Isifundo 54

54.1. Isaziso

Ngokusebenzisa uLwazi 54, isemestha yesibili siqala ezifundweni zeyunivesithi. Kusukela manje, uhlelo lusebenza ngasohlangothini lwesihloko esikhulu salesemestha: ukufunda i-Bhagavadgītā yonke. Injongo yokufunda ukuthola ukukhululeka okwanele ekufundeni umbhalo ophakathi nendawo ukuze ekugcineni kwesemestha, ingxenye enkulu ye-Bhagavadgītā ingaguqulwa ngokushesha. Ekugcineni, ezifundweni zeyunivesithi kwakunikezwa amaphuzu ezinhlamvu, kodwa kamuva abafundi kumele basebenzise izincwadi zezinhlamvu (Monier-Williams, Apte, PW).

Uhlelo lwe-Bhagavadgītā alukabonakali online.

Izifundo zohlelo lwe-Sanskrit zihlanganisa izihloko ze-Sanskrit grammar, ezingakabonakali.

54.2. Ukwakhiwa kwamazwi: कृत्-suffix -u kuma-Desiderativ stems

Kuma-Desiderativ stems (इच्छाप्रकृति) ("ukufuna ukwenza into"; "ukuba ngenhloso yokwenza") kufakwa i-suffix -u ukuze kwakhiwe ama-nomina agentis.

(Ukwakhiwa kwama-Desiderativ stems kuzokhulunywa kamuva)

Isibonelo:

युयुत्सु (yu-yudh + s + u) "okufuna ukulwa, okungenhloso yokulwa"

Isithombe: अयुयुत्सुरर्जुनः भगवद्गीतोपदेशः Tirupati = తిరుపతి
(Umthombo wesithombe: Details)

54.3. Imetrik II: i-epic त्रिष्टुभ् ne-जगती

I-त्रिष्टुभ् ("i-Three-verse") ibonakala emaphandleni phakathi kwe-श्लोक-parts ejwayelekile, ikakhulukazi lapho isimo noma umlando ufuna ukukhula noma ukuqeda.

I-त्रिष्टुभ्-verse yakhaqoshwe ngama-पाद amane anezigaba ezilishumi elinye, angahlukani ngokwakhiwa kwawo.

I-त्रिष्टुभ् inezinhlobo ezimbili zezakhiwo, kuye ngokuthi i-caesura (ukuphela kwesigaba, umkhawulo wokwakhiwa noma ngaphambi kwezifinyezo ezithile njenge- -tara, -tama njll.) isemgqeni wesigaba sesine noma wesihlanu we-पाद.

Uhlobo I:

× — × — / × ◡ — — ◡ — —

Uhlobo II:

× — × — × / × ◡ — ◡ — —

Ngakho-ke, inani lezigaba ezine zokugcina liyafana ezinhlobeni zombili.

I-जगती-isimo esiyisisekelo: njenge-त्रिष्टुभ्, kodwa inezigaba ezilishumi elinesithupha. Izigaba ezihlanu zokugcina ze-Pada nganye zikhuphula lezi zibalo:

— ◡ — ◡ —

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona i-त्रिष्टुभ् ebizwa ngokuthi yi-typical excess ene-constituent yokuqala enezigaba ezinhlanu, eqhubeka njenge-त्रिष्टुभ् ene-constituent yokuqala enezigaba ezine:

— × — × / × ◡ — — ◡ — —

Ezikhathini zamuva, izimo ze-त्रिष्टुभ् zinqotshwa ngokuhambisana nesakhiwo esiqinile sezikhathi ezinde nezifushane, i-caesura ayisayibalulekile. Izimo ezibalulekile zezikhathi zamuva yilezi:

a) इन्द्रवज्रा

— — ◡ — , — ◡ ◡ — ◡ — —

b) उपेन्द्रवज्रा

◡ — ◡ — , — ◡ ◡ — ◡ — —

c) उपजाति

I-पाद ku-इन्द्रवज्रा kanye ne-पाद ku-उपेन्द्रवज्रा zixubene kwi-verse.

Amaveza okukhumbula:

स्यादिन्द्रवज्रा यदि तौ जगौ गः ।

"Kuyi-Indravājrā uma izigaba kuwo wonke ama-Pāda zingu-ta ta ja ga ga.

उपेन्द्रवज्रा प्रथमे लघौ सा ।

"I-Upendravajrā ifana ne-Indravajrā, enesihlabathi esilula ekuqaleni"

अनन्तरोदीरितलक्ष्मभाजौ पदौ यदीयावुपजातयस्ताः । इत्थं किलान्यास्वपिमिश्रितासु वदन्ति जातिष्विदमिदमेवनाम ॥

"Uma ama-Pāda amabili, anezimpawu ze-Indravajrā noma i-Upendravajrā, engathathwa ngokuthi ingxenye yomugqa, ngabe yizinto ze-Upajāti. Nakuba izinto ezinye zokuhlobisa zixubene ngokuthi ingxenye yomugqa, kubizwa ngokuthi yi-Upajāti."

54.4. Ukuzivocavoca kwezinto zokuhlobisa

Nquma ku-Bhagavadgītā II ama-Triṣṭubhs nama-Jagatīs.

Isibonelo sokufundwa: http://www.vaisnava.cz/gita/mp3/Bhagavad-gita02.mp3. -- Ukufinyelela ngo-2009-01-28

54.5. Izinhlobo zokwakhiwa kwe-Aorist (लुङ्)

Konke okufanayo yonke izinhlobo zokwakhiwa kwe-Aorist (लुङ्) yi-Augment a-, eyafakwa ngaphambi kwemithetho efanayo ne-Imperfect (लङ्).

Kwi-Sanskrit, kuphela i-Indikativ ne-Prekativ zivame ukusetshenziswa kwi-Aorist.

Kukhona lezi zinhlobo zokwakhiwa kwe-Aorist (लुङ्):

1. Ama-Aorist angasimbi (asigmatic):

• 54.1. I-Root Aorist: Augment + Root + Sekondari ending
• 54.2. I-Theme-vowel Aorist: Augment + Root + a + Sekondari ending
• 54.3. I-Reduplicated Aorist: Augment + okuphindwe kabili Root + a + Sekondari ending

2. Ama-Aorist asimbi (sigmatic Aorist: s noma isilabathi esine-s (ṣ) ephambili kumgomo wabantu

• 54.4. I- -s-Aorist: Augment + Root + s + Sekondari ending
• 54.5. I- -iṣ-Aorist: Augment + Root + i + ṣ + Sekondari ending
• 54.6. I- -siṣ-Aorist: Augment + Root + siṣ + Sekondari ending
• 54.7. I- -sa-Aorist: Augment + Root + s + a + Sekondari ending

Ukwahlwa kwemithombo kumakhonkco okwakheka abhekisela kumakhonkco ngamunye

54.6. Umkhombandlela womthombo

Ukwakhiwa:

I-Augment + Umthombo + Isiphetho sesibili

Isiphetho se-3.pl.P singu -ur. I-Ātmanepada ayivamile.

Isibonelo:

पा 1P "ukuphuza"

	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्
1. तृतीयः	अपाम् a-pā + am	अपाम
2. मध्यमः	अपास्	अपात
3. प्रथमः	अपात्	अपुर् a-p-ur (Isigaba esiphansi!)

Kuphela emithombeni eyi-12 yakhiwa umkhombandlela womthombo:

1. गा 3 "ukuhamba"
2. घ्रा 1P "ukunhlika"
3. छो 6 "ukusika" (अच्छात्)
4. दा 3U "ukunika"
5. दो 1, 4 "ukusika"
6. धा 3U "ukubeka"
7. धे 1 "ukuphuza" (अधात्)
8. पा 1P "ukuphuza"
9. शो 4P "ukuthuthukisa"
10. सो "ukugcina"
11. स्था 1P "ukuma"
12. भू 1P "ukuba"

Ku- भू 1P umkhombandlela womthombo wakhiwa kanje:

	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्
1. तृतीयः	अभूवम्	अभूम
2. मध्यमः	अभू्स्	अभूत
3. प्रथमः	अभूत्	अभूवन् (!!!)

54.6.1. Umkhombandlela we-3.sg.Passiv

Isimo esikhethekile somkhombandlela womthombo yimkhombandlela we-3.sg.Passiv. Lokhu kungakhiwa emithombeni yonke.

Ukwakhiwa:

I-Augment + Umthombo + i

Umthombo unale mumo:

Isigaba esiphezulu:

• Imithombo enevokal emfushane (ngaphandle kuka-a) ngaphambi kwelilungu elilodwa le-consonant kanye no- जन् kanye nemithombo eminingi engu -am
  Izibonelo:
  भिद् 7U: अभेदि "waphuka"
  तुद् 6U: अतोदि "wasungulwa"

Isigaba se-Dehn:

• Imithombo enevokhali ekupheleni
  Izibonelo:
  नी 1U: अनायि "wakhokhelwa"
  स्तु 2U: अस्तावि "wakhonjwa"
  कृ 8U: अकारि "wenziwa"

• Imithombo ene-a ngaphambi kwelilungu elilodwa (ngaphandle kuka-जन् nemithombo ephelela ku-am)
  Isibonelo:
  वद् 1P: अवादि "kuthiwa"
  kodwa:
  जन् 4Ā: अजनि "zalizalwa"

• ezinye imithombo ephelela ku-am
  Isibonelo:
  गम् अगामि

Ukufaka u-y ngaphambi kwesiphetho:

• Imithombo ephelela ku-ā, -e, -ai, -o ifaka u-y phakathi kwe-ā yomthombo nesiphetho:
  Isibonelo:
  दा 3U: अदायि "kunikezwa"

Infix ye-nasal:

• ezinye imithombo zin infix ye-nasal:
  Isibonelo:
  लभ् 1Ā: अलम्भि ngaphandle kuka-अलाभि : "kwamukelwa"

(Amanye amafomu e-passive abuyiselwa ngamafomu e-Ātmanepada ku-aorist).

54.7. Imisebenzi

Hlola ngokubhala amafomu alandelayo bese wakha amafomu ahambisanayo e-aorist:

1. यन्ति
2. पिबामि
3. ददौ
4. बभूव
5. दधति
6. ऐम
7. पपिथ
8. तिष्ठति
9. इयेथ
10. पप
11. एष्यथ
12. तस्थुः
13. अधत्त
14. अददाः
15. अभवन्
16. ददिम
17. भिद्यते
18. उद्यते
19. स्तूयते
20. कृष्यते
21. जायते (Pass.)
22. गीयते
23. गम्यते

Isithombe: त्रिचक्रेणेश्वरः स्तूयते
Tamil Nadu
(Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane)