Isifundo 7

Isitatimani Sonto

धर्मो जयति नधर्मः सत्यं जयति नानृतम् | क्षमा जयति न क्रोधो देवो जयति नासुरः ॥

dharmo jayati nādharmaḥ
satyaṃ jayati nānṛtam |
kṣamā jayati na krodho
devo jayati nāsuraḥ ||

Inqobo iyaphumelela, hhayi ukungabi nqobo,
Inyaniso iyaphumelela, hhayi ukungabikho kwenyaniso,
Ubulungisa buyaphumelela, hhayi ukuphikisana,
uNkulunkulu uyaphumelela, hhayi uNkulunkulu ophikisanayo.

7.1. Isitatimani esisebenzisa isenzo esinentshukumo ngqo

Isakhiwo:
(Agens = kartṛ m. = कर्तृ) – intshukumo ngqo (karman n. = कर्मन्) – isenzo

isib.
rāmaḥ phalaṃ khādati = रामः फलं खादति : "U-Rāma uya kudla (ukudla) isithelo."
brāhmaṇo devaṃ yajati = ब्राह्मणो देवं यजति : "IBrahmane iyadumisa uNkulunkulu ngokunikezela (komuntu omunye)."

Uma isenzo sisebenzisa i-Parasmaipada noma i-Ātmanepada, intshukumo ngqo (karman n. = कर्मन्) ivame ukuba ku-Akkusativ (Wenfall, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया).

7.2. I-Akkusativ (Wenfall, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया = "ukugqamisa okwesibili")

Ukugqamisa kwe-Akkusativ Singular Maskulinum ne-Femininum emva kwevokal: -m

Maskulina ku-	Akkusativ Singular
-a: deva	devam देवम्
-i: kavi	kavim कविम्
-u: guru	gurum गुरुम्
Feminina ku-	Akkusativ Singular
-ā: devatā	devatām देवताम्
-i: śruti	śrutim श्रुतिम्
-ī: devī	devīm देवीम्
-u: dhenu	dhenum धेनुम्

Ukuboshwa okuphindwe kabili kwesibalo esiphindwe kabili esidala (isibonelo: izimpande ezinesibalo esiphindwe kabili ezinamakhulu amakhulu): Ukukhulisa isiphetho esiphindwe kabili + -n

Izindaba ezinesibalo esiphindwe kabili	Ukuboshwa okuphindwe kabili
-a: deva	devān देवान्
-i: kavi	kavīn कवीन्
-u: guru	gurūn गुरून्

Ukuboshwa okuphindwe kabili kwesibalo esiphindwe kabili esidala (isibonelo: izimpande ezinesibalo esiphindwe kabili ezinamakhulu amakhulu): Ukukhulisa isiphetho esiphindwe kabili + -s

Izindaba ezinesibalo esiphindwe kabili	Ukuboshwa okuphindwe kabili
-ā: devatā	devatās देवतास्
-i: śruti	śrutīs श्रुतीस्
-ī: devī	devīs देवीस्
-u: dhenu	dhenūs धेनूस्

7.2.1. Ukuboshwa okuphindwe kabili kwesibalo esiphindwe kabili kwezibalo ezibuzayo nezibonayo

		Isibalo esiphindwe kabili	Isibalo esiphindwe kabili	Isibalo esiphindwe kabili
kim wer/was	sg.	kam कम्	kām काम्	kim किम्
	pl.	kān कान्	kās कास्	kāni कानि
tad er/es/jenes	sg.	tam तम्	tām ताम्	tad तद्
	pl.	tān तान्	tās तास्	tāni तानि
etad dieses hier	sg.	etam / enam एतम् / एनम्	etām / enām एताम् / एनाम्	etad / enad एतद् / एनद्
	pl.	etān / enān एतान् / एनान्	etās / enās एतास् / एनास्	etāni / enāni एतानि / एनानि
idam dieses	sg.	imam / enam इमम् / एनम्	imām / enām इमाम् / एनाम्	idam / enad इदम् / एनद्
	pl.	imān / enān इमान् / एनान्	imās / enās इमास् / एनास्	imāni / enāni इमानि / एनानि

Izimo enam (एनम्) njll. zihlobene nesisekelo enad (एनद्), esakha izimo kuphela ezimbalwa kuma-case. Lezi zimo zisetshenziswa endaweni yezimo zika-etad no-idam lapho into echazwayo isivele ikhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili.
isib. ayaṃ devaḥ, enaṃ yajante. = अयं देवः । एनं यजन्ते ॥ : "Uyinkosi. Bamsiza ngenkubo."

7.2.2. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Accusative (Umdaniso, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया = "ukugqamisa kwesibili")

I-Accusative (dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया) ichaza:

1. Esitatimweni somsebenzi ongaphansi: into eqondile (karman n. = कर्मन्) yomsebenzi oboniswa yigama elithi:
   isib.
   devaṃ yajati = देवं यजति : "Uyisiza inkosi ngenkubo."
   phalam āpnoti = फलमाप्नोति : "Uyathola umkhiqizo (isib. womsebenzi wakhe)."
2. Ezimeni zokuhamba, ukunyakaza, ukukhokha noma okufanayo, i-Accusative ichaza inhloso yokunyakaza:
   isib.
   narakaṃ gacchati = नरकं गच्छति : "Uyahamba iNdlu."

Ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-Accusative kuzochazwa kamuva.

7.3. Sandhi ka-n ophumayo

-n ophumayo:

1. Ngaphambi kwe-palatal ne-retroflex sparśi ezinamandla nangaphambi kuka-ś- kufaka indawo yalo mufanekiso:
   -n ngaphambi kuka-j-, jh-, ñ-, ś- » -ñ
   -n ngaphambi kuka-ḍ-, ḍh-, ṇ-, ṣ- » -ṇ
   isib. kṣatriyān + jayati » kṣatriyāñ jayati = क्षत्रियांञ्जयति : "Uyaphumelela ama-Kṣatriya."
   U-ś- olungaphambili luwafaka ngokuvamile u-ch-:
   gurūn + śṛṇoti » gurūñ chṛṇoti (ngaphezu kuka-gurūñ śṛṇoti) = गुरूञ्छृणोति (गुरूञ्शृणोति) : "Uyavuma abafundisi." "Uyavuma abafundisi."

2. Uma kuvela u-l- ngaphambi kwe-l- ene-Anunāsika (u-l onasali, ebhalweni ल् ene-Anunāsika ँ) kufaka indawo:
   isib. paśūn + labhate » पशूंल्लभते : "Uthola izilwane zokusebenza."

3. Ngaphambi kwe-palatal, retroflex noma dental engenasandi ekuqaleni, kufaka indawo Anusvāra + umsindo ophumayo ohambisana nalawo mazwi:
   -n ngaphambi kwe-c-, ch- » -ṃś
   -n ngaphambi kwe-ṭ-, ṭh- » -ṃṣ
   -n ngaphambi kwe-t-, th- » -ṃs
   isib. devān + ca » devāṃś ca = देवांश्च : "futhi izinkosi (Akk.)"
   devān + tu » devāṃs tu = देवांस्तु : "kodwa izinkosi (Akk.)"

4. Ngaphandle kokulandela isyllable emfushane (buka kamuva), u-n ophumayo uhlala ungashintshi kuzo zonke ezinye izimo.

7.4. I-Neutrum (napuṃsaka n. = नपुंसक)

Kwi-Neutrum, izimo ze-Nominative (prathamā) ne-Accusative (dvitīyā) ziyafana.

7.4.1. I-Neutrum yezinkambu ezinokuphela -a

Isiphetho se-Nominative / Akkusative Singular: -m
isib. phala n. = फल = "ivumba": Nom. / Akk. sg. phalam = फलम्
Isiphetho se-Nominative / Akkusative Plural: -āni
isib. phala n. = फल: Nom. / Akk. pl. phalāni = फलानि

7.5. Izinkathi ze-Präsens ezingenasandi

I-5th Präsens class yakha okubizwa ngokuthi yi-athematic Präsens stem, okusho ukuthi i-Präsens stem ayipheli ngokufana nezinkathi ze-Präsens ezinesandi (1., 4., 6., 10. class) nge-"vowel theme" -a.

Izinkathi ze-Präsens ezingenasandi zinezinto ezimbili zokuphela, okusho ukuthi kunemifanekiso emibili ye-Präsens stem:

1. isemandla: isigaba esiphezulu (kuyinto ejwayelekile ukuthi ibe yisigaba esikhulu)
2. isemandla: isigaba esiphansi

Isiqinisekiso esinamandla sime:
ku-Indikativ Singular Parasmaipada Präsens (laṭ) kanye ne-Imperfekt (laṅ)
zonke izindawo zokuqala ze-Imperativ (loṭ) Parasmaipada kanye ne-Ātmanepada
kwisimo sesithathu singular Imperativ (loṭ) Parasmaipada

Zonke ezinye izimo zinomsuka we-Präsens obuthathayo.

7.5.1. Iziphetho zokuqala zezindawo zesithathu plural kumasuka angaphandle kwe-athematic

Kumasuka angaphandle kwe-athematic we-Präsens, iziphetho zokuqala zezindawo zesithathu plural zithi:
Parasmaipada: -anti
Ātmanepada: -ate

7.5.2. I-5th class ye-Präsens (svādi = स्वादि = "su njll.")

Isiqinisekiso esinamandla: (okuvamile) impande enesigaba esiphansi (njengoba kuchaziwe) + -no-
Isiqinisekiso esibuthathayo: (okuvamile) impande enesigaba esiphansi (njengoba kuchaziwe) + -nu-

Ngaphambi kweziphetho ze-vocalic, kumasuka aphethwe yi-vocalic, -nu- buyashintshwa sibe ngu--nv-, kumasuka aphethwe yi-consonant, -nu- buyashintshwa sibe ngu--nuv- ngaphambi kweziphetho ze-vocalic.

Izibonelo:

Impande धातु	Isiqinisekiso esinamandla	Isiqinisekiso esibuthathayo	Ngaphambi kwe-Vocalic (weak)
āp 5 P आप् "ufinyelela"	āp-no (3.sg. āpnoti = आप्नोति)	āp-nu	āp-nuv (3.pl. āpnuvanti = आप्नुवन्ति)
aś 5 Ā अश् "ufinyelela"	—	aś-nu (3.sg. aśnute = अश्नुते)	aś-nuv (3.pl. aśnuvate = अश्नुवते)
su 5 U सु "ukucindezela"	su-no (3.sg. sunoti = सुनोति)	su-nu (3.sg. sunute = सुनुते)	su-nv (3.pl. sunvanti = सुन्वन्ति, 3.pl. sunvate = सुन्वते)
śru 5 P श्रु "ukuzwa"	śṛ-ṇo (3.sg. śṛṇoti = शृणोति)	śṛ-ṇu	śṛ-ṇv (3.pl. śṛṇvanti = शृण्वन्ति)

7.6. Umlazi

Funda amafuphi alandelayo:

aś 5 Ā (aśnute) अश् अश्नुते : finyelela, kufika ku-, uthole
āp 5 P (āpnoti) आप् आप्नोति : finyelela, uthole
kup 4 P (kupyati) कुप् कुप्यति : bamba
krudh 4 P (krudhyati) क्रुध् क्रुध्यति : bamba
khād 1 P (khādati) खाद् खादति : chitha, dla
śru 5 P (śṛṇoti !) श्रु शृणोति : lalela (into: Akkusativ, umuntu: Genetiv noma Akkusativ; mayelana: Akkusativ; ukusuka ku-: Genetiv, Ablativ, Instrumentalis)
su 5 U (sunoti) सु सुनोति : cindezela
soma m. सोम : isiphuzwa esicindezelwe, i-Soma; inyanga (Kukhona ukungaqiniseki kuze kube manje ngokuthi yimuphi ummbila owacindezelwa ukuze kuqhekeze i-Soma).

Isithombe: Ingabe lokho kwakuyimmbila ye-Vedic ye-Soma?: Iphunga lenyoni: Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.
Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane

phala n. फल : ivi (futhi ngokwesibonelo: ivi (karmic) yentambo)
nṛtya n. नृत्य : ukubhula
svarga m. स्वर्ग : izulu
naraka m. नरक : inhloko (ngokwesithembiso se-Hindu, indawo yokuhlala inombala we-Egg (Brahmāṇḍa m.n. = ब्रह्माण्ड = "I-Egg ye-Brahmā"): ngaphezulu komhlaba kunnezulu ezintandathu ezinokujabulisa okukhulayo, ngaphansi komhlaba kunama-pātāla amasishiyagalombili n. = पाताल, izindawo zokuhlala ze-nāga m. = नाग (izinyoka) nezinye izidalwa ezimangalisayo, phakathi kwazo kunenhloko ezintandathu ezinokuhlungwa okukhulayo)
aṅga n. अङ्ग : ingxenye yomzimba, ingxenye; futhi = vedāṅga = वेदाङ्ग
gam 1 P (gacchati) गम् गच्छति : hamba (Ngokwengxenye yezinkokheli zomzila wezinkokheli, ingxenye yomzila 1, kodwa ngempela yindawo yokwakha nge-suffix -ccha-: gam » Izinga eliphansi (gm ») ga-ccha-ti)

7.7. Imisebenzi

A) Faka isigalelo esiqondile noma i-akkusative yendlela ngokwesibalo esisodwa nangokwesibalo esiningi:

1. brāhmaṇas ... yajati (deva, devī, viṣṇu, agni, devatā)
   ब्राह्मणस् ... यजति (देव, देवी, विष्णु, अग्नि, देवता)

Isithombe: Viṣṇu = विष्णु, isikhathi esingu-8./9. senkulungwane.
Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane

2. gurus ... khādati (phala)
   गुरुस् ... खादति (फल)
3. sādhus ... gacchati (svarga)
   साधुस् ... गच्छति (स्वर्ग)
4. śūdrā ... gacchati (naraka)
   शूद्रा ... गच्छति (नरक)
5. ... jayati (śūdra)
   जयति (शूद्र)
6. ... labhate (dhenu, paśu, phala)
   लभते (धेनु, पशु, फल)

B) Faka izimo zefomu elihambisanayo:

1. sādhuḥ svargaṃ ... (āp, gam, aś)
   साधुः स्वर्गम् ... (आप्, गम्, अश्)
2. brāhmaṇaḥ somam ... (su) (2 izimo)
   ब्राह्मणः सोमम् ... (सु)
3. sādhur gurum ... (śru)
   साधुर्गुरुम् ... (श्रु)
4. devī ... (kup, krudh)
   देवी ... (कुप्, क्रुध्)

C) Faka umenzi, into, kanye nefomu eliphindwe kabili emazwini emisebenzi B).

D) Faka ku-Ātmanepada:

1. sunvanti.
   सुन्वन्ति ।
2. nayanti.
   नयन्ति ।
3. sunoti.
   सुनोति ।
4. yajati.
   यजति ।

Isithombe: yajati = यजति — Inikelo le-Vedic = yajña m. = यज्ञ
Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane

E) Yakha i-akkusative (dvitīyā) sg. kanye ne-pl. yazo zonke izigama ezifundwayo zokugcina.

F) Humusha:

1. bayaya ngenhlanga.
   नरकांश्च स्वर्गांश्च गच्छन्ति ।
2. abafundisi bayalalela.
   गुरूूंस्तु शृण्वन्ति ।
3. Abasuuda bafinyelela inkululeko.
4. Ama-Kṣatriya bakhonza izinkosikazi ngamabhayela njengabaphathi bamabhayela.
5. Abafazi be-Vaiśya bakhonza izinkosikazi ngamabhayela.
6. INKOSI iyathukuthele.
7. i-śikṣā i-kalpo i-vyākaraṇa i-nirukta i-chando i-jyotiṣam i-aṅgāni.
   शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दो ज्योतिषमङ्गानि ।
8. Kunoma ngubani unqoba lo Brahmana?

Isithombe: Kunoma ngubani unqoba lapha? Impendulo: i-Gaṇeśa (i-Gaṇapati) = गणेश (गणपति). I-Gaṇapatihoma (i-yajña).
Umthombo wesithombe: Imininingwane

9. Lokhu kuyadla lo muntu oyingcwe?
10. Lokhu kuyacindezela (lapha) ukuthini?
11. Uyafundisa. Uyalalela ku-wo (= bayalalela ku-wo).