Isifundo 60

60.1. Izinhlamvu zokuphela ze-Dual (द्विवचनम्)

	परस्मैपदम्	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	-va	-vahe
2. मध्यमः	-athur	-āthe
3. प्रथमः	-atur	-āte

60.2. I-Dual ye-Perfect e-reduplicated (द्वित्वलिट्)

60.2.1. Uhlobo 1: akukho ukuguquguquka kwesihluthulelo

बन्ध् 9P "ukubopha"

	परस्मैपदम्
1. तृतीयः	बबन्धिव
2. मध्यमः	बबन्धथुर्
3. प्रथमः	बबन्धतुर्

भाष् 1Ā "ukukhuluma"

	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	बभाषिवहे
2. मध्यमः	बभाषाथे
3. प्रथमः	बभाषाते

60.2.2. Uhlobo 2: isihluthulelo esinamandla isigaba esiphakeme, isihluthulelo esinobutha isigaba esiphansi

भिद् 7U "ukuhlukanisa"

	परस्मैपदम्	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	बिभिदिव	बिभिदिवहे
2. मध्यमः	बिभिदथुर्	बिभिदाथे
3. प्रथमः	बिभिदतुर्	बिभिदाते

60.2.3. Uhlobo 3: Isihluthulelo esinamandla isigaba esiphakeme/isigaba sokwandisa

60.2.3.1. Uhlobo 3a: Isihluthulelo esinamandla isigaba esiphakeme/isigaba sokwandisa, isihluthulelo esinobutha isigaba esiphansi

नी 1U "ukuhola"

	परस्मैपदम्	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	निन्यिव	निन्यिवहे
2. मध्यमः	निन्यथुर्	निन्याथे
3. प्रथमः	निन्यतुर्	निन्याते

स्तु 2U (अनिट्) "ukudumisa"

	परस्मैपदम्	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	तुष्टुव	तुष्तुवहे
2. मध्यमः	तुष्टुवथुर्	तुष्टुवाथे
3. प्रथमः	तुष्टुवतुर्	तुष्टुवाते

कृ 8U (अनिट्) "enza, ukwenza"

	परस्मैपदम्	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	चकृव	चकृवहे
2. मध्यमः	चक्रथुर्	चक्राथे
3. प्रथमः	चक्रतुर्	चक्राते

60.2.3.2. Uhlobo 3b: Isisekelo esinamandla isigaba esiphezulu/isigaba sokwandiswa, isisekelo esinobuthi isigaba esiphezulu

स्मृ 1P "ukukhumbula"

	परस्मैपदम्
1. तृतीयः	सस्मरिव
2. मध्यमः	सस्मरथुर्
3. प्रथमः	सस्मरतुर्

60.2.4. Uhlobo 4: Amakhukhwani aphethwe ngu-ā / -ai

दा 3U "ukunika"

	परस्मैपदम्	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	ददिव	ददिवहे
2. मध्यमः	ददथुर्	ददाथे *
3. प्रथमः	ददतुर्	ददाते *

* kufana nezimo ezihambisanayo ze-Indikativ Present!

60.2.5. Uhlobo 5: Isiphambano-a-Isiphambano

60.2.5.1. Uhlobo 5a: Isiphambano-a-Isiphambano, isisekelo esinobuthi isigaba esiphansi

गम् 1U "ukuhamba"

	परस्मैपदम्	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	जग्मिव	जग्मिवहे
2. मध्यमः	जग्मथुर्	जग्माथे
3. प्रथमः	जग्मतुर्	जग्माते

60.2.5.2. Uhlobo 5b: Isiphambano-a-Isiphambano, uqalo-Isiphambano asiyi-Guttural, Aspirat, h, Isisekelo esinobuthi ngaphandle kwe-Reduplication, ne- -e-

पच् 1U "ukupheka"

	परस्मैपदम्	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	पेचिव	पेचिवहे
2. मध्यमः	पेचथुर्	पेचाथे
3. प्रथमः	पेचतुर्	पेचाते

60.2.5.3. Uhlobo 5c: Isiphambano-a-Isiphambano, isisekelo esinobuthi isigaba esiphezulu

क्रम् 1U "ukuhamba"

	परस्मैपदम्	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	चक्रमिव	चक्रमिवहे
2. मध्यमः	चक्रमथुर्	चक्रमाथे
3. प्रथमः	चक्रमतुर्	चक्रमाते

60.3. I-Dual ye-Periphrastic Perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)

गण् 10P "ukubala"

	परस्मैपदम्
1. तृतीयः	गणयां चकृव गणयामासिव गणयां बभूविव
2. मध्यमः	गणयां चक्रथुर् गणयामासथुर् गणयां बभूवथुर्
3. प्रथमः	गणयां चक्रतुर् गणयामासतुर् गणयां बभूवतुर्

आस् 2Ā "ukuhlala"

	आत्मनेपदम्
1. तृतीयः	आसां चकृवहे आसामासिव आसां बभूविवव्
2. मध्यमः	आसांव् चक्राथे आसामासथुर् आसां बभूवथुर्
3. प्रथमः	आसां चक्राते आसामासतुर् आसां बभूवतुर्व्

60.4. I-Participle परस्मैपद ye-Reduplicated Perfect (द्वित्वलिट्)

Ukwakhiwa:

I-weak perfect stem + vāṃs

Uma i-weak perfect stem inezigaba ezilodwa kuphela, khona-ke i-vowel ye-connection -i- iyafakwa. Ezinye i-perfects zine-vowel ye-connection ekhethiwe.

Izibonelo:

भिद् 7U	बिभिद्वांस् "umuntu ohlukanise"
अस् 2P; 4P	आसिवांस् "umuntu owabe khona" ; "umuntu ophonsile"
दा 3U	ददिवांस् (da-d-i-vāṃs) "umuntu onikeze"
पच् 1U	पेचिवांस् "umuntu oshisiwe"
गम् 1U	जग्मिवांस् / जगन्वांस् "umuntu ohambe"

Ukudeklishwa:

• Inkomba eqinile: -vāṃs
• Inkomba ebuthakathaka:
• **ngaphambi kwekhusimant: -vat (!)
• ngaphambi kwevokhal: -uṣ

Ngaphambi kuka-uṣ, uvokhal oxhumanisa -i- uyakhanselwa.

Ifeminini:

Inkomba ebuthakathaka ngaphambi kwevokhal + -ī (ifanekiswe njenge- देवी)

Isibonelo: विदुषी "owazi"

Bona ama-paradigm ku-Kielhorn, i-Grammar § 124:

(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)

(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)

60.5. Ukudeklishwa kwama-stem ongu-añc (-ac)

Amastem ongu-añc/-ac ayizixhumanisi ze-preverbs njll. kanye nenkomba yemvelo yemvelo अञ्च् / अच् 1U "ukuhamba".

60.5.1. Amastem amathathu ongu-añc

Ukwakhiwa:

• Inkomba eqinile: -añc
• Inkomba ebuthakathaka:
• ngaphambi kwekhusimant: -ac
• ngaphambi kwevokhal:
• i-a- yenkomba ebuthakathaka -ac iyakhanselwa futhi ukuze kufakwe uvokhal ophambili, uvokhal omude ohambisana nawo ufakwa endaweni yawo:
  प्रत्यच् » प्रतीच् अन्वच् » अनूच्
• Uma ingekho i-semivowel engaphambi kwe-ac, i-ac iyashintshwa ibe yi-īc:
  उदच् » उदीच्
• तिर्यञ्च् » तिरश्

Ifeminini:

Inkomba ebuthakathaka ngaphambi kwevokhal + -ī (ifanekiswe njenge- देवी)

Isibonelo: प्रतीची

Bona ama-paradigm ku-Kielhorn, i-Grammar § 128:

(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)

(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)

Kulapha okuhlanganisiwe:

• प्रत्यञ्च् 3 "emuva, ngaseningizimu"

• अन्वञ्च् 3 "ulandelayo"

• उदञ्च् 3 "ukuhamba phezulu, ngasenyakatho"

• तिर्यञ्च् 3 "uhamba ngokulinganayo (zizilwanyana"

• सम्यञ्च् 3 "ngendlela efanele"

• न्यञ्च् 3 "phansi"

• विष्वञ्च् 3 "uhamba ngawo wonke amacala"

60.5.2. Izimpande ezinezinhlamvu ezimbili ezinokuphela -añc

Ukwakhiwa:

• Inhlamvu eqinile: -añc
• Inhlamvu ebuthakathaka ngaphambi kwe-consonant noma vowel: -ac

Kulapha okuhlanganisiwe:

• प्राञ्च् 3 "ukuhamba phambili, ngasempumalanga"
• अवाञ्च् 3 "ukuhamba phansi"

I-paradigma प्राञ्च् bheka phezulu!

Izindawo zezulu eziyinhloko

	उदञ्च् 3 "ukuhamba phezulu, ngasenyakatho"
प्रत्यञ्च् 3 "emuva, ngaseningizimu"		प्राञ्च् 3 "ukuhamba phambili, ngasempumalanga"
	दक्षिण 3 ngakwesokudla, ngaseningizimu

(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)

60.6. I-Desiderative (सन्)

Kusuka kumgodi ngamunye kanye ne-kausative, i-Desiderative (सन्) ingakhiwa. I-Desiderative ingaguqulwa ngezikhathi zonke nezimo ze-P, Ā kanye ne-Passive. Kodwa-ke, izimo ze-Desiderative ngaphandle kwesikhathi se-presentive zivame ukuba zibalulekile.

Incazelo:

• umuntu noma into ufuna ukwenza noma ukwenzeka okuchazwe umgodi noma i-kausative
• okuncane: umuntu noma into usemzuzwini wokwenza okuchazwe umgodi noma i-kausative

Izibonelo:

कृ 8U	चिकीर्षति "ufuna ukwenza"
पत् 1P	पिपतिषति "usebeni ukwehla"
चुर् 10U	चुचोरयिषति "ufuna ukuphosa"
बुध् Kaus.	बुबोधयिषति "ufuna ukufundisa (uvuse ukuqonda)"

60.6.1. Ukwakhiwa kwengqamuzana le-desiderative

Imitha yezigaba ze-present 1 - 9:

imitha ephindaphindiwe + sa

noma:

imitha ephindaphindiwe + i + ṣa

Imithetho yokusebenzisa i-vowel yokuxhumanisa -i- bheka ku-Kielhorn, Grammar § 443 - 445.

Imitha yeklasu ye-present yesi-10 nama-causative:

isigaba se-present esiphindaphindiwe + i + ṣa

Isimo semitha:

1. Imitha ivame ukuba ne-grade ephansi: जीव् » जिजीविष-

2. ukuphela kwe-i, -u kushintshwa nge-ī noma -ū uma kungekho i-vowel yokuxhumanisa elandelayo:
   जि » जिगीष- "ufuna ukuphumelela"
   द्रु » दुद्रूष- "ufuna ukugijima"

3. ukuphela kwe-ṛ, -ṝ kushintshwa nge-īr, ngemuva kwe-labial nge-ūr uma kungekho i-vowel yokuxhumanisa elandelayo:
   कृ » चिकीर्ष- "ufuna ukwenza"
   मृ » मुमूर्ष- "usebeni ukufa"
   पॄ » पुपूर्ष- "ufuna ukugcwalisa"

4. दा, धा, मा kanye nezinye imitha eminingi ephela ngo-ā, -e, -o inokuthuthuka okuphansi Ø:
   दा » दित्स- (di-d + sa)
   धा » धित्स-
   मा » मित्स-

5. Imitha enokuthuthuka okuphezulu ineklasu ye-desiderative:

6. imitha eminingi ephela ngo-ā (-e, -ai njll.):
   गै » जिगास- "ufuna ukucula"
   पा » पिपास- "ufuna ukuphuza, ukhathazekile"

7. amakhambi amaningi enza (Isibongo -) a / ā - Isibongo:
   दह् » दिधक्ष- "ukufuna ukushisa"
   खाद् » चिखादिष- "ukufuna ukudla"

8. uma uqala nge-vowel -i-:

9. okufanele: amakhambi enza i/u - Isibongo kanye (Isibongo -) ṛ/ḷ - Isibongo:
   इष् » एषिषिष- "ukufuna ukufuna"
   कॢप् » चिकल्पिष- "ukufuna ukufanele"
   स्मि » सिस्मयिष- "ukufuna ukubuka"

10. okukhetha: amakhambi enza Isibongo - (Isibongo -) i/u - Isibongo ngaphandle -v_
    द्युत् » दिद्योतिष- / दिद्युतिष- "ukufuna ukukhanya"

Ngokuphathelene ne-Reduplication:

1. Amakhambi enza Isibongo: I-Reduplication yenziwa emakhambini aguqukile ngokwezinye izimiso. Kunoma yimaphi amakhambi enza i-Reduplication, i-a iba yi-i:
   पा » पिपास-
   त्यज् » तित्यज-
   चुर् » चुचोरयिष-
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kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe-sokugcina kwe
   स्मि » सिस्मयिष-

2. Izimpande eziqala ngongwaqa zizophindwa ngokwemithetho efanele ye-aorist ephindwe kabili (Isifundo 56):
   इष् » एषिषिष- (eṣ-i-ṣ-i-ṣa)
   ईक्ष » ईचिक्षिष- (ī-c-i-kṣ-i-ṣa)
   ऋ » अरिरिष-

3. Die besondere Desiderativbildung bestimmter Wurzeln siehe bei Kielhorn, Grammatik § 451.

Kubalulekile ezimpande ezithile, ama-Desiderative akhiwa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukhombisa ukuthanda. Kula ma-Desiderative, ama-Desiderative anesidingo sokukhombisa ukuthanda angakhiwa.

Uhlu ku-Kielhorn, i-Grammatik § 452:

(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)

60.6.2. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Desiderative (सन्)

I-Desiderative - ngaphandle kwezimo ezimbalwa - i-P, Ā noma U, kuye ngokuthi ingqimba yayo (noma isisekelo se-verb) i-P, Ā noma U.

Isisekelo se-Präsens: Ukuguqulwa njengesisekelo esikhombisa isigaba:

यज् 1U:

P: यियक्षति "ukuthanda ukunikeza umthetho, ukuze omunye abe nalo"
Ā: यियक्षते "ukuthanda ukunikeza umthetho, ukuze yena akwazi"
Passiv: यियक्ष्यते "kuthandwa ukunikeza umthetho"

I-Perfekt: i-periphrastic:

आप् » ईप्स- » ईप्सां चकार "wakha ukuthanda ukufinyelela"

I-Aorist: i-iṣ-Aorist:

आप् » ऐप्सिषम् (a + īps-i-ṣ-am)

I-Futur: सेट्

आप् » ईप्सिष्यामि

Ukuze wakhe ama-nomen agentis ku- -u kusuka esisekelweni se-Desiderative, bheka Lektion 54.

60.7. Umsebenzi

A) Funda ku-Kielhorn, i-Grammatik § 451 ama-Desiderative angajwayelekile ezimpande zokugcina:

(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)

(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)

(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)

B) Nquma futhi uhumushe lezi zimo zilandelayo ngaphandle kwemithombo yezeluleko:

1. ददुषोः

2. अहिंसीः

3. देमथुः

4. वक्त्वा

5. अक्षथाः

6. मुमुषिषिष्यतः

7. अचिक्षंसेथाम्

8. अस्नाः

9. जिहिंसुषि

10. जिहिंसिषुणा

11. द्युभिः

12. जग्लिव

13. अतिस्तीर्षम्

14. अस्मेष्ठाः

15. ईशिष्व

16. रुरुषतुः

17. रुरुषुः

18. रुरुषिषुः

19. अपिप्रीणताम्

20. अपिप्रीषतम्

21. पिप्रियतुः

22. तिस्रः

23. अदांक्ष्टाम्

24. असिसीर्ष्यत

25. बभासाते

26. बिभासिषेथे

27. अबीभणत

28. चकर्त

29. चकर्थ

30. दिद्युते

31. दिद्युतिषे

32. चुच्यूषवे

33. दित्सामि

34. अचीकृतम्

35. विजिगीषौ

36. पित्सेथे

37. उदीचि

38. संगणय्य

39. अतिस्तराव

40. त्रिलोक्याः

41. अहः

42. जग्मुषः

43. अताप्स्व

44. ईशिशिषाञ्चक्रे

45. ईशाञ्चक्रे

46. ईशयाञ्चक्रे

47. षण्णाम्

48. अघुक्षम्

49. अष्टौ

50. प्साथः

51. अवाचः

52. ईयुषे