Lekcija 8

8.1. O tvorbi imenica

U tradicionalnoj indijskoj gramatici razlikuju se kod sufiksa kojima se tvore imenički korijeni:

kṛt-sufiksi (कृत्) (primarni sufiksi): tvore iz glagolskih korijena (dhātu m. = धातु) i glagolskih korijena imeničke korijene, apsolutive i infinitive.
taddhita-sufiksi (तद्धित) (sekundarni sufiksi): dodaju se imeničkim korijenima i indeklinabilima te tvore nove imeničke korijene odnosno indeklinabila.

Šema:
Korijen + kṛt-sufiks » imenički korijen itd. + taddhita-sufiks » novi imenički korijen itd.

Imenički korijen + padežni nastavak » sintaktički sposobna imenica

8.2. Podjela imeničkih sufiksa

kṛt (kṛdanta) = कृत् (कृदन्त)
kārakakṛt (कारककृत्) » nomina agentis (označavaju osobu koja čini ono što označava korijen)
kṛtikṛt (कृतिकृत्) » nomina actionis (označavaju radnju izraženu korijenom) odnosno apstrakta

taddhita
viśeṣyataddhita (विशेष्यतद्धित) » pridjevi
bhāvārthakataddhita (tanmātrataddhita) (भावार्थकतद्धित / तन्मात्रतद्धित) » apstrakta
tadvattaddhita (तद्वत्तद्धित) » posvojni (npr. -mant -मन्त्, -vant -वन्त्)
tolanataddhita (atiśāyanataddhita) (तोलनतद्धित / अतिशायनतद्धित) » stupnjevanje (komparativ, superlativ), usporedba
pūraṇataddhita (पूरणतद्धित) » ordinalni brojevi (prvi itd.)
vibhaktitaddhita (विभक्तितद्धित) » umjesto padežnih nastavaka (npr. -tas -तस्, -tra -त्र)
abhūtatadbhāva (cvitaddhita) (अभूततद्भाव / च्वितद्धित) » (cvi-tvorbe च्वि, -sāt -सात्)

Podjela prema priječnici (ablautu) (Kielhorn):
guṇya (गुण्य): tvorba punog stupnja
na guṇya (न गुण्य): tvorba slabog stupnja
vṛddhyarha (वृद्ध्यर्ह): tvorba produženog stupnja

8.3. Einige wichtige Nominalsuffixe

8.3.1. -a m. (kṛt)

The kṛt suffix -a forms masculine (rarely neuter) nouns that denote an action or state indicated by the root; sometimes also adjectives or nouns expressing the agent (kartṛ) of the action denoted by the verbal root. For short penult (= vowel before the consonant at which the root ends) or final root vowel, usually the strong grade (guṇa) or lengthened grade (vṛddhi) is substituted.

Examples:

Wurzel धातु	+ -a (kṛt)	Bedeutung
ji 1 P आप् "siegen"	jaya m. जय	"das Siegen, der Sieg"
muh 4 P मुह् "verwirrt sein"	moha m. मोह	"Verwirrung, Verblendung, Irrtum"
krudh 4 P क्रुध् "zürnen"	krodha m. क्रोध	"Zorn"
kup 4 P कुप् "zürnen"	kopa m. कोप	"Zorn"
lubh 4 P लुभ् "begehren"	lobha m. लोभ	"Begierde"
labh 1 Ā लभ् "bekommen"	lābha m. लाभ	"das Bekommen, Gewinn"
sṛj 6 P सृज् "loslassen, emanieren lassen"	sarga m. सर्ग	"das Loslassen, die Emanation, die Schöpfung" (zum Wortsandhi j » g siehe später)
śru 5 P श्रु "hören"	śrava m. श्रव	"das Hören"
bhū 1 P भू "werden, sein"	bhāva m. भाव	"das Werden, das (etwas) Sein, Natur, Charakter"
yudh 4 Ā युध् "kämpfen"	yodha m. योध	"Kämpfer, Krieger, Soldat"

8.3.2. -ana n. (kṛt)

The kṛt suffix -ana usually forms neuter nouns that denote an action, a state, or the means/instrument by which the action designated by the root or verbal stem is accomplished. For a short penultimate vowel or an ending vowel of the root, high grade (guṇa) is usually substituted.

Examples:

Root धातु	+ -ana (kṛt)	Meaning
gam 1 P गम् "go"	gamana n. गमन	"the going"
nī 1 U नी "lead"	nayana n. नयन	"(the instrument of leading, i.e.) eye"
śru 5 P श्रु "hear"	śravaṇa n. श्रवण	"(hearing instrument =) ear"
kṛ 8 U कृ "do"	kāraṇa n. कारण	"(that by which something is done, i.e.) cause, reason"
bhū 1 P भू "become"	bhavana n. भवन	"becoming, arising"
dṛś 4 P दृश् "see"	darśana n. दर्शन	"seeing, viewpoint, philosophical system, appearance, specifically: Darśan"

Fig.: Maa Batakali Darshan, Puri, Orissa
(Image source: Details)

"Darshan" or "Darshana" is a term from Hinduism for the sight and vision of the holy and divine. Darshana can refer, for example, to an official meeting between student and teacher, where the student has been invited by the teacher. It can also mean immersing oneself while contemplating an image of a deity. The latter meaning is the most common in contemporary Hindi usage. In connection with Mata Amritanandamayi, Darshan means the embrace by the Guru.

Pobožni hindusi odlaze u hram kako bi stekli viđenje Boga (darśana) (Kielhorn).

8.3.3. -tra n. (kṛt)

The kṛt suffix -tra forms (mostly) neuter nouns denoting the means or instrument by which the action indicated by the root is accomplished. Short penult and final vowel of the root are replaced by the strong grade (guṇa).

Examples:

Wurzel धातु	+ -tra (kṛt)	Bedeutung
nī 1 U नी "führen"	netra n. नेत्र	"(Mittel des Führens =) Auge"
śru 5 P श्रु "hören"	śrotra श्रोत्र	"(Hörwerkzeug=) Ohr"
man 4 Ā मन् "denken"	mantra m. (!) मन्त्र	"(Denkwerkzeug:) Spruch, 'magische' Formel (Mantra)"
tan 8 U तन् "aufspannen"	tantra n. तन्त्र	"Webkette"

Prvobitna mantra Oṃ (ॐ) u različitim indijskim pismima (Kielhorn)

U devanāgarīju	U bengalskom pismu (Kielhorn)
In Kannaresischer Schrift	In Tamil-Schrift
In Malayalam-Schrift	Jaina-Oṃ

(Bildquellen: Details)

8.3.4. -ti f. (kṛt)

The kṛt suffix -ti forms feminine nouns that generally express the action denoted by the root or the state denoted by the root. The form of the root is in the guṇa grade.

Examples:

Root धातु	+ -ti (kṛt)	Meaning
śru 5 P श्रु "to hear"	śruti f. श्रुति	"hearing, the Veda"
smṛ 1 P स्मृ "to recall"	smṛti f. स्मृति	"recollection, memory, tradition, mindfulness"
nī 1 U नी "to lead"	nīti f. नीति	"leading, guidance, conduct"
sṛj 6 P सृज् "to emit, to create"	sṛṣṭi f. सृष्टि	"emanation, creation"
dṛś 4 P दृश् "to see"	dṛṣṭi f. दृष्टि	"sight, face, view"
gam 1 P गम् "to go"	gati f. गति	"going, course, goal of going" (from *gm » ga + -ti)
man 4 Ā मन् "to think"	mati f. मति	"thinking, thought, opinion" (from *mn » ma + -ti)

*Note: * before a form indicates that this form does not occur in Sanskrit but is theoretically reconstructed as a prerequisite for a specific formation. The guṇa grade of gam is gṃ = *gm, where the m is replaced by a as a so-called nasalis sonans » ga. The same applies analogously to man » ma.

8.3.5. -tva n., -tā f. (taddhita)

The taddhita suffixes -tva n. and -tā f. form abstract nouns from nominal stems. The form of the underlying nominal stem remains unchanged.

Examples:

Nominal stem नामप्रातिपदिक	+ -tva n. (taddhita)	+ -tā f. (taddhita)	Meaning
guru गुरु 3 "heavy, worthy, m. Teacher"	gurutva n. गुरुत्व	gurutā f. गुरुता	"Heaviness, reverence, The state of being a teacher (essence or nature of a teacher)"
brāhmaṇa ब्राह्मण m. "Brahmin"	brāhmaṇatva n. ब्राह्मणत्व	brāhmaṇatā f. ब्राह्मणता	"the state of being a Brahmin, what makes one a Brahmin, Essence / nature of a Brahmin"
deva देव m. "Celestial being, god"	—	devatā f. देवता	"Deity"

These formations can be practically created for any noun and are very common in scholarly Sanskrit works.

8.4. The 8th Present Class (tanādi = तनादि = "to stretch, etc.")

Stem Formation:
Strong stem: Root + -o-
Weak stem: Root + -u- (before vowel: -v-)

Example tan 8 U (तन्) "to stretch":
3. sg. P. tanoti :brतनोति
3. pl. P. tanvanti :brतन्वन्ति
3. sg. Ā. tanute :brतनुते
3. pl. Ā. tanvate :brतन्वते

Note: Regarding the debate on whether tan is actually a root of the 5th class (*tn » ta + no-), see Thumb-Hauschild, Handbuch des Sanskrit (Kielhorn) II, 265.

The most important root of the 8th class is kṛ 8 U (कृ) "to do, to make". Its conjugation is irregular:

kṛ 8 U (कृ) "to make, to do"
3. sg. P. karoti :brकरोति
3. pl. P. kurvanti :brकुर्वन्ति
3. sg. Ā. kurute :brकुरुते
3. pl. Ā. kurvate :brकुर्वते

8.5. Word List

Learn the following words:

ji 1 P (jayati) जि जयति : to conquer, defeat
labh 1 Ā (labhate) लभ् लभते : to grasp, obtain, seize
tu तु : but (appears after the first word of the contrasting sentence or clause)
paś 4 P (paśyati) पश् पश्यति : to see, behold (used as the present stem instead of the root dṛś 0 "to see, behold")
kṛ 8 U (karoti) कृ करोति : to make, do
tan 8 U (tanoti) तन् तनोति : to stretch
rakṣ 1 P (rakṣati) रक्ष् रक्षति : to protect
sārathi m. सारथि : charioteer, coachman
kapi m. कपि : ape
kumārī f. कुमारी : the girl, maiden
nāga m. नाग : the naked one, elephant, snake (elephants and snakes have no fur, just as the "naked ape" human)
gaja m. गज : elephant
śuc 1 P (śocati) शुच् शोचति : to mourn
śuka m. शुक : parrot
pat 1 P (patati) पत् पतति : to fall, fly
patrikā f. पत्रिका : letter
likh 1 P (likhati) लिख् लिखति : to incise, write (originally with a stylus on palm leaves, but later in general)

Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Indian steel stylus for incising palm leaves
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Writing stick of the Batak (Sumatra), as it was likely also used in India
(Image source: Details)

A) Explain the following nouns by specifying the root from which they are derived and the nominal suffix. Provide gender and meaning:

1. lobha
2. rakṣa
3. śrotra
4. mati
5. savana
6. yodha
7. lābha
8. kāraṇa
9. gati
10. khādana
11. smara
12. sṛṣṭi
13. tantra
14. bhāva
15. darśana
16. netra
17. veśana
18. kopa
19. sarga
20. yajana
21. moha
22. śrava
23. bhavana
24. nīti
25. nartana
26. jaya
27. nayana
28. śravaṇa

B) Form abstract nouns for all the nouns learned so far and consider their meaning (orally).

C) Insert as direct object in singular and plural:
kṣatriyas ... rakṣati (brāhmaṇa, vaiśya, śūdra, brāhmaṇī, kṣatriyā)

D) Translate:

1. Kṣatriyas protect both Brāhmaṇas and Vaiśyas as well as Śūdras. (2 possibilities)
2. A holy man sees both heaven and hell.
3. He defeats Kṣatriyas.
4. She sets up the warp threads.
5. Soldiers fight.
6. The Brāhmaṇa makes a fire.
7. Brāhmaṇas make fires.
8. What are these warriors doing?
9. Whom does the eye see?
10. What do gods desire?
11. What is the reason?

8.7. Reading and Translation Exercise

1. शूद्रो बालं नयति ।
2. कविर्देवं यजते ।
3. साधुः फलानि खादति ।
4. गुरुः क्रोधं जयति ।
5. देवो नरकं सृजति ।
6. धेनुर्ग्रामं विशति ।
7. कामक्रोधलोभा नरकं नयन्ति ।
8. देवतां यजति ।
9. बाला भवति ।
10. सारथी रथं नयति ।
11. कपयः फलानि खादन्ति ।
12. बाला लिखति ।
13. कुमारी गृहं विशति ।
14. देवो नागं सृजति ।
15. बालो गजं नयति ।
16. विमला शोचति । (विमला proper name Vimalā)
17. शुकः पतति ।
18. बालः पत्रिकां लिखति ।