Lesson 56

56.1. The reduplicated aorist

Formation:

Augment + reduplicated root + a + thematic secondary ending

The root syllable can be in the low or high grade. For roots ending in -i or -u, the low grade is the rule.

Final -i and -u are replaced by -iy and -uv, respectively.

Final -ā (for -e) is dropped.

Paradigm:

श्रि 1U "to go to, to lean on"

	परस्मैपदम्		आत्मनेपदम्
	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्
1. तृतीयः	अशिश्रियम् (अ-शि-श्रिय्-अम्)	अशिश्रियाम	अशिश्रिये	अशिश्रियामहि
2. द्वितीयः	अशिश्रियस्	अशिश्रियत	अशिश्रियथास्	अशिश्रियध्वम्
3. प्रथमः	अशिश्रियत्	अशिश्रियन्	अशिश्रियत	अशिश्रियन्त

This form of the aorist is formed by, among others:

श्रि 1U "to go to"
द्रु 1P "to run"
कम् 1Ā "to love": अचकमत / अचीकमत (see below!)
पत् 1P "to fall": अपप्तत् (a-pa-pt-a-t; pt = low grade of pat)
वच् 2P "to say": अवोचत् (a-va + uc-a-t)

All roots of the 10th present class as well as all causatives always form the reduplicated aorist.

56.1.1. Formation of the aorist of causatives and roots of the 10th present class

Root syllable:

The starting point is the form of the present stem or causative stem, which this has after dropping the formation element -aya- (i.e., a stem ending in -p for causatives on -paya-).

The vowel of this so-called root syllable is determined in the aorist according to the following rules:

-ā- before a simple consonant is replaced by -a-:
पॄ 3P: Kaus. पारयति, Aor. अपिपरत् द्रु 1P: Kaus. द्रावयति, Aor. अदुद्रवत् / अदिद्रवत् नी 1U: Kaus. नाययति, Aor. अनीनयत् ज्ञा 9U: Kaus. ज्ञापयति, Aor. अजिज्ञपत्
-ī-, -e-, -ai- before a simple consonant is replaced by -i-:
चित् 1P: Kaus. चेतयति, Aor. (Ā) अचीचितत
-u-, -o-, -au- before a simple consonant is replaced by -u-:
चुर् 10U: चोरयति, Aor. अचूचुरत्

For some roots, the changes mentioned so far are optional or must be omitted:

ar, ār, īr, al, which precede immediately the final consonant of the root syllable as a substitute for ṛ, ṝ, ḷ, remains optionally unchanged or is replaced by ṛ or ḷ:
कॢप् 1Ā: Kaus. कल्पयति, Aor. अचकल्पत् / अचीकॢपत् कृष् 1P/6U: Kaus. कर्षयति, Aor. अचकर्षत् / अचीकृषत्

Reduplikatsioonisilbi vokaal:

After the rules just mentioned have been applied to the root syllable, the following rules for the vowel of the reduplication syllable must be followed:

The starting point is the regular reduplication vowel, i.e.

a asendab a, ā, ṛ, ṝ, ḷ
i asendab i, ī, e, ai
u asendab u, ū, o, au

This reduplication vowel is subject to the following changes:

i, u is replaced by ī, ū if the root syllable begins with only one consonant and is metrically short:
भिद् 7U: Kaus. भेदयति, Aor. अबीभिदत् तुद् 6U: Kaus. तोदयति, Aor. अतूतुदत्
a asendatakse ī-ga, kui tüvisilp on meetriliselt lühike ja algab ainult ühe konsonandiga. Kui tüvisilp on meetriliselt lühike ja algab rohkem kui ühe konsonandiga, asendatakse reduplikatsioonisilbi a i-ga. Kui tüvisilp on meetriliselt pikk, jääb a alles:
नी 1U: Kaus. नाययति, Aor. tüvisilp नय्, Aor. अनीनयत् कृ 8U: Kaus. कारयति, Aor. tüvisilp कर्, Aor. अचीकरत् त्यज् 1P: Kaus. त्याजयति, Aor. tüvisilp त्यज्, Aor. अतित्यजत् भू 1P: Kaus. भावयति, Aor. tüvisilp भव्, Aor. अबीभवत्

Besonderheiten bestimmter Wurzeln bei Kielhorn, Grammatik § 435c ff.

Root syllables beginning with a vowel are reduplicated according to the following rules:

If only a single consonant or a consonant cluster follows the initial vowel, whose first member is neither a nasal nor d or r, the reduplicated syllable is:

Vowel - first following consonant (or its representative required in a reduplication syllable) - i - all consonants

अश् 9P: Kaus. आशयति, reduplizierte Silbe आशिश्, Aor. आशिशत् इष् 6P: Kaus. एषयति, reduplizierte Silbe एषिष्, Aor. ऐषिषत् ईक्ष् 1Ā: Kaus. ईक्षयति, reduplizierte Silbe ईचिक्ष्, Aor. ऐचिक्षत्

If a consonant cluster follows the initial vowel, beginning with a nasal or d or r, the second consonant of the cluster (or its representative) is inserted with i according to the following scheme:

Vowel - first consonant - second consonant (representative) - i - second consonant

अञ्ज् 7P: Kaus. अञ्जयति, reduplizierte Silbe अञ्जिज्, Aor. आञ्जिजत् ऋ 1P: Kaus. अर्पयति, reduplizierte Silbe अर्पिप्, Aor. आर्पिपत् अर्ह् 1P: Kaus. अर्हयति, reduplizierte Silbe अर्जिह्, Aor. आर्जिहत्

Seda vokaaliga algavate tuletatud tüvede (kausatiivide) reduplikatsiooni vormi nimetatakse "Atika reduplikatsiooniks".

56.2. Injunktiiv

The injunctive is the augmentless form corresponding to augmented forms, i.e., its forms are identical to the augmentless forms of the Indicative Imperfect or Aorist. Indigenous Indian grammar did not recognize the injunctive as a distinct grammatical category.

Põhitöö kohaselt:

Joonis:
Professor of Comparative Linguistics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (1955 - 1983)
(Pildi allikas: Details)

Hoffmann, Karl (1915–1996): Der Injunktiv im Veda : eine synchronische Funktionsuntersuchung / von Karl Hoffmann. -- Heidelberg : Winter, 1967. -- 298 S. -- (Indogermanische Bibliothek : 3. Reihe, Untersuchungen)

the injunctive in the Veda has the following properties:

see ei ole jutustav, vaid mainiv
see on ajavaba
injunktiivi preesens (= augmentita imperfekt) tähistab imperfektiivset aspekti
injunktiivi aorist tähistab perfektiivset aspekti.

Postveedalik Sanskriti keeles esineb injunktiiv ainult koos keelupartikliga मा (+ injunktiiv aorist) või मा स्म (+ injunktiiv preesens või aorist); erinev aspekt enamasti ei avaldu.

(mit Aspekt

मा + injunktiiv aorist tähistaks keelulauset: "Ära hakka ...!", "Ära tee ...!"
मा स्म + injunktiiv preesens tähistaks keelulauset, st juba käimasolev tegevus või olemasolev seisund keelatakse: "Lõpeta ...!", "Loobu ...!"

However, this distinction is usually not made in classical Sanskrit.)

56.3. Keelulause

Hauptform:

मा + Injunktiv Aorist

मा स्म + injunktiiv aorist või injunktiiv preesens

Beispiele:

मा कर्महेतुर्भूः "Ära saa selleks, keda motiveerib teo vili!" (injunktiiv aorist) (भगवद्गीता 2,47c)
मा कर्महेतुर्भूः "Ära saa selleks, keda motiveerib teo vili!" (injunktiiv aorist) (भगवद्गीता 2,47c)

क्लैब्यं मा स्म गमः "Ära muutu mehelikkuse kaotanuks!" (injunktiiv aorist) (भगवद्गीता 2,3a)

Joonis: क्लैब्यं मा स्म गमः

Poliitilise partei plakat (Ernesto Che Guevara) Vallachiras (വാല്ലചിര), Thrissuris (തൃശ്ശൂര്‍). "Ligikaudne tõlge sellel kirjutatust oleks: Märtrisurm on revolutsionäärile põnev kogemus. Ja hirmutav pelgupaik argpüksile. Che ei ole argpüksidele eeskujuks."
(Pildi allikas: Details)

Both examples have a prohibitive meaning. The injunctive aorist is thus used here in its original meaning. (The predominance of the injunctive aorist in such sentences may perhaps be explained by the predominance of prohibitive sentences over inhibitive sentences, but this question would still need to be investigated for classical Sanskrit.)

Other forms of prohibitive sentences:

मा + (स्म) + Imperative (rare)
e.g. मा ते सङ्गो ऽस्त्वकर्मणि
अलम् or कृतम् = Instrumental in the prohibitive sentence
e.g. अलं विषादेन "Enough with despairing! = Stop being despondent! = Head up!"
न + Gerundive (Participle of Necessity)

In addition, there are other, rarer forms of prohibitive sentences, see e.g.

Speyer, Jacob S. (Jacob Samuel) (1849–1913): Sanskrit syntax. -- Leyden : Brill, 1886. -- § 353.

Fig.: अलं विषादेन
(Image source: Details)

56.4. स्म

स्म emphasizes: "truly, indeed, certainly, precisely"

Furthermore, the following construction is very important:

स्म + Indicative Present serves for narration in the past, especially to indicate a duration in the past:

e.g. वसति स्म "there lived once" (स्म can sometimes also be missing).

56.5. Exercise

A) Determine and translate the following forms without aids (!):

अस्मत्
अस्मात्
दध्यौ
लिल्यिरे
अगामि
आगामी
अक्लिद्यत्
अक्लिदत्
अचिक्लिदत्
स्त्रीघ्नाय
नेद
प्लवमान
अकारि
अद्य
अतन्द्रिते
अन्तरे
महीक्षितम्
आर्दिधाम
आसम्
आसाम्
आसि
अनूनुदत्
जिघ्रति
जाग्रति
आस्थत्
आस्थात्
अबीभषम्
अशुषः
कपी
आततायी
महती
इतरेतरेषाम्
धेक्षि
अश्यन्
कन्ये
सौमि
आर्पिपन्
परिव्राट्
जेरिम
अततर्पत
तत्रिरे
मात्रीकुरु
आनीः
मानुषाभ्याम्
अजिघ्रपम्
रते
जातु
जाती
जाता
अपरस्मै
अदीपि
अजूजुषाम
नवानाम्
अश्रुणोः
पृथक्पृथक्
असिष्णिहम्
मन्मय्यः
औजिहः
अशिनट्
पाप्यभूवन्
शोत्स्यामः
अदीर्यथाः
भस्मसात्संपेदे
नवधा
अविनक्
आन
शान्तयोः
वारीणि
वारिणी
वारिणि
अद्भिः
अदिध्मपन्
अववर्जन्
शितवत्यौ
अहो
एकशः
अपप्तः
अकस्मात्
मित्रध्रुक्
अवोचन्

Lesson 56 ​

56.1. The reduplicated aorist ​

56.1.1. Formation of the aorist of causatives and roots of the 10th present class ​

56.2. Injunktiiv ​

56.3. Keelulause ​

56.4. स्म ​