Lekcija 6

6.1. Rečenica sa glagolskim oblikom

Šema I: Glagolski oblik
npr. yajati = यजति = "On (ona, ono) obožava žrtvom", "On (ona, ono) prinosi žrtvu"

Šema II: Agens (kartṛ m. = कर्तृ) – Glagolski oblik
npr. rāmo yajati = रामो यजति = "Rāma obožava žrtvom", "Rāma prinosi žrtvu"

Ako se agens (kartṛ m. = कर्तृ) pominje u rečenici sa glagolskim oblikom koja nije u pasivu, tada je agens u nominativu (prvi padež, prathamā = प्रथमा). U numerusu (broj, vacana n. = वचन) agens i glagolski oblik se slažu.

6.2. O formiranju glagolskih oblika

Konačni glagolski oblik, tj. glagolski oblik sa ličnim nastavkom, u sanskrtu izražava sledeće:

1. Značenje (artha m. अर्थ)
2. Licu i numerusu (broj, vacana n. = वचन) (ja, ti, on <ona, ono>, mi dvoje, vi dvoje, oni/one/dvoje, mi, vi, oni)
3. Način rada (genus verbi):
4. Parasmaipada (n. = परस्मैपद) ("glagolski oblik sa referencom na drugog"): Aktiv. npr. yajati = यजति = "On obožava žrtvom" (naime sveštenik koji izvodi žrtvu za nekog drugog)
5. Ātmanepada (n. = आत्मनेपद) ("glagolski oblik sa referencom na samog sebe"): Medium. npr. yajate = यजते = "On obožava žrtvom u sopstvenom interesu" (naime gospodar žrtve koji prinosi žrtvu za sebe i svoju porodicu)
6. Pasiv (karman n. = कर्मन्). npr. ijyate = इज्यते = "Obožava se žrtvom"

U mnogim slučajevima nijansa značenja Ātmanepada više nije prepoznatljiva; čak i umetnički pesnici često koriste Ātmanepada bez razlike u značenju u odnosu na Parasmaipada. Ipak, pri prevodu je uvek potrebno pažljivo obratiti pažnju na to da li postoji takva nijansa značenja.

Glagoli koji se koriste i u Parasmaipadi i u Ātmanepadi (u specifičnom značenju Ātmanepade) nazivaju se Ubhayapada-glagoli (ubhayapada n. = उभयपद = «oba oblika riječi») (Kielhorn).

Verbs that are used in both the Parasmaipada and Ātmanepada (in the specific meaning of the Ātmanepada) are called Ubhayapada-verbs (ubhayapada n. = उभयपद = "both word forms").

4. Glagolski način (Modus) (Kielhorn):

5. Indikativ: izjavni oblik

6. Optativ: željni i mogućnosni oblik

7. Imperativ: zapovjedni oblik

8. Vrijeme (Tempus) (Kielhorn):

9. Prezent: sadašnje vrijeme

10. Imperfekt: prošlo nesvršeno vrijeme

11. Perfekt: prošlo svršeno vrijeme

12. Aorist

13. Futur: buduće vrijeme

14. Kondicional: pogodbeni način

Tenses are formed from tense stems: present stem, aorist stem, perfect stem, future stem.

6.3. Indikativ Präsens (laṭ = लट्)

6.3. Indicative Present (laṭ = लट्)

6.4. Primary endings of the third person (prathama m. = प्रथम = "first (!) person")

	Singular (Einzahl) ekavacana n. एकवचन	Plural (Mehrzahl) bahuvacana n. बहुवचन
Parasmaipada n. परस्मैपद	-ti -ति	-nti -न्ति
Ātmanepada n. आत्मनेपद	-te -ते	-nte -न्ते

Example yaj = यज् = "to honor with a sacrifice", "to sacrifice":
Present stem: yaja = यज
3. sg. P. yajati = यजति
3. pl. P. yajanti = यजन्ति
3. sg. Ā. yajate = यजते
3. pl. Ā. yajante = यजन्ते

6.5. Formation of the present stem

6.5.1. Verbs of the 6th present class (tudādi = तुदादि = "tud etc.")

Present stem = Root in guṇa grade (as listed) + a-

Root (dhātu m.) धातु	Present stem
viś विश्	viśa- विश-
sṛj सृज्	sṛja- सृज-

6.5.2. Verbs of the 1st present class (bhvādi / bhūvādi = भ्वादि / भूवादि = "bhū etc.")

Present stem = Root in strong grade (rarely vṛddhi) + a-
Root (dhātu m.) धातु	Strong grade	Strong grade before a-	Present stem
bhū भू	bho भो	bhav भव्	bhava- भव-
nī नी	ne ने	nay नय्	naya- नय-
smṛ स्मृ	smar स्मर्	smar स्मर्	smara- स्मर-
yaj यज्	yaj यज्	yaj यज्	yaja- यज-
nind निन्द्	nind निन्द्	nind निन्द्	ninda- निन्द-

6.5.2.1. Word Sandhi of e and o

Within words, before vowels, e is replaced by ay, and o by av.

6.5.2.2. Sound Gradation (Ablaut)

Low Grade Zero Grade	High Grade Full Grade Guṇa m. गुण	Lengthened Grade Vṛddhi f. वृद्धि
ø	a	ā
i / ī	e	ai
u / ū	o	au
ṛ / ṝ	ar	ār
ḷ	al	āl

6.5.3. Verbs of the 4th Present Class (divādi = दिवादि = "div etc.")

Present Stem = Root in Low Grade (as it is listed) + ya-

Root (dhātu m.) धातु	Present Stem
nṛt नृत्	nṛtya- नृत्य-
muh मुह्	muhya- मुह्य-
yudh युध्	yudhya- युध्य-
man मन्	manya- मन्य-

6.5.4. Thematic Vowel, Thematic Present Classes

The a in the stem-forming suffixes of present classes is called the thematic vowel. Present classes with a in the stem-forming suffix are therefore called "thematic present classes".

6.6. Spoken Sanskrit: Further Questions (praśna m. = प्रश्न)

N. N. kiṃ karoti? = N.N. किं करोति = "What is N. N. doing?"
N. N. (plural) kiṃ kurvanti? = N.N. किं कुर्वन्ति = "What are the N.N.s doing?"
(karoti, kurvanti from kṛ = कृ 8 U: "to do, to make")
kiṃ kuśalam? = किं कुशलम् = "Are you well?, How are you?"
Answer: sarvathā kuśalam = सर्वथा कुशलम् = "(It is going well) in every respect."

6.7. Rječnik

U sanskrtu se glagoli navode u korijenskom obliku. Broj nakon korijena označava konjugacijsku klasu.

P: Korijen je samo Parasmaipada
Ā: Korijen je samo Ātmanepada
U: Ubhayapada ("oba oblika"): Korijen se koristi u Parasmaipadi i Ātmanepadi.
(): U zagradama je 3. lice jednine prezenta indikativa (laṭ).

Naučite sljedeće riječi:
yaj 1 U (yajati) यज् यजति : obožavati žrtvom, prinijeti žrtvu
bhū 1 P (bhavati) भू भवति : postati, nastati, biti
smṛ 1 P (smarati) स्मृ स्मरति : prisjećati se, sjetiti se
nṛt 4 P (nṛtyati) नृत् नृत्यति : plesati
nī 1 U (nayati) नी नयति : voditi
man 4 Ā (manyate) मन् मन्यते : misliti
muh 4 P (muhyati) मुह् मुह्यति : biti zbunjen
yudh 4 Ā (yudhyate) युध् युध्यते : boriti se
viś 6 P (viśati) विश् विशति : ući
sṛj 6 P (sṛjati) सृज् सृजति : pustiti, ispustiti iz sebe, emanirati

6.8. Vježba

A) Sastavite rečenice s glagolima koristeći navedene korijene u zagradama:

1. brāhmaṇas ... (yaj, nṛt, viś, man, yudh, nī, muh)
   ब्राह्मणस् ... यज्, नृत्, विश्, मन्, युध्, नी, मुह्
2. devas ... (nṛt, yudh, smṛ, sṛj)
   देवस् ... नृत्, युध्, स्मृ, सृज्
3. kavis ... (man, smṛ, viś)
   कविस् ... मन्, स्मृ, विश्
4. dhenus ... (viś, bhū)
   धेनुस् ... विश्, भू

B) Pretvorite rečenice sastavljene u vježbi A u množinu.

C) Translate into Sanskrit:

1. He worships with a sacrifice. (The priest for the sacrificer)
2. Śiva dances.
3. Rāma leads.
4. Śūdras are confused.
5. The Kṣatriya women enter.
6. THE LORD causes to emanate.
7. The Kṣatriya worships with a sacrifice. (as the sacrificer)
8. Śūdra women dance.
9. Kṣatriyas fight.
10. Holy men lead.
11. They remember.
12. Who (fem.) dances?
13. The (mentioned) Brahmin woman dances.

Śivo nṛtyati = शिवो नृत्यति
Śiva Naṭarāja (नटराज), Kadavul Hindu Temple, Kauai, Hawaii
(Image source: Wikipedia, CC-BY-SA 2.5)

6.9. Review Exercise

A) Fill-in exercise: Form questions to which the sentences formed in the following fill-in exercises are answers:

1. devas ... (īśvara, nṛt, sṛj, agni, indra)
   देवस् ... ईश्वर, नृत्, सृज्, अग्नि, इन्द्र
2. (dvija, sādhu, kavi) ... brāhmaṇaḥ
   द्विज, साधु, कवि ... ब्राह्मणः
3. (śruti) ... vedaḥ
   श्रुति ... वेदः
4. (veda) ... śrutiḥ
   वेद ... श्रुतिः
5. (brāhmaṇa, guru) ... yajanti
   ब्राह्मण, गुरु ... यजन्ति
6. (devī) ... indrāṇī
   देवी ... इन्द्राणी
7. (śūdra, śūdrā, devī) ... nṛtyanti
   शूद्र, शूद्रा, देवी ... नृत्यन्ति
8. (kṣatriya) ... yudhyante
   क्षत्रिय ... युध्यन्ते
9. (brāhmaṇa, brāhmaṇī) ... viśanti
   ब्राह्मण, ब्राह्मणी ... विशन्ति
10. (guru) ... candrakīrtiḥ
    गुरु ... चन्द्रकीर्तिः
11. (sādhu) ... rāmaḥ
    साधु ... रामः

B) Put into the plural:

1. brāhmaṇo yajati. = ब्राह्मणो यजति
2. kaiṣā. = कैषा
3. kṣatriyo yajate. = क्षत्रियो यजते
4. sādhvī smarati. = साध्वी स्मरति
5. vaiśyā muhyati. = वैश्या मुह्यति
6. sṛjati. = सृजति
7. devī manyate. = देवी मन्यते
8. gururviśati. = गुरुर्विशति
9. ko 'yam. = को ऽयम्
10. iyaṃ devī nṛtyati. = इयं देवी नृत्यति
11. eṣa devo yudhyate. = एष देवो युध्यते
12. sa sṛjati. = स सृजति
13. paśurdhenuḥ. = पशुर्धेनुः
14. keyam. = केयम्

C) Form the Ātmanepada for:

1. rāmo yajati. = रामो यजति
2. kṣatriyā nayanti. = क्षत्रिया नयन्ति

D) Form the Feminine for:

1. śūdro nayati. = शूद्रो नयति
2. sādhurviśati. = साधुर्विशति
3. brāhmaṇaḥ smarati. = ब्राह्मणः स्मरति
4. kṣatriyo yudhyate. = क्षत्रियो युध्यते
5. devo guruḥ. = देवो गुरुः

E) Translate:

1. devatānnapūrṇā. = देवतान्नपूर्णा
2. śūdretarā. = शूद्रेतरा
3. vaiśyastulādhāraḥ. = वैश्यस्तुलाधारः
4. kavirmāghaḥ. = कविर्माघः
5. devyumā. = देव्युमा
6. śrutirvedaḥ. = श्रुतिर्वेदः
7. dhenurviśati. = धेनुर्विशति
8. guruścaitanyaḥ. = गुरुश्चैतन्यः
9. devīndrāṇī. = देवीन्द्राणी
10. sādhurguruḥ. = साधुर्गुरुः
11. gururyajate. = गुरुर्यजते

F) Translate into Sanskrit:

1. Rāma sacrifices (as the sacrificer).
2. Durgā is a goddess.
3. Mīnākṣī is a goddess.

Mīnākṣī (मीनाक्षी), Mīnākṣī Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
(Image source: Wikipedia, Public domain)

4. They are confused.
5. Rāma is a holy man.
6. Who is the LORD?
7. Indra is the LORD.
   The draft animals enter.
   Viṣṇu emanates = Viṣṇu creates.
   The twice-born are good.
   The triple (knowledge) is the Sāmaveda, the Ṛgveda and the Yajurveda. (2 possibilities)
   This goddess is good.
   The five "torments" are: ignorance, ego-illusion, passion (love), hatred, attachment to the body. (2 possibilities)
   "Abodes of Brahman" are: friendly benevolence, compassion, sympathetic joy, equanimity. (2 possibilities)
   These Brahmins sacrifice on behalf of others.
   Brahmins, Kṣatriyas and Vaśyas are the twice-born. (2 possibilities)
   The sciences (for a prince) are: philosophy, the triple (Vedic knowledge), economics and politics. (2 possibilities)
   Are you well?
   (I am) well in every respect.