🇪🇪 ET - Eesti
🇪🇪 ET - Eesti
Appearance
🇪🇪 ET - Eesti
🇪🇪 ET - Eesti
Appearance
Skeem I: Tegusõnavorm
nt. yajati = यजति = "Ta (ta, ta) austab ohverdamisega", "Ta ohverdab"
Skeem II: Agent (kartṛ m. = कर्तृ) – Tegusõnavorm
nt. rāmo yajati = रामो यजति = "Rāma austab ohverdamisega", "Rāma ohverdab"
Kui agent (kartṛ m. = कर्तृ) on nimetatud tegeluslauses, mis ei ole passiivis, siis seisab agent nominatiivi (esimend käänd, prathamā = प्रथमा). Arvus (vacana n. = वचन) langevad agent ja tegusõnavorm kokku.
Lõplik tegusõnavorm, st. isikupäärdega tegusõnavorm, väljendab sanskritis järgmist:
Paljudes juhtudes ei ole enam Ātmanepada tähenduslikku nüansii eristatav; isegi kunstilised luuletajad kasutavad sageli Ātmanepadat ilma tähendusliku erinevuseta Parasmaipada suhtes. Siiski tuleb tõlkimisel alati tähelepanelikult kontrollida, kas sellist tähenduslikku nüansii ei esine.
Tegusõnu, mida kasutatakse Parasmaipadas ja Ātmanepadas (spetsiifilises Ātmanepada tähenduses), nimetatakse Ubhayapada-tegussõnadeks (ubhayapada n. = उभयपद = "mõlemad sõnavormid").
Some verbs are used either only in the Parasmaipada or only in the Ātmanepada. In these verbs, the Ātmanepada or Parasmaipada has no specific meaning. E.g. manyate = मन्यते = "he (she, it) thinks" (without specific Ātmanepada meaning).
The tenses are formed from tense stems: present stem, aorist stem, perfect stem, future stem.
The present is the tense of the present, particularly also of duration.
The Indicative (declarative) present is formed by adding the so-called primary endings to the present stem.
Beispiele:
| Wurzel (dhātu) | Präsensstamm | 3. Person Singular Indikativ Präsens Parasmaipada |
|---|---|---|
| viś = विश् | viśa = विश | viśati = विशति = "er (sie, es) tritt ein" |
| bhū = भू | bhava = भव | bhavati = भवति = "er (sie, es) entsteht" |
| nṛt = नृत् | nṛtya = नृत्य | nṛtyati = नृत्यति = "er (sie, es) tanzt" |
| Singular (Einzahl) एकवचन | Plural (Mehrzahl) बहुवचन | |
|---|---|---|
| Parasmaipada n. परस्मैपद | -ti -ति | -nti -न्ति |
| Ātmanepada n. आत्मनेपद | -te -ते | -nte -न्ते |
Näide yaj = यज् = "ohvriga austama", "ohverdama":
Oleviku tüvi: yaja = यज
3. ains. P. yajati = यजति
3. mitm. P. yajanti = यजन्ति
3. ains. Ā. yajate = यजते
3. mitm. Ā. yajante = यजन्ते
Present stem = root in weak grade (as it is listed) + a-
| Wurzel (dhātu m.) धातु | Präsensstamm |
|---|---|
| viś विश् | viśa- विश- |
| sṛj सृज् | sṛja- सृज- |
| Present stem = root in strong grade (rarely in extended grade) + a- | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Root (dhātu m.) धातु | Strong grade | Strong grade before a- | Present stem |
| bhū भू | bho भो | bhav भव् | bhava- भव- |
| nī नी | ne ने | nay नय् | naya- नय- |
| smṛ स्मृ | smar स्मर् | smar स्मर् | smara- स्मर- |
| yaj यज् | yaj यज् | yaj यज् | yaja- यज- |
| nind निन्द् | nind निन्द् | nind निन्द् | ninda- निन्द- |
Before vowels, e is replaced by ay, o by av within the word.
| Weak grade Zero grade | Strong grade Full grade Guṇa m. गुण | Extended grade Vṛddhi f. वृद्धि |
|---|---|---|
| ø | a | ā |
| i / ī | e | ai |
| u / ū | o | au |
| ṛ / ṝ | ar | ār |
| ḷ | al | āl |
Present stem = root in weak grade (as it is listed) + ya-
| Wurzel (dhātu m.) धातु | Präsensstamm |
|---|---|
| nṛt नृत् | nṛtya- नृत्य- |
| muh मुह् | muhya- मुह्य- |
| yudh युध् | yudhya- युध्य- |
| man मन् | manya- मन्य- |
The a in the stem-forming suffixes of present classes is called the thematic vowel. Present classes with a in the stem-forming suffix are therefore called "thematic present classes".
N. N. kiṃ karoti? = N.N. किं करोति = "Mida N. N. teeb?"
N. N. (mitmus) kiṃ kurvanti? = N.N. किं कुर्वन्ति = "Mida N.N.-id teevad?"
(karoti, kurvanti sõnast kṛ = कृ 8 U: "tegema")
kiṃ kuśalam? = किं कुशलम् = "Kuidas teil läheb?, Kuidas teil on?"
Vastus: sarvathā kuśalam = सर्वथा कुशलम् = "(Mul läheb) igas suhtes hästi."
In Sanskrit, verbs are listed in the root form. The number after the root indicates the conjugation class.
P: Juur on ainult Parasmaipada
Ā: Juur on ainult Ātmanepada
U: Ubhayapada ("mõlemad sõnavormid"): juurt kasutatakse Parasmaipadas ja Ātmanepadas.
(): Sulgudes on 3. isiku ainsuse oleviku indikatiiv (laṭ).
Õppige järgmisi sõnu:
yaj 1 U (yajati) यज् यजति : ohvriga austama, ohverdama
bhū 1 P (bhavati) भू भवति : saama, tekkima, olema
smṛ 1 P (smarati) स्मृ स्मरति : meenutama, mäletama
nṛt 4 P (nṛtyati) नृत् नृत्यति : tantsima
nī 1 U (nayati) नी नयति : juhtima
man 4 Ā (manyate) मन् मन्यते : mõtlema
muh 4 P (muhyati) मुह् मुह्यति : segaduses olema
yudh 4 Ā (yudhyate) युध् युध्यते : võitlema
viś 6 P (viśati) विश् विशति : sisenema
sṛj 6 P (sṛjati) सृज् सृजति : vabastama, endast välja laskma, emanatsiooni laskma
A) Form verbal sentences with the roots specified in parentheses by inserting them:
B) Put the sentences formed in Exercise A into the plural.
C) Translate into Sanskrit:

Śivo nṛtyati = शिवो नृत्यति
Śiva Naṭarāja (नटराज), Kadavul Hindu Temple, Kauai, Hawaii
(Image source: Wikipedia, CC-BY-SA 2.5)
A) Fill-in exercise: Form questions to which the sentences you form after following these fill-in exercises are answers:
B) Put into the plural:
C) Moodustage Ātmanepada järgmistest:
D) Moodustage naissoost vorm järgmistest:
E) Tõlkige:
F) Tõlkige sanskriti keelde:

Mīnākṣī (मीनाक्षी), Mīnākṣī-Tempel, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
(Pildi allikas: Wikipedia, Public domain)