Lesson 12

12.1. Perfect Passive Participle (PPP)

One way to form passive sentences in the past tense is using the construction with the so-called Perfect Passive Participle (PPP).

In reality, the PPP is not a true participle, as it is not formed from a tense stem. Rather, it is a nominal formation derived from the root with the primary suffix -ta or -na. Therefore, in Indian grammar, it is referred to as the kta suffix.

12.1.1. Schema for transitive verbs

Agent (kartṛ) in the Instrumental case (tṛtīyā) -- Direct object (karman) in the Nominative case (prathamā) -- Perfect Passive Participle

In this case, the PPP agrees with the object in number, case, and gender.

An auxiliary verb ("to be") is not necessary.

Examples:

sādhunā svarga āptaḥ = साधुना स्वर्ग आप्तः = "(By the holy man, heaven was attained) = The holy man has attained heaven."

brāhmaṇena devīṣṭā = ब्राह्मणेन देवीष्टा = "(By the Brahmin, the goddess was worshipped with a sacrifice) = The Brahmin has worshipped the goddess with a sacrifice."

12.1.2. Schema I for intransitive verbs and verbs of motion

Agent (kartṛ) in the Nominative case (prathamā) -- Perfect Passive Participle

In this case, the PPP agrees with the agent in number, case, and gender. The Perfect Participle "Passive" has an active meaning with intransitive verbs (verbs without a direct object) and verbs of motion.

Example:

kṣatriyā nagaraṃ gatā = क्षत्रिया नगरं गता = "The Kṣatriya woman has gone into the city."

12.1.3. Kerfi II fyrir áhrifslausar sagnir og hreyfisagnir

Gerandi (kartṛ) í tækisfalli (tṛtīyā) -- PPP í nefnifalli eintölu hvorugkyns

Dæmi:

kṣatriyeṇa (nagaraṃ) gatam = क्षत्रियेण (नगरं) गतम् = „(Af Kṣatriya var (í borgina) farið) = Kṣatriya fór (í borgina).“

Smíðin samkvæmt kerfi II er mun sjaldgæfari en smíðin samkvæmt kerfi I.

12.2. Um merkingu PPP

Þó að svokallað „lýsingarorð í þolmynd“ hafi fyrst og fremst þolmyndarmerkingu fyrir áhrifssagnir (āpta = „náð (verið)“) og germyndarmerkingu fyrir áhrifslausar sagnir og hreyfisagnir (gata = „farinn“), þá eru til nokkrar sagnir þar sem PPP getur haft bæði germyndar- og þolmyndarmerkingu:

t.d.
gata = गत = „farinn“ (germynd); en einnig: gato mārgaḥ = गतो मार्गः = „farinn vegur“ (þolmynd)
āpta = आप्त = „náð verið“ (þolmynd), „náð hafa“ (germynd)

12.3. Myndun PPP

Eftirfarandi myndunarhættir koma fyrir (læra skal PPP fyrir hverja rót!):

(meist) tiefstufige Wurzel

+ -ta
með tengihljóði -i- á undan: -ita
án tengihljóðs: -ta
+ -na

Kvenkynsstofnar eru: -tā, -itā, -nā; hvorugkynið beygist eins og phala n.

12.3.1. PPP á -ta (kta)

12.3.1.1. Án tengihljóðs -i- (aniṭ)

aniṭ = „without (an-) the suffix preceded by (-i-) t“ (i.e. without the connecting vowel i).

Without a connecting vowel, the past passive participle (PPP) is generally formed from roots ending in vowels as well as many other roots, without there being a fixed rule that could specify for which structured roots the connecting vowel occurs or does not occur.

A list of aniṭ roots can be found in Kielhorn, Grammar § 298.

Examples:

Root	PPP (kta)
bhū 1 P (भू)	bhū-ta (भूत)
smṛ 1 P (स्मृ)	smṛ-ta (स्मृत)
nṛt 4 P (nṛt-ta) (नृत्त)	nṛt-ta (नृत्त)
nī 1 U (नी)	nī-ta (नीत)
man 4 Ā (मन्)	ma-ta (*mn-ta) (मत)
su 5 U (सु)	su-ta (सुत)
gam 1 P (गम्)	ga-ta (< *gm-ta) (गत)
ji 1 P (जि)	ji-ta (जित)
śru 5 P (श्रु)	śru-ta (श्रुत)
kṛ 8 U (कृ)	kṛ-ta (कृत)
tan 8 U (तन्)	ta-ta (< *tn-ta) (तत)
iṣ 6 P (इष्)	iṣ-ṭa (इष्ट)

12.3.1.2. With connecting vowel -i- (seṭ)

seṭ = sa-iṭ = "with (sa-) the suffix preceded by (*-i-) t" (i.e., with the connecting vowel i).

Examples:

Root	PPP (kta)
kup 4 P (कुप्)	kup-i-ta (कुपित)
khād 1 P (खाद्)	khād-i-ta (खादित)
rakṣ 1 P (रक्ष्)	rakṣ-i-ta (रक्षित)
vad 1 P (वद्)	ud-i-ta (< *vd-i-ta) (उदित)

Í aniṭ-myndunum skal hafa eftirfarandi hljóðbreytingarlögmál í huga. Þessi lögmál eru mjög mikilvæg fyrir skilning á allri málfræði sanskrít.

1. k, t, p before voiceless stop (e.g. t, th) remain unchanged:	pt, tt, kt = प्त्, त्त्, क्त्
2. ct is replaced by kt = क्त्:	muc + ta » muk-ta = मुक्त
3. śt is replaced by ṣṭ = ष्ट्:	dṛś + ti » dṛṣṭi = दृष्टि dṛś + ta » dṛṣṭa = दृष्ट viś + ta » viṣṭa = विष्ट
4. Voiced unaspirated stop – except j – before a voiceless sound is replaced by the corresponding voiceless unaspirated sound:	d + t(h) » tt(h) = त्त्, त्थ् (important for the 2nd conjugation class)
5. jt is replaced by kt or ṣṭ (not optional!):	yuj + ta » yuk-ta = युक्त yaj + ta » iṣ-ṭa = इष्ट (< *yj-ta) sṛj + ta » sṛṣ-ṭa = सृष्ट sṛj + ti » sṛṣ-ṭi = सृष्टि
6. Voiced aspirated stop + voiceless stop » voiced unaspirated stop + voiced aspirated stop (Bartholomae’s Law of Aspirates):	bh-t » b-dh: labh + ta » lab-dha = लब्ध dh-t » d-dh: budh + ta » bud-dha = बुद्ध yudh + ta » yud-dha = युद्ध krudh + ta » krud-dha = क्रुद्ध
7. h-t wird ersetzt durch ḍh mit Dehnung eines vorhergehenden i bzw. u; oder durch gdh. Vor einem solchen ḍh wird a durch o, seltener durch ā, ersetzt:	dah + ta » dag-dha = दग्ध guh + ta » gūḍha = गूढ (guh 1 (gūhati) „etwas verbergen”) muh + ta » mug-dha / mūḍha = मुग्ध / मूढ sah + ta » soḍha = सोढ

12.5. Word List

budh 4 Ā (budhyate) / 1 U (bodhati), PPP buddha बुध् बुध्यते बोधति बुद्ध : to awaken, to awaken to knowledge, to recognize; PPP buddha 3 awakened, hence Buddha = "the Awakened" (not: the Enlightened)

Fig.: गौतमो बुद्धः
(Image source: Details)

dah 1 P (dahati), PPP dagdha दह् दहति दग्ध : to burn (something)
sah 1 Ā (sahate), PPP soḍha सह् sahate soḍha : to overcome, to endure, patiently to endure = to forgive
mṛga m. मृग : wild animal
mārga m. मार्ग : path (paths were often game trails)

Fig.: मार्गः
(Image source: Details)

api अपि : also (postposed)

Regarding the 6th conjugation class, some roots are counted by indigenous grammarians that form the present stem with nasal infix and thematic vowel a, e.g.:

muc 6 U (muñcati), PPP mukta मुच् मुञ्चति मुक्त : to release, to let go, to free; from the cycle of rebirths (saṃsāra m.) to free = to liberate
sic 6 U (siñcati), PPP sikta सिच् सिञ्चति सिक्त : to sprinkle

Regarding word formation:

muc: mokṣa m. मोक्ष : release, liberation, salvation
sic + abhi-: abhiṣeka m. अभिषेक : sprinkling of a king during the royal consecration, royal consecration
budh: bodhi m./f. बोधि : awakening (through which a Buddha or Jina attains liberating insight)

Fig.: महावीरो जिनः
(Image source: Details)

buddhi f. (budh + -ti) बुद्धि : cognition, organ of cognition.

12.5.1. Passive and PPP of the roots learned so far

Root धातु	Passive Pres. 3. sg. Indic. यक् लट्	PPP क्त
aś 5 Ā अश्	aśyate अश्यते	aṣṭa अष्ट
āp 5 P आप्	āpyate आप्यते	āpta आप्त
as 2 P अस्	—	bhūta भूत
bhaj 1 U भज्	bhajyate भज्यते	bhakta भक्त
bhū 1 P भू	bhūyate भूयते	bhūta भूत
budh 4 Ā / 1 U बुध्	budhyate बुध्यते	buddha बुद्ध
dah 1 P दह्	dahyate दह्यते	dagdha दग्ध
div 4 P दिव्	dīvyate दीव्यते	dyūta द्यूत
dṛś दृश्	dṛśyate दृश्यते	dṛṣṭa दृष्ट
gam 1 P गम्	gamyate गम्यते	gata गत
grah 9 U ग्रह्	gṛhyate गृह्यते	gṛhīta गृहीत
hṛ 1 U हृ	hriyate ह्रियते	hṛta हृत
i 2 P इ	īyate ईयते	ita इत
iṣ 6 P इष्	iṣyate इष्यते	iṣṭa इष्ट
jan 4 Ā जन्	janyate जन्यते	jāta जात
ji 1 P जि	jīyate जीयते	jita जित
kath 10 U कथ्	kathyate कथ्यते	kathita कथित
khād 1 P खाद्	khādyate खाद्यते	khādita खादित
kṛ 8 U कृ	kriyate क्रियते	kṛta कृत
krudh 4 P क्रुध्	krudhyate क्रुध्यते	kruddha क्रुद्ध
kup 4 P कुप्	kupyate कुप्यते	kupita कुपित
labh 1 Ā लभ्	labhyate लभ्यते	labdha लब्ध
man 4 Ā मन्	manyate मन्यते	mata मत
mṛ 6 Ā मृ	mriyate म्रियते	mṛta मृत
muc 6 U मुच्	mucyate मुच्यते	mukta मुक्त
nī 1 U नी	nīyate नीयते	nīta नीत
paś पश्	(dṛśyate) दृश्यते	(dṛṣṭa) दृष्ट
pat 1 P पत्	patyate पत्यते	patita पतित
prach 6 P प्रच्छ्	pṛcchyate पृच्छ्यते	pṛṣṭa पृष्ट
pūj 10 U पूज्	pūjyate पूज्यते	pūjita पूजित
rakṣ 1 P रक्ष्	rakṣyate रक्ष्यते	rakṣita रक्षित
ram 1 Ā रम्	ramyate रम्यते	rata रत
sah 1 Ā सह्	sahyate सह्यते	soḍha सोढ
sic 6 U सिच्	sicyate सिच्यते	sikta सिक्त
śru 5 P श्रु	śrūyate श्रूयते	śruta श्रुत
su 5 U सु	sūyate सूयते	suta सुत
svap 2 P स्वप्	supyate सुप्यते	supta सुप्त
tyaj 1 P त्यज्	tyajyate त्यज्यते	tyakta त्यक्त
uch उछ्	—	uṣita उषित
vad 1 P वद्	udyate उद्यते	udita उदित
vas 1 P वस्	uṣyate उष्यते	uṣita उषित
vadh वध्	vadyate वद्यते	hata हत
yaj 1 U यज्	ijyate इज्यते	iṣṭa इष्ट
yudh 4 Ā युध्	yudhyate युध्यते	yuddha युद्ध

12.6. Exercise

A) Form passive sentences in the past tense from the active sentences of Lesson 7, Exercise A; for intransitive verbs and verbs of motion, form active sentences in the past tense.

B) Form the corresponding PPPs for the verb forms of Lesson 10, Exercise A. Note that a form like sṛjati corresponds to PPPs in all three genders.

C) Convert the sentences of Lesson 10, Exercise C into the passive voice in the past tense.