Lesson 54

54.1. Preliminary Remarks

With Lesson 54, the second semester begins in university instruction. From now on, the course runs alongside the main topic of this semester: reading the entire Bhagavadgītā. The learning objective is such fluency in reading a medium-difficulty text that large parts of the Bhagavadgītā can be translated extemporaneously in the last third of the semester. At the beginning, word lists were distributed in university instruction; later, students had to use corresponding dictionaries (Monier-Williams, Apte, PW) themselves.

The course on the Bhagavadgītā will not be made available online for the time being.

The lessons of the Sanskrit course cover topics of Sanskrit grammar that have not yet been addressed.

54.2. Word Formation: कृत् Suffix -u on Desiderative Stems

On desiderative stems (इच्छाप्रकृति) ("to wish to do something"; "about to do something") the suffix -u is added for the formation of agent nouns.

(Formation of desiderative stems follows later)

Example:

युयुत्सु (yu-yudh + s + u) "eager to fight, about to fight"

Fig.: अयुयुत्सुरर्जुनः भगवद्गीतोपदेशः Tirupati = తిరుపతి
(Image source: Details)

54.3. Metrics II: the epic त्रिष्टुभ् and the जगती

The त्रिष्टुभ् ("three-footed") appears in the epics amidst the usual श्लोक sections precisely at points where mood or action experience a particular surge or conclusion.

त्रिष्टुभ्-stroof koosneb neljast üheteistkümnesilbilisest पाद'ist, mis oma ehituselt ei erine.

त्रिष्टुभ्'il on kaks põhiskeemi, olenevalt sellest, kas tsesuur (sõnalõpp, kompositsiooniühendus või teatud sufiksite, nagu -tara, -tama jms, ees) asub पाद'i 4. või 5. silbi järel.

Schema I:

× — × — / × ◡ — — ◡ — —

Schema II:

× — × — × / × ◡ — ◡ — —

The quantity of the last four syllables is therefore identical in both schemata.

जगती-põhivorm: nagu त्रिष्टुभ् puhul, kuid 12-silbiline. Iga Pada viimased 5 silpi rõhutavad järgmisi kvantiteete:

— ◡ — ◡ —

Lisaks on olemas nn tüüpiliselt üleliigne त्रिष्टुभ् viiesilbilise algusliikmega, mis jätkub nagu त्रिष्टुभ् neljasilbilise algusliikmega:

— × — × / × ◡ — — ◡ — —

Hilisemal ajal fikseeritakse त्रिष्टुभ् vormid rangete pikkuste ja lühikeste skeemide järgi, tsesuur ei mängi enam rolli. Olulisemad hilisemad vormid on:

a) इन्द्रवज्रा

— — ◡ — , — ◡ ◡ — ◡ — —

b) उपेन्द्रवज्रा

◡ — ◡ — , — ◡ ◡ — ◡ — —

c) उपजाति

पाद इन्द्रवज्रा's ja पाद उपेन्द्रवज्रा's on segatud ühte stroofi.

Merkverse:

स्यादिन्द्रवज्रा यदि तौ जगौ गः ।

"It is an Indravajrā if the syllables in all pādas are ta ta ja ga ga."

उपेन्द्रवज्रा प्रथमे लघौ सा ।

"An Upendravajrā resembles an Indravajrā that has a light syllable at the beginning."

अनन्तरोदीरितलक्ष्मभाजौ पदौ यदीयावुपजातयस्ताः । इत्थं किलान्यास्वपिमिश्रितासु वदन्ति जातिष्विदमिदमेवनाम ॥

"If two pādas, which exhibit the characteristics of an Indravajrā or Upendravajrā respectively, are involved in a verse, they are called Upajātis. Even if other meters are mixed into a verse, this is called Upajāti."

54.4. Übung zur Metrik

Määrake Bhagavadgītā II-s Triṣṭubh'id ja Jagatī'd.

Example of a recitation: http://www.vaisnava.cz/gita/mp3/Bhagavad-gita02.mp3. -- Accessed on January 28, 2009

54.5. Aoristi (लुङ्) moodustamise tüübid

Kõigile aoristi (लुङ्) moodustamise tüüpidele on ühine augment a-, mis asetatakse ette samade reeglite järgi nagu imperfektis (लङ्).

In Sanskrit, only the Indicative and Precativ of the Aorist are commonly used.

Aoristi (लुङ्) moodustamise tüübid on järgmised:

1. Mittesisisevad (asigmaatilised) aoristid:

• 54.1. Juuraorist: Augment + Juur + Sekundaarlõpp
• 54.2. Temaatiline vokaal-aorist: Augment + Juur + a + Sekundaarlõpp
• 54.3. Reduplitseeritud aorist: Augment + reduplitseeritud Juur + a + Sekundaarlõpp

2. Sibilantsed (sigmaatilised) aoristid: s või s-i (ṣ) sisaldav silp ilmub enne isikulõppu

• 54.4. -s aorist: Augment + Juur + s + Sekundaarlõpp
• 54.5. -iṣ-aorist: Augment + Juur + i + ṣ + Sekundaarlõpp
• 54.6. -siṣ-aorist: Augment + Juur + siṣ + Sekundaarlõpp
• 54.7. -sa aorist: Augment + Juur + s + a + Sekundaarlõpp

Distribution of roots among the individual formation types: see under the respective types.

54.6. Root Aorist

Formation:

Augment + Root + Secondary Ending

The ending of the 3rd person plural is -ur. Ātmanepada (middle voice) is not in common use.

Example:

पा 1P "to drink"

	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्
1. तृतीयः	अपाम्: bra-pā + am	अपाम
2. मध्यमः	अपास्	अपात
3. प्रथमः	अपात्	अपुर्: bra-p-ur (Guna grade!)

The root aorist is formed from only 12 roots:

1. गा 3 "to go"
2. घ्रा 1P "to smell"
3. छो 6 "to cut" (अच्छात्)
4. दा 3U "to give"
5. दो 1, 4 "to cut"
6. धा 3U "to place"
7. धे 1 "to suck" (अधात्)
8. पा 1P "to drink"
9. शो 4P "to sharpen"
10. सो "to finish"
11. स्था 1P "to stand"
12. भू 1P "to be"

For भू 1P, the root aorist is formed as follows:

	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्
1. तृतीयः	अभूवम्	अभूम
2. मध्यमः	अभू्स्	अभूत
3. प्रथमः	अभूत्	अभूवन् (!!!)

54.6.1. The Aorist of the 3rd person singular passive

A special form of the root aorist is the 3rd person singular passive aorist. This can be formed from all roots.

Formation:

Augment + Root + i

The root takes the following form:

Strong grade:

• Roots with a short vowel (except a) before a single consonant, as well as जन् and most roots ending in -am
  Examples:
  भिद् 7U: अभेदि "he was split"
  तुद् 6U: अतोदि "he was pushed"

Guṇa grade:

• Vokaaliga lõppevad tüved
  Näited:
  नी 1U: अनायि "teda juhiti"
  स्तु 2U: अस्तावि "teda kiideti"
  कृ 8U: अकारि "see tehti"

• Tüved, millel on a enne lihtsat konsonanti (välja arvatud जन् ja -am-iga lõppevad tüved)
  Näide:
  वद् 1P: अवादि "see öeldi"
  aga:
  जन् 4Ā: अजनि "ta sündis"

• mõned -am-iga lõppevad tüved
  Näide:
  गम् अगामि

y sisestamine enne lõppu:

• -ā, -e, -ai, -o-lõppevad tüved sisestavad tüve -ā ja lõpu vahele y:
  Näide:
  दा 3U: अदायि "see anti"

Nasalinfix:

• mõnel tüvel on nasaalne infiks:
  Näide:
  लभ् 1Ā: अलम्भि kõrvuti अलाभि : "see võeti vastu"

(The remaining forms of the Passive are rendered in the Aorist by Ātmanepada forms.)

54.7. Übung

Translate the following forms in writing and form the corresponding Aorist forms:

1. यन्ति
2. पिबामि
3. ददौ
4. बभूव
5. दधति
6. ऐम
7. पपिथ
8. तिष्ठति
9. इयेथ
10. पप
11. एष्यथ
12. तस्थुः
13. अधत्त
14. अददाः
15. अभवन्
16. ददिम
17. भिद्यते
18. उद्यते
19. स्तूयते
20. कृष्यते
21. जायते (Pass.)
22. गीयते
23. गम्यते

Joonis: त्रिचक्रेणेश्वरः स्तूयते

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