vowel -i- (aniṭ)

aniṭ = „ngaphandle (an-) kwesikhombisi esiphambili (-i-) t“ (okungukuthi, ngaphandle kwe-vowel i).

Ngaphandle kwovokali yokuxhuma, i-PPP yakhiwa ngokuvamile emazimpande aphela ngevokali kanye nezinye eziningi, ngaphandle kokuthi kungaboniswa umthetho oqinile ngokuthi kuziphi izakhiwo zamazimpande lapho uvokali wokuxhuma uvame khona noma ungavami khona.

Uluhlu lwamazimpande aniṭ lutholakala ku-Kielhorn, Grammatik § 298.

Izibonelo:

Impande	I-PPP (kta)
bhū 1 P (भू)	bhū-ta (भूत)
smṛ 1 P (स्मृ)	smṛ-ta (स्मृत)
nṛt 4 P (nṛt-ta) (नृत्त)	nṛt-ta (नृत्त)
nī 1 U (नी)	nī-ta (नीत)
man 4 Ā (मन्)	ma-ta (*mn-ta) (मत)
su 5 U (सु)	su-ta (सुत)
gam 1 P (गम्)	ga-ta (< *gm-ta) (गत)
ji 1 P (जि)	ji-ta (जित)
śru 5 P (श्रु)	śru-ta (श्रुत)
kṛ 8 U (कृ)	kṛ-ta (कृत)
tan 8 U (तन्)	ta-ta (< *tn-ta) (तत)
iṣ 6 P (इष्)	iṣ-ṭa (इष्ट)

12.3.1.2. Ngevokali yokuxhuma -i- (seṭ)

seṭ = sa-iṭ = „ngevokali (sa-) enesuffix (-i-) engaphambili (t)“ (okusho ukuthi ngevokali yokuxhuma i).

Izibonelo:

Impande	I-PPP (kta)
kup 4 P (कुप्)	kup-i-ta (कुपित)
khād 1 P (खाद्)	khād-i-ta (खादित)
rakṣ 1 P (रक्ष्)	rakṣ-i-ta (रक्षित)
vad 1 P (वद्)	ud-i-ta (< *vd-i-ta) (उदित)

12.4. Imithetho yokuhlanganiswa kwelilungu elizwi

Byakha aniṭ-wakakhiya, lawu alandelayo okuxhumana kwelivokal kufanele aqashelwe. Lawu lawo baluleke kakhulu ekutheni uqonde wonke amafomu eSanskrit.

1. k, t, p ngaphambi kwe-voiceless stop (isib. t, th) zihlala zingashintshi:	pt, tt, kt = प्त्, त्त्, क्त्
2. ct iguqulwa ibe yi-kt = क्त्:	muc + ta » muk-ta = मुक्त
3. śt iguqulwa ibe yi-ṣṭ = ष्ट्:	dṛś + ti » dṛṣṭi = दृष्टि dṛś + ta » dṛṣṭa = दृष्ट viś + ta » viṣṭa = विष्ट
4. Voiceless unaspirated stop – ngaphandle kuka-j – ngaphambi kwe-voiceless sound iguqulwa ibe yi-voiceless unaspirated sound efana nayo:	d + t(h) » tt(h) = त्त्, त्थ् (ibalulekile ku-class yesibili ye-present)
5. jt iguqulwa ibe yi-kt noma i-ṣṭ (akukhethiwe!):	yuj + ta » yuk-ta = युक्त yaj + ta » iṣ-ṭa = इष्ट (< *yj-ta) sṛj + ta » sṛṣ-ṭa = सृष्ट sṛj + ti » sṛṣ-ṭi = सृष्टि
6. Voice aspirated stop + voiceless stop » voice unaspirated stop + voice aspirated stop (Umthetho we-Aspirate ka-Bartholomae):	bh-t » b-dh: labh + ta » lab-dha = लब्ध dh-t » d-dh: budh + ta » bud-dha = बुद्ध yudh + ta » yud-dha = युद्ध krudh + ta » krud-dha = क्रुद्ध
7. h-t iguqulwa ibe yi-ḍh ngokwandisa i-i noma i-u ephambili; noma ibe yi-gdh. Ngaphambi kuka-ḍh onjalo, a iguqulwa ibe yi-o, ngokuvamile yi-ā:	dah + ta » dag-dha = दग्ध guh + ta » gūḍha = गूढ (guh 1 (gūhati) „ukuvala”) muh + ta » mug-dha / mūḍha = मुग्ध / मूढ sah + ta » soḍha = सोढ

12.5. Umlazi Wamagama

budh 4 Ā (budhyate) / 1 U (bodhati), PPP buddha बुध् बुध्यते बोधति बुद्ध : vuka, vuka ekutholeni ulwazi, ukuqonda; PPP buddha 3 uvuke, ngakho Buddha = "lowo ovukileyo" (hayi: lowo ukhanyiswe)

Isith.: गौतमो बुद्धः
(Umthombo wesithombe: Iinkcukacha)

dah 1 P (dahati), PPP dagdha दह् दहति दग्ध : (into) sibhake
sah 1 Ā (sahate), PPP soḍha सह् sahate soḍha : phatha, phatha, phatha ngokuthembeka = uxole
mṛga m. मृग : ilwanyana lasehlathini
mārga m. मार्ग : indlela (iiindlela zazivame ukuba ziindlela zezilwanyana)

Isith.: मार्गः
(Umthombo wesithombe: Iinkcukacha)

api अपि : nangona (ukubekwa emva)

Kwiqela lesi-6 le-Präsens, abagqibi bezakhamizi abaninzi baziindidi zempande ezakha isiseko se-Präsens nge-Nasal infix kunye ne-themavocal a, umzekelo:

muc 6 U (muñcati), PPP mukta मुच् मुञ्चति मुक्त : khulula, khulula, khulula; ukusuka kumjikelo wokuzalwa kwakhona (saṃsāra m.) ukukhulula = ukukhulula
sic 6 U (siñcati), PPP sikta सिच् सिञ्चति सिक्त : nqumla

Kwakhiwo yamagama:

muc: mokṣa m. मोक्ष : ukukhulula, ukukhulula, ukukhulula
sic + abhi-: abhiṣeka m. अभिषेक : ukunqumla inkosi xa ikhethwa, ukukhethwa kwentosi
budh: bodhi m./f. बोधि : ukuvuka (oko kukhokelela kuBuddha okanye uJina ekutholeni ulwazi olukhululayo)

Isith.: महावीरो जिनः
(Umthombo wesithombe: Iinkcukacha)

buddhi f. (budh + -ti) बुद्धि : ukuqonda, isikhungu sokuqonda.

12.5.1. Isimo esingenhla kanye ne-PPP yemithombo efundwayo kuze kube manje

Umthombo धातु	Isimo esingenhla Esikhathi Esijwayelekile 3. sg. Indikativ यक् लट्	PPP क्त
aś 5 Ā अश्	aśyate अश्यते	aṣṭa अष्ट
āp 5 P आप्	āpyate आप्यते	āpta आप्त
as 2 P अस्	—	bhūta भूत
bhaj 1 U भज्	bhajyate भज्यते	bhakta भक्त
bhū 1 P भू	bhūyate भूयते	bhūta भूत
budh 4 Ā / 1 U बुध्	budhyate बुध्यते	buddha बुद्ध
dah 1 P दह्	dahyate दह्यते	dagdha दग्ध
div 4 P दिव्	dīvyate दीव्यते	dyūta द्यूत
dṛś दृश्	dṛśyate दृश्यते	dṛṣṭa दृष्ट
gam 1 P गम्	gamyate गम्यते	gata गत
grah 9 U ग्रह्	gṛhyate गृह्यते	gṛhīta गृहीत
hṛ 1 U हृ	hriyate ह्रियते	hṛta हृत
i 2 P इ	īyate ईयते	ita इत
iṣ 6 P इष्	iṣyate इष्यते	iṣṭa इष्ट
jan 4 Ā जन्	janyate जन्यते	jāta जात
ji 1 P जि	jīyate जीयते	jita जित
kath 10 U कथ्	kathyate कथ्यते	kathita कथित
khād 1 P खाद्	khādyate खाद्यते	khādita खादित
kṛ 8 U कृ	kriyate क्रियते	kṛta कृत
krudh 4 P क्रुध्	krudhyate क्रुध्यते	kruddha क्रुद्ध
kup 4 P कुप्	kupyate कुप्यते	kupita कुपित
labh 1 Ā लभ्	labhyate लभ्यते	labdha लब्ध
man 4 Ā मन्	manyate मन्यते	mata मत
mṛ 6 Ā मृ	mriyate म्रियते	mṛta मृत
muc 6 U मुच्	mucyate मुच्यते	mukta मुक्त
nī 1 U नी	nīyate नीयते	nīta नीत
paś पश्	(dṛśyate) दृश्यते	(dṛṣṭa) दृष्ट
pat 1 P पत्	patyate पत्यते	patita पतित
prach 6 P प्रच्छ्	pṛcchyate पृच्छ्यते	pṛṣṭa पृष्ट
pūj 10 U पूज्	pūjyate पूज्यते	pūjita पूजित
rakṣ 1 P रक्ष्	rakṣyate रक्ष्यते	rakṣita रक्षित
ram 1 Ā रम्	ramyate रम्यते	rata रत
sah 1 Ā सह्	sahyate सह्यते	soḍha सोढ
sic 6 U सिच्	sicyate सिच्यते	sikta सिक्त
śru 5 P श्रु	śrūyate श्रूयते	śruta श्रुत
su 5 U सु	sūyate सूयते	suta सुत
svap 2 P स्वप्	supyate सुप्यते	supta सुप्त
tyaj 1 P त्यज्	tyajyate त्यज्यते	tyakta त्यक्त
uch उछ्	—	uṣita उषित
vad 1 P वद्	udyate उद्यते	udita उदित
vas 1 P वस्	uṣyate उष्यते	uṣita उषित
vadh वध्	vadyate वद्यते	hata हत
yaj 1 U यज्	ijyate इज्यते	iṣṭa इष्ट
yudh 4 Ā युध्	yudhyate युध्यते	yuddha युद्ध

12.6. Imisebenzi

A) Yakha izitatimende zokusebenza ngokudabuka (Passive) zokuphela kwesikhathi, kusuka ezitatimendweni zokusebenza (Active) ze-Lektion 7, Imisebenzi A, kuma-verb angasebenzi (intransitive) nama-verb enyakazo, yakha izitatimende zokusebenza zokuphela kwesikhathi.

B) Yakha ama-PPP alandelayo kuma-verb forms we-Lektion 10, Imisebenzi A. Qaphela ukuthi ifomu efana no-sṛjati line-PPP ezintweni ezintathu zokulondolozwa (gender).

C) Guqula izitatimende ze-Lektion 10, Imisebenzi C, zibe zokusebenza ngokudabuka (Passive) zokuphela kwesikhathi.