Lesson 56

56.1. The reduplicated aorist

Formation:

Augment + reduplicated root + a + thematic secondary ending

The root syllable can be in the low or high grade. For roots ending in -i or -u, the low grade is the rule.

Final -i and -u are replaced by -iy and -uv, respectively.

Final -ā (for -e) is dropped.

Paradigm:

श्रि 1U "to go to, to lean on"

	परस्मैपदम्		आत्मनेपदम्
	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्
1. तृतीयः	अशिश्रियम् (अ-शि-श्रिय्-अम्)	अशिश्रियाम	अशिश्रिये	अशिश्रियामहि
2. द्वितीयः	अशिश्रियस्	अशिश्रियत	अशिश्रियथास्	अशिश्रियध्वम्
3. प्रथमः	अशिश्रियत्	अशिश्रियन्	अशिश्रियत	अशिश्रियन्त

This form of the aorist is formed by, among others:

श्रि 1U "to go to"
द्रु 1P "to run"
कम् 1Ā "to love": अचकमत / अचीकमत (see below!)
पत् 1P "to fall": अपप्तत् (a-pa-pt-a-t; pt = low grade of pat)
वच् 2P "to say": अवोचत् (a-va + uc-a-t)

All roots of the 10th present class as well as all causatives always form the reduplicated aorist.

56.1.1. Formation of the aorist of causatives and roots of the 10th present class

Root syllable:

The starting point is the form of the present stem or causative stem that remains after dropping the formation element -aya- (i.e., a stem ending in -p for causatives on -paya-).

The vowel of this so-called root syllable is determined in the aorist according to the following rules:

-ā- before a simple consonant is replaced by -a-:
पॄ 3P: Caus. पारयति, Aor. अपिपरत् द्रु 1P: Caus. द्रावयति, Aor. अदुद्रवत् / अदिद्रवत् नी 1U: Caus. नाययति, Aor. अनीनयत् ज्ञा 9U: Caus. ज्ञापयति, Aor. अजिज्ञपत्
-ī-, -e-, -ai- before a simple consonant is replaced by -i-:
चित् 1P: Caus. चेतयति, Aor. (Ā) अचीचितत
-u-, -o-, -au- before a simple consonant is replaced by -u-:
चुर् 10U: चोरयति, Aor. अचूचुरत्

For some roots, the changes mentioned so far are optional or must be omitted:

ar, ār, īr, al substituting for ṛ, ṝ, ḷ immediately preceding the final consonant of the stem syllable remains optionally unchanged or is replaced by ṛ or ḷ:
कॢप् 1Ā: Caus. कल्पयति, Aor. अचकल्पत् / अचीकॢपत् कृष् 1P/6U: Caus. कर्षयति, Aor. अचकर्षत् / अचीकृषत्

Vowel of the reduplication syllable:

After the rules just mentioned have been applied to the stem syllable, the following rules for the vowel of the reduplication syllable must be followed:

The starting point is the regular reduplication vowel, i.e.

a for a, ā, ṛ, ṝ, ḷ
i for i, ī, e, ai
u for u, ū, o, au

This reduplication vowel is subject to the following changes:

i, u is replaced by ī, ū when the stem syllable begins with only one consonant and is metrically short:
भिद् 7U: Caus. भेदयति, Aor. अबीभिदत् तुद् 6U: Caus. तोदयति, Aor. अतूतुदत्
a is replaced by ī when the stem syllable is metrically short and begins with only one consonant. If the stem syllable is metrically short but begins with more than one consonant, the a of the reduplicating syllable is replaced by i. If the stem syllable is metrically long, a remains unchanged:
नी 1U: Caus. नाययति, stem syllable of the Aor. नय्, Aor. अनीनयत् कृ 8U: Caus. कारयति, stem syllable of the Aor. कर्, Aor. अचीकरत् त्यज् 1P: Caus. त्याजयति, stem syllable of the Aor. त्यज्, Aor. अतित्यजत् भू 1P: Caus. भावयति, stem syllable of the Aor. भव्, Aor. अबीभवत्

Special cases of certain roots in Kielhorn, Grammar § 435c ff.

Vowel-initial stem syllables are reduplicated according to the following rules:

If only a single consonant or a consonant cluster follows the initial vowel, whose first member is neither nasal nor d or r, then the reduplicated syllable reads:

Vowel - first following consonant (or rather its representative required in a reduplicating syllable) - i - all consonants

अश् 9P: Caus. आशयति, reduplicated syllable आशिश्, Aor. आशिशत् इष् 6P: Caus. एषयति, reduplicated syllable एषिष्, Aor. ऐषिषत् ईक्ष् 1Ā: Caus. ईक्षयति, reduplicated syllable ईचिक्ष्, Aor. ऐचिक्षत्

If a vowel-initial stem is followed by a consonant cluster beginning with a nasal or d or r, the second consonant of the cluster (or its substitute) is inserted with i according to the following schema:

Vowel - first consonant - second consonant (substitute) - i - second consonant

अञ्ज् 7P: Caus. अञ्जयति, reduplicated syllable अञ्जिज्, Aor. आञ्जिजत् ऋ 1P: Caus. अर्पयति, reduplicated syllable अर्पिप्, Aor. आर्पिपत् अर्ह् 1P: Caus. अर्हयति, reduplicated syllable अर्जिह्, Aor. आर्जिहत्

This form of reduplication for vowel-initial derived stems (causatives) is called "Attic reduplication".

56.2. The Injunctive

The injunctive is the augmentless form corresponding to augmented forms, i.e., its forms are identical with the augmentless forms of the Indicative Imperfect or Aorist. Indigenous Indian grammar did not recognize the injunctive as a distinct grammatical category.

According to the foundational work:

Fig.:
Professor of Comparative Linguistics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (1955 - 1983)
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Hoffmann, Karl (1915–1996): The Injunctive in the Veda: A Synchronic Functional Study / by Karl Hoffmann. -- Heidelberg : Winter, 1967. -- 298 p. -- (Indogermanische Bibliothek : 3rd series, Investigations)

the injunctive in the Veda has the following properties:

it is not narrative, but mentionative
it is tenseless
the Injunctive Present (= augmentless Imperfect) denotes the imperfective aspect
the Injunctive Aorist denotes the perfective aspect.

In post-Vedic Sanskrit, the injunctive occurs only in connection with the prohibitive particle मा (+ injunctive aorist) or मा स्म (+ injunctive present or aorist); the distinction in aspect usually no longer applies.

(with aspect)

मा + injunctive aorist would denote a prohibitive sentence: "Do not begin to ...!", "Do not do ...!"
मा स्म + injunctive present would denote an inhibitive sentence, i.e., a process already underway or an existing state is forbidden: "Stop ...!", "Desist from ...!"

However, this distinction is usually not made in Classical Sanskrit.)

56.3. The Prohibitive Sentence

Main form:

मा + injunctive aorist

मा स्म + injunctive aorist or injunctive present

Examples:

मा कर्महेतुर्भूः "Do not become one who is motivated by the fruit of action!" (injunctive aorist) (भगवद्गीता 2,47c)

क्लैब्यं मा स्म गमः "Do not become unmanly!" (Prohibitive Aorist) (भगवद्गीता 2,3a)

Fig.: क्लैब्यं मा स्म गमः
Poster (Ernesto Che Guevara) of a political party in Vallachira (വാല്ലചിര), Thrissur (തൃശ്ശൂര്‍). "Rough translation of what is written on it would be: Martyrdom is a fascinating experience for a revolutionary. And a daunting resort to a dastard. Che is not a role model for cowards."
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

Both examples have a prohibitive meaning. The Prohibitive Aorist is thus used here in its original sense. (The predominance of the Prohibitive Aorist in such sentences may perhaps be explained by the predominance of prohibitive clauses over inhibitive ones, but this question would still need to be investigated for Classical Sanskrit.)

Other forms of prohibitive sentences:

मा + (स्म) + Imperative (rare)
e.g. मा ते सङ्गो ऽस्त्वकर्मणि
अलम् or कृतम् = Instrumental in the prohibitive sentence
e.g. अलं विषादेन "Enough with despairing! = Stop being despondent! = Keep your chin up!"
न + Gerundive (Participle of Necessity)

In addition, there are other, rarer forms of prohibitive sentences; see e.g.

Speyer, Jacob S. (Jacob Samuel) (1849–1913): Sanskrit syntax. -- Leyden : Brill, 1886. -- § 353.

Fig.: अलं विषादेन
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

56.4. स्म

स्म emphasizes: "truly, indeed, certainly, precisely"

Furthermore, the following construction is very important:

स्म + Indicative Present serves for narration in the past, especially to denote a duration in the past:

e.g. वसति स्म "there lived once" (स्म can sometimes also be omitted).

56.5. Exercise

A) Determine and translate the following forms without aids (!):

अस्मत्
अस्मात्
दध्यौ
लिल्यिरे
अगामि
आगामी
अक्लिद्यत्
अक्लिदत्
अचिक्लिदत्
स्त्रीघ्नाय
नेद
प्लवमान
अकारि
अद्य
अतन्द्रिते
अन्तरे
महीक्षितम्
आर्दिधाम
आसम्
आसाम्
आसि
अनूनुदत्
जिघ्रति
जाग्रति
आस्थत्
आस्थात्
अबीभषम्
अशुषः
कपी
आततायी
महती
इतरेतरेषाम्
धेक्षि
अश्यन्
कन्ये
सौमि
आर्पिपन्
परिव्राट्
जेरिम
अततर्पत
तत्रिरे
मात्रीकुरु
आनीः
मानुषाभ्याम्
अजिघ्रपम्
रते
जातु
जाती
जाता
अपरस्मै
अदीपि
अजूजुषाम
नवानाम्
अश्रुणोः
पृथक्पृथक्
असिष्णिहम्
मन्मय्यः
औजिहः
अशिनट्
पाप्यभूवन्
शोत्स्यामः
अदीर्यथाः
भस्मसात्संपेदे
नवधा
अविनक्
आन
शान्तयोः
वारीणि
वारिणी
वारिणि
अद्भिः
अदिध्मपन्
अववर्जन्
शितवत्यौ
अहो
एकशः
अपप्तः
अकस्मात्
मित्रध्रुक्
अवोचन्

Lesson 56 ​

56.1. The reduplicated aorist ​

56.1.1. Formation of the aorist of causatives and roots of the 10th present class ​

56.2. The Injunctive ​

56.3. The Prohibitive Sentence ​

56.4. स्म ​