Lektion 8

8.1. Om bildandet av substantiv

Inom traditionell indisk grammatik skiljer man mellan suffixen med vilka nominalstammar bildas:

kṛt-suffix (कृत्) (primära suffix): bildar substantivstammar, absolutiv och infinitiv från verbalrötter (dhātu m. = धातु) och verbalstammar.
taddhita-suffix (तद्धित) (sekundära suffix): läggs till substantivstammar och oböjliga ord och bildar nya substantivstammar respektive oböjliga ord.

Schema:
Root + kṛt-suffix » nominal stem etc. + taddhita-suffix » new nominal stem etc.

Nominal stem + case ending » syntax-capable noun

8.2. Klassificering av nominalsuffix

kṛt (kṛdanta) = कृत् (कृदन्त)
kārakakṛt (कारककृत्) » nomina agentis (betecknar någon som utför det som roten betecknar)
kṛtikṛt (कृतिकृत्) » nomina actionis (betecknar handlingen som uttrycks av roten) eller abstrakta substantiv

taddhita
viśeṣyataddhita (विशेष्यतद्धित) » Adjektive
bhāvārthakataddhita (tanmātrataddhita) (भावार्थकतद्धित / तन्मात्रतद्धित) » Abstrakta
tadvattaddhita (तद्वत्तद्धित) » possessive (e.g. -mant -मन्त्, -vant -वन्त्)
tolanataddhita (atiśāyanataddhita) (तोलनतद्धित / अतिशायनतद्धित) » Steigerung (Komparativ, Superlativ), Vergleich
pūraṇataddhita (पूरणतद्धित) » ordinal numbers (first etc.)
vibhaktitaddhita (विभक्तितद्धित) » instead of case endings (e.g. -tas -तस्, -tra -त्र)
abhūtatadbhāva (cvitaddhita) (अभूततद्भाव / च्वितद्धित) » (cvi-Bildungen च्वि, -sāt -सात्)

Indelning efter ablaut:
guṇya (गुण्य): bildning i högsta grad
na guṇya (न गुण्य): bildning i lägsta grad
vṛddhyarha (वृद्ध्यर्ह): bildning i förlängd grad

8.3. Vissa viktiga nominala suffix

8.3.1. -a m. (kṛt)

Kṛt-suffixet -a bildar maskulina (sällan neutra) substantiv som betecknar en handling eller ett tillstånd som avses med roten; ibland även adjektiv eller substantiv som uttrycker agens (kartṛ) för den handling som avses med verbrotet. För kort penultima (= vokal före konsonant, varmed roten slutar) eller utgående rotvokal ersätts vanligen högsta grad (guṇa) eller förlängd grad (vṛddhi).

Exempel:

Rot धातु	+ -a (kṛt)	Betydelse
ji 1 P आप् "segra"	jaya m. जय	"seger, att segra"
muh 4 P मुह् "vara förvirrad"	moha m. मोह	"förvirring, bedrägeri, villfarelse"
krudh 4 P क्रुध् "förbittra sig"	krodha m. क्रोध	"vrede"
kup 4 P कुप् "förbittra sig"	kopa m. कोप	"vrede"
lubh 4 P लुभ् "begära"	lobha m. लोभ	"begär"
labh 1 Ā लभ् "få"	lābha m. लाभ	"att få, vinst"
sṛj 6 P सृज् "släppa, eläta gå"	sarga m. सर्ग	"att släppa, emanation, skapelse" (om wortsandhi j » g se senare)
śru 5 P श्रु "höra"	śrava m. श्रव	"att höra"
bhū 1 P भू "bli, vara"	bhāva m. भाव	"att bli, det (något) vara, natur, karaktär"
yudh 4 Ā युध् "kämpa"	yodha m. योध	"kämpe, krigare, soldat"

8.3.2. -ana n. (kṛt)

The kṛt suffix -ana usually forms neuter nouns that denote an action, a state, or the means/instrument by which the action designated by the root or verbal stem is brought about. For a short penultimate vowel or an ending vowel of the root, high grade (guṇa) is usually substituted.

Examples:

Root धातु	+ -ana (kṛt)	Meaning
gam 1 P गम् "go"	gamana n. गमन	"the going"
nī 1 U नी "lead"	nayana n. नयन	"(the instrument of leading, i.e.) eye"
śru 5 P श्रु "hear"	śravaṇa n. श्रवण	"(hearing instrument =) ear"
kṛ 8 U कृ "do"	kāraṇa n. कारण	"(that by which something is done, i.e.) cause, reason"
bhū 1 P भू "become"	bhavana n. भवन	"becoming, arising"
dṛś 4 P दृश् "see"	darśana n. दर्शन	"seeing, viewpoint, philosophical system, appearance, specifically: Darśan"

Fig.: Maa Batakali Darshan, Puri, Orissa
(Image source: Details)

"Darshan" or "Darshana" is a term from Hinduism for the sight and vision of the holy and divine. Darshana can refer, for example, to an official meeting between student and teacher, where the student has been invited by the teacher. It can also mean immersing oneself while gazing at an image of a deity. The latter meaning is the most common in contemporary Hindi usage. In connection with Mata Amritanandamayi, Darshan means the embrace by the Guru.

Pious Hindus go to the temple to attain the sight of God through a symbol or statue in which the spiritual presence of the deity is assumed. In this sense, it is also a blessing by the deity. However, Darshan can also be received through a vision of the deity during prayer or meditation. A living person who is regarded as an incarnation of the deity, such as an Avatara, can also give Darshan.
(Quelle: Wikipedia)

8.3.3. -tra n. (kṛt)

The kṛt-suffix -tra forms (mostly) neuter nouns that denote the means or instrument by which the action designated by the root comes about. A short penultimate and a final vowel of the root is replaced by the strong grade (guṇa).

Examples:

Wurzel धातु	+ -tra (kṛt)	Bedeutung
nī 1 U नी "führen"	netra n. नेत्र	"(Mittel des Führens =) Auge"
śru 5 P श्रु "hören"	śrotra श्रोत्र	"(Hörwerkzeug=) Ohr"
man 4 Ā मन् "denken"	mantra m. (!) मन्त्र	"(Denkwerkzeug:) Spruch, 'magische' Formel (Mantra)"
tan 8 U तन् "aufspannen"	tantra n. तन्त्र	"Webkette"

Urmantrat Oṃ (ॐ) i olika indiska skrifter

In Devanāgarī	In Bengali Schrift
In Kannaresischer Schrift	In Tamil-Schrift
In Malayalam-Schrift	Jaina-Oṃ

(Bildquellen: Details)

8.3.4. -ti f. (kṛt)

The kṛt suffix -ti forms feminine nouns that generally express the action denoted by the root or the state denoted by the root. The form of the root is in the guṇa grade.

Examples:

Root धातु	+ -ti (kṛt)	Meaning
śru 5 P श्रु "to hear"	śruti f. श्रुति	"hearing, the Veda"
smṛ 1 P स्मृ "to remember"	smṛti f. स्मृति	"remembrance, memory, tradition, mindfulness"
nī 1 U नी "to lead"	nīti f. नीति	"leading, leadership, conduct"
sṛj 6 P सृज् "to emit, to create"	sṛṣṭi f. सृष्टि	"emanation, creation"
dṛś 4 P दृश् "to see"	dṛṣṭi f. दृष्टि	"sight, face, view"
gam 1 P गम् "to go"	gati f. गति	"going, course, goal of going" (from *gm » ga + -ti)
man 4 Ā मन् "to think"	mati f. मति	"thinking, thought, opinion" (from *mn » ma + -ti)

*Note: * before a form indicates that this form does not occur in Sanskrit but is theoretically reconstructed as a prerequisite for a specific formation. The guṇa grade of gam is gṃ = *gm, where the m is replaced by a as a so-called nasalis sonans » ga. The same applies analogously to man » ma.

8.3.5. -tva n., -tā f. (taddhita)

The taddhita suffixes -tva n. and -tā f. form abstract nouns from nominal stems. The form of the underlying nominal stem remains unchanged.

Examples:

Nominal stem नामप्रातिपदिक	+ -tva n. (taddhita)	+ -tā f. (taddhita)	Meaning
guru गुरु 3 "heavy, worthy, m. Teacher"	gurutva n. गुरुत्व	gurutā f. गुरुता	"Heaviness, Venerability, The state of being a teacher (essence or nature of a teacher)"
brāhmaṇa ब्राह्मण m. "Brahmin"	brāhmaṇatva n. ब्राह्मणत्व	brāhmaṇatā f. ब्राह्मणता	"the state of being a Brahmin, what makes one a Brahmin, Essence / nature of a Brahmin"
deva देव m. "Celestial being, God"	—	devatā f. देवता	"Deity"

These formations can be practically created for any noun and are very common in scholarly Sanskrit works.

8.4. The 8th Present Class (tanādi = तनादि = "tan etc.")

Stem Formation:
Strong stem: Root + -o-
Weak stem: Root + -u- (before vowel: -v-)

Example tan 8 U (तन्) "to stretch":
3. sg. P. tanoti :brतनोति
3. pl. P. tanvanti :brतन्वन्ति
3. sg. Ā. tanute :brतनुते
3. pl. Ā. tanvate :brतन्वते

Note: Regarding the debate on whether tan is actually a root of the 5th class (*tn » ta + no-), see Thumb-Hauschild, Handbuch des Sanskrit II, 265.

The most important root of the 8th class is kṛ 8 U (कृ) "to do, to make". Its conjugation is irregular:

kṛ 8 U (कृ) "to make, to do"
3. sg. P. karoti :brकरोति
3. pl. P. kurvanti :brकुर्वन्ति
3. sg. Ā. kurute :brकुरुते
3. pl. Ā. kurvate :brकुर्वते

8.5. Word List

Learn the following words:

ji 1 P (jayati) जि जयति : to conquer, defeat
labh 1 Ā (labhate) लभ् लभते : to grasp, obtain, seize
tu तु : but (appears after the first word of the contrasting sentence or clause)
paś 4 P (paśyati) पश् पश्यति : to see, behold (used as the present stem instead of the root dṛś 0 "to see, behold")
kṛ 8 U (karoti) कृ करोति : to make, do
tan 8 U (tanoti) तन् तनोति : to stretch
rakṣ 1 P (rakṣati) रक्ष् रक्षति : to protect
sārathi m. सारथि : charioteer, coachman
kapi m. कपि : ape
kumārī f. कुमारी : the girl, maiden
nāga m. नाग : the naked one, elephant, snake (elephants and snakes have no fur, just as humans are "naked apes")
gaja m. गज : elephant
śuc 1 P (śocati) शुच् शोचति : to grieve
śuka m. शुक : parrot
pat 1 P (patati) पत् पतति : to fall, fly
patrikā f. पत्रिका : letter
likh 1 P (likhati) लिख् लिखति : to incise, write (originally with a stylus on palm leaves, but later in general)

Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Indian steel stylus for incising palm leaves
(Image source: Details)

Fig.: likh (लिख्) : Writing stick of the Batak (Sumatra), which was likely also in use in India
(Image source: Details)

sukha n. सुख : happiness, well-being
duḥkha n. दुःख : unhappiness, suffering

8.6. Exercise

A) Explain the following nouns by specifying the root from which they are derived and the nominal suffix. Indicate gender and meaning:

1. lobha
2. rakṣa
3. śrotra
4. mati
5. savana
6. yodha
7. lābha
8. kāraṇa
9. gati
10. khādana
11. smara
12. sṛṣṭi
13. tantra
14. bhāva
15. darśana
16. netra
17. veśana
18. kopa
19. sarga
20. yajana
21. moha
22. śrava
23. bhavana
24. nīti
25. nartana
26. jaya
27. nayana
28. śravaṇa

B) Form abstract nouns for all the nouns learned so far and consider their meaning (orally).

C) Insert as direct object in singular and plural:
kṣatriyas ... rakṣati (brāhmaṇa, vaiśya, śūdra, brāhmaṇī, kṣatriyā)

D) Translate:

1. The Kṣatriyas protect both Brāhmaṇas and Vaiśyas and Śūdras. (2 possibilities)
2. A holy man sees both heaven and hell.
3. He defeats the Kṣatriyas.
4. She sets up the warp threads.
5. Soldiers fight.
6. The Brāhmaṇa makes a fire.
7. Brāhmaṇas make fires.
8. What are these warriors doing?
9. Whom does the eye see?
10. What do gods desire?
11. What is the reason?

8.7. Reading and Translation Exercise

1. शूद्रो बालं नयति ।
2. कविर्देवं यजते ।
3. साधुः फलानि खादति ।
4. गुरुः क्रोधं जयति ।
5. देवो नरकं सृजति ।
6. धेनुर्ग्रामं विशति ।
7. कामक्रोधलोभा नरकं नयन्ति ।
8. देवतां यजति ।
9. बाला भवति ।
10. सारथी रथं नयति ।
11. कपयः फलानि खादन्ति ।
12. बाला लिखति ।
13. कुमारी गृहं विशति ।
14. देवो नागं सृजति ।
15. बालो गजं नयति ।
16. विमला शोचति । (विमला proper name Vimalā)
17. शुकः पतति ।
18. बालः पत्रिकां लिखति ।