Lesson 7

Weekly Verse

धर्मो जयति नधर्मः सत्यं जयति नानृतम् | क्षमा जयति न क्रोधो देवो जयति नासुरः ॥

dharmo jayati nādharmaḥ
satyaṃ jayati nānṛtam |
kṣamā jayati na krodho
devo jayati nāsuraḥ ||

Right conquers, not wrong,
Truth conquers, not untruth,
Forbearance conquers, not anger,
God conquers, not the anti-god.

7.1. The verbal sentence with direct object

Schema:
(Agent = kartṛ m. = कर्तृ) – direct object (karman n. = कर्मन्) – verb

e.g.
rāmaḥ phalaṃ khādati = रामः फलं खादति : "Rāma eats (devours) a fruit."
brāhmaṇo devaṃ yajati = ब्राह्मणो देवं यजति : "The Brahmin worships a god with an offering (for someone else)."

If the verb is in Parasmaipada or Ātmanepada, then the direct object (karman n. = कर्मन्) is generally in the Accusative (objective case, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया).

7.2. The Accusative (objective case, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया = "second case ending")

Ending of the Accusative Singular Masculine and Feminine after a vowel: -m

Masculines ending in	Accusative Singular
-a: deva	devam देवम्
-i: kavi	kavim कविम्
-u: guru	gurum गुरुम्
Feminines ending in	Accusative Singular
-ā: devatā	devatām देवताम्
-i: śruti	śrutim श्रुतिम्
-ī: devī	devīm देवीम्
-u: dhenu	dhenum धेनुम्

Accusative Plural Masculine of Vowel-Stems (Exception: monosyllabic root-stems with long vowel): Lengthening of the final vowel + -n

Masculines ending in	Accusative Plural
-a: deva	devān देवान्
-i: kavi	kavīn कवीन्
-u: guru	gurūn गुरून्

Accusative Plural Feminine of Vowel-Stems (Exception: monosyllabic root-stems with long vowel): Lengthening of the final vowel + -s

Feminines ending in	Accusative Plural
-ā: devatā	devatās देवतास्
-i: śruti	śrutīs श्रुतीस्
-ī: devī	devīs देवीस्
-u: dhenu	dhenūs धेनूस्

7.2.1. Accusative Singular and Plural of Interrogative and Demonstrative Pronouns

		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
kim who/what	sg.	kam कम्	kām काम्	kim किम्
	pl.	kān कान्	kās कास्	kāni कानि
tad he/it/that	sg.	tam तम्	tām ताम्	tad तद्
	pl.	tān तान्	tās तास्	tāni तानि
etad this here	sg.	etam / enam एतम् / एनम्	etām / enām एताम् / एनाम्	etad / enad एतद् / एनद्
	pl.	etān / enān एतान् / एनान्	etās / enās एतास् / एनास्	etāni / enāni एतानि / एनानि
idam this	sg.	imam / enam इमम् / एनम्	imām / enām इमाम् / एनाम्	idam / enad इदम् / एनद्
	pl.	imān / enān इमान् / एनान्	imās / enās इमास् / एनास्	imāni / enāni इमानि / एनानि

The forms enam (एनम्) etc. belong to the stem enad (एनद्), which forms cases only in some instances. These are used instead of the forms of etad and idam when the entity referred to has already been mentioned in the preceding context.
e.g. ayaṃ devaḥ, enaṃ yajante. = अयं देवः । एनं यजन्ते ॥ : "He is a god. They sacrifice to him."

7.2.2. Usage of the Accusative (Second Case, dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया = "second case ending")

The accusative (dvitīyā f. = द्वितीया) denotes:

1. In non-passive verbal sentences: the direct object (karman n. = कर्मन्) of the action expressed by the verb:
   e.g.
   devaṃ yajati = देवं यजति : "He worships a god with an offering."
   phalam āpnoti = फलमाप्नोति : "He attains the fruit (e.g. of his action)."
2. With verbs expressing going, movement, leading or similar actions towards something, the accusative denotes the goal of the movement:
   e.g.
   narakaṃ gacchati = नरकं गच्छति : "He goes to hell."

Further uses of the accusative will be treated later.

7.3. Sandhi of final -n

Final -n:

1. Before voiced palatal and retroflex sparśa consonants and before ś-, it is replaced by the nasal corresponding to these sounds:
   -n before j-, jh-, ñ-, ś- » -ñ
   -n before ḍ-, ḍh-, ṇ-, ṣ- » -ṇ
   e.g. kṣatriyān + jayati » kṣatriyāñ jayati = क्षत्रियांञ्जयति : "He defeats the Kṣatriyas."
   Initial ś- is then usually replaced by ch-:
   gurūn + śṛṇoti » gurūñ chṛṇoti (alongside gurūñ śṛṇoti) = गुरूञ्छृणोति (गुरूञ्शृणोति) : "He hears the teachers." "He listens to the teachers."

2. If a word-initial l- is preceded by -l with Anunāsika (nasalized l, in writing ल् with Anunāsika ँ), it is replaced by:
   e.g. paśūn + labhate » पशूंल्लभते : "He obtains livestock."

3. If preceded by a word-initial voiceless palatal, retroflex, or dental consonant, it is replaced by Anusvāra + the sibilant corresponding to these sounds:
   -n before c-, ch- » -ṃś
   -n before ṭ-, ṭh- » -ṃṣ
   -n before t-, th- » -ṃs
   e.g. devān + ca » devāṃś ca = देवांश्च : "and the gods (Acc.)"
   devān + tu » devāṃs tu = देवांस्तु : "but the gods (Acc.)"

4. Except after a short vowel (see later), word-final -n remains unchanged in all other cases.

7.4. The Neuter (napuṃsaka n. = नपुंसक)

In the neuter, the forms for Nominative (prathamā) and Accusative (dvitīyā) are identical.

7.4.1. Neuter of stems ending in -a

Ending Nominative / Accusative Singular: -m
e.g. phala n. = फल = "fruit": Nom./Acc. sg. phalam = फलम्
Ending Nominative / Accusative Plural: -āni
e.g. phala n. = फल: Nom./Acc. pl. phalāni = फलानि

7.5. Athemeatic Present Classes

The 5th present class forms a so-called athematic present stem, i.e., the present stem does not end in the "thematic vowel" -a as it does in thematic present classes (1st, 4th, 6th, 10th class).

The athematic present classes exhibit stem gradation, i.e., there are two forms of the present stem:

1. strong stem: guṇa-grade (rarely dīrgha-grade)
2. weak stem: zero-grade

The strong stem stands:
in the indicative singular Parasmaipada present (laṭ) and imperfect (laṅ)
in all first persons of the imperative (loṭ) Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada
in the third person singular imperative (loṭ) Parasmaipada

All other forms have the weak present stem.

7.5.1. Primary endings of the 3rd person plural in athematic stems

In the case of athematic present stems, the primary endings of the 3rd person plural are:
Parasmaipada: -anti
Ātmanepada: -ate

7.5.2. The 5th present class (svādi = स्वादि = "su etc.")

Strong stem: (mostly) root in guṇa grade (as stated above) + -no-
Weak stem: (mostly) root in guṇa grade (as stated above) + -nu-

Before vocalic endings, in the case of roots ending in a vowel, -nu- is replaced by -nv-, and in the case of roots ending in a consonant, before vocalic endings -nu- is replaced by -nuv-.

Examples:

Root धातु	Strong stem	Weak stem	Before vowel (weak)
āp 5 P आप् "to reach"	āp-no (3.sg. āpnoti = आप्नोति)	āp-nu	āp-nuv (3.pl. āpnuvanti = आप्नुवन्ति)
aś 5 Ā अश् "to reach"	—	aś-nu (3.sg. aśnute = अश्नुते)	aś-nuv (3.pl. aśnuvate = अश्नुवते)
su 5 U सु "to press out"	su-no (3.sg. sunoti = सुनोति)	su-nu (3.sg. sunute = सुनुते)	su-nv (3.pl. sunvanti = सुन्वन्ति, 3.pl. sunvate = सुन्वते)
śru 5 P श्रु "to hear"	śṛ-ṇo (3.sg. śṛṇoti = शृणोति)	śṛ-ṇu	śṛ-ṇv (3.pl. śṛṇvanti = शृण्वन्ति)

7.6. Word List

Learn the following words:

aś 5 Ā (aśnute) अश् अश्नुते : to reach, to arrive at, to attain
āp 5 P (āpnoti) आप् आप्नोति : to reach, to attain
kup 4 P (kupyati) कुप् कुप्यति : to be angry
krudh 4 P (krudhyati) क्रुध् क्रुध्यति : to be angry
khād 1 P (khādati) खाद् खादति : to chew, to eat
śru 5 P (śṛṇoti !) श्रु शृणोति : to hear (something: Accusative, someone: Genitive or Accusative; about: Accusative; from someone: Genitive, Ablative, Instrumental)
su 5 U (sunoti) सु सुनोति : to press out
soma m. सोम : pressed drink, Soma; Moon (Which plant was used to press Soma is still disputed today).

Fig.: Was this the Vedic Soma plant?: Fly agaric: Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

phala n. फल : fruit (also in a figurative sense: the (karmic) fruit of an action)
nṛtya n. नृत्य : dance
svarga m. स्वर्ग : heaven
naraka m. नरक : hell (According to one Hindu view, the universe has the shape of an egg (Brahmāṇḍa m.n. = ब्रह्माण्ड = "Egg of Brahmā"): above the earth are six heavens with increasing bliss, below the earth are seven so-called pātāla n. = पाताल, dwellings of the nāga m. = नाग (snakes) and other mythical beings, among them are 7 hells with increasing torments)
aṅga n. अङ्ग : limb of the body, component; also = vedāṅga = वेदाङ्ग
gam 1 P (gacchati) गम् गच्छति : to go (According to the indigenous verb classification, it belongs to Present Class 1, but is actually a formation with a present stem-forming suffix -ccha-: gam » Strengthened grade (gm ») ga-ccha-ti)

7.7. Exercise

A) Insert the direct object or directional accusative in both singular and plural:

1. brāhmaṇas ... yajati (deva, devī, viṣṇu, agni, devatā)
   ब्राह्मणस् ... यजति (देव, देवी, विष्णु, अग्नि, देवता)

Fig.: Viṣṇu = विष्णु, 8th/9th century.
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

2. gurus ... khādati (phala)
   गुरुस् ... खादति (फल)
3. sādhus ... gacchati (svarga)
   साधुस् ... गच्छति (स्वर्ग)
4. śūdrā ... gacchati (naraka)
   शूद्रा ... गच्छति (नरक)
5. ... jayati (śūdra)
   जयति (शूद्र)
6. ... labhate (dhenu, paśu, phala)
   लभते (धेनु, पशु, फल)

B) Insert the corresponding verb forms:

1. sādhuḥ svargaṃ ... (āp, gam, aś)
   साधुः स्वर्गम् ... (आप्, गम्, अश्)
2. brāhmaṇaḥ somam ... (su) (2 forms)
   ब्राह्मणः सोमम् ... (सु)
3. sādhur gurum ... (śru)
   साधुर्गुरुम् ... (श्रु)
4. devī ... (kup, krudh)
   देवी ... (कुप्, क्रुध्)

C) In the exercise sentences B), put the agent, object, and verb into the plural.

D) Put into Ātmanepada:

1. sunvanti.
   सुन्वन्ति ।
2. nayanti.
   नयन्ति ।
3. sunoti.
   सुनोति ।
4. yajati.
   यजति ।

Fig.: yajati = यजति — Vedic sacrifice = yajña m. = यज्ञ
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

E) Form the accusative (dvitīyā) singular and plural for all nouns learned so far.

F) Translate:

1. They go to hells and also to heavens.
   नरकांश्च स्वर्गांश्च गच्छन्ति ।
2. But they hear the gurus.
   गुरूूंस्तु शृण्वन्ति ।
3. Śūdras attain a heaven.
4. The Kṣatriyas worship the goddesses with sacrifices as sacrificial patrons.
5. Vaiśya women worship deities with sacrifices.
6. The LORD is angry.
7. śikṣā kalpo vyākaraṇaṃ niruktaṃ chando jyotiṣam aṅgāni.
   शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दो ज्योतिषमङ्गानि ।
8. To which god does this Brahmin sacrifice?

Fig.: To which god does one sacrifice here? Answer: Gaṇeśa (Gaṇapati) = गणेश (गणपति). Gaṇapatihoma (yajña).
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

9. What is this holy man chewing?
10. What are these (here) pressing out?
11. He is the teacher. One listens to him (= they listen to him).