Lesson 3

3.1. Nominative Singular of the Feminine

3.1.1. Nominative Singular ending in -s

The following nominal stems, which end in a vowel, also form the Nominative Singular with -s:

Feminines in -i: e.g., śruti f. "hearing" -- Nom. sg.: śrutis = श्रुतिस्
Feminines in -u: e.g., dhenu f. "milch cow" -- Nom. sg.: dhenus = धेनुस्

3.1.2. Nominative Singular without ending

The Nominative Singular is formed without an ending:

Feminines in -ā: e.g., devatā f. "deity" -- Nom. sg.: devatā = देवता
Feminines in -ī: e.g., devī f. "goddess" -- Nom. sg.: devī = देवी

Attention! In addition, there are monosyllabic feminine root nouns in -ī whose Nominative Singular ends in -s: e.g., dhī f. "thought" -- Nom. sg.: dhīs = धीस्. Also lakṣmī (लक्ष्मी) f., tarī (तरी) f. "boat" and tantrī (तन्त्री) f. "string" form the Nominative Singular irregularly with -s: lakṣmīs = लक्ष्मीस्.

3.2. Formation of Feminines from Masculines

Masculines in -a:
Feminine in -ā: e.g., kṣatriya m. » kṣatriyā f. "Kṣatriya woman" = क्षत्रिया
Feminine in -ī: e.g., brāhmaṇa m. » brāhmaṇī f. "Brahmin woman" = ब्राह्मणी

Masculines in -u:
Feminine in -ī: e.g., sādhu m. » sādhvī f. (good, holy woman) = साध्वी
(-u- becomes -v- before a vowel, hence -u- + -ī » -vī)

3.3. Nominative Plural Masculine and Feminine

The ending of the Nominative Plural in Masculine and Feminine is -as.
Masculines in -a: deva- + -as » devās = देवास्
Feminines in -ā: devatā- + -as » devatās = देवतास्
Masculines in -i: kavi- » kave- + -as » kavayas = कवयस्
Feminines in -i: śruti- » śrute- + -as » śrutayas = श्रुतयस्
Feminines in -ī: devī- + -as » devyas = देव्यस्
Masculines in -u: guru- » guro- + -as » guravas = गुरवस्
Feminines in -u: dhenu- » dheno- + -as » dhenavas = धेनवस्

The ending of the Nominative Plural in Masculine and Feminine is -as.
Masculines in -a: deva- + -as » devās = देवास्
Feminines in -ā: devatā- + -as » devatās = देवतास्
Masculines in -i: kavi- » kave- + -as » kavayas = कवयस्
Feminines in -i: śruti- » śrute- + -as » śrutayas = श्रुतयस्
Feminines in -ī: devī- + -as » devyas = देव्यस्
Masculines in -u: guru- » guro- + -as » guravas = गुरवस्
Feminines in -u: dhenu- » dheno- + -as » dhenavas = धेनवस्

The ending of the Nominative Plural in Masculine and Feminine is -as.
Masculines in -a: deva- + -as » devās = देवास्
Feminines in -ā: devatā- + -as » devatās = देवतास्
Masculines in -i: kavi- » kave- + -as » kavayas = कवयस्
Feminines in -i: śruti- » śrute- + -as » śrutayas = श्रुतयस्
Feminines in -ī: devī- + -as » devyas = देव्यस्
Masculines in -u: guru- » guro- + -as » guravas = गुरवस्
Feminines in -u: dhenu- » dheno- + -as » dhenavas = धेनवस्

Napomena: e je visoki stupanj (guṇa) za i, o je visoki stupanj za u.

3.4. Vokalni sandhi

Jednostavni vokali koji se razlikuju samo u duljini ili se ne razlikuju, "spajaju" u odgovarajući dugi vokal:
a / -ā + a- / ā- » -ā-
i / -ī + i- / ī- » -ī-
u / -ū + u- / ū- » -ū-
(-ṛ + ṛ- » -ṝ-)

npr.

devatā + annapūrṇā » devatānnapūrṇā "Annapūrṇā je božanstvo" = देवतान्नपूर्णा

(Annapūrṇā je božica hrane i kuhanja, smatra se utjelovljenjem Pārvatījeve, Šiveove supruge.)

devī + indrāṇī » devīndrāṇī "Indrāṇī je božica" = देवीन्द्राणी

(Indrāṇī je supruga boga Indre.)

Slika: Indra i Indrāṇī na slonu Airavati, minijatura, Rājasthān, 1670/80
(Izvor slike: Detalji)

Jednostavni vokali (osim -a / -ā) zamjenjuju se odgovarajućim poluglasom ispred ne-sličnih vokala:
i / -ī » -y-
u / -ū » -v-
ṛ » -r-
(!! Za ovu pravilo postoje iznimke, posebno za dualne forme !!)

npr.

devī + umā » devy umā "Umā je božica" = देव्युमा

(Umā je ime za Pārvatī, Šivuovu suprugu)

-a / -ā ispred ne-sličnog vokala:
a / -ā + i- / ī- » -e-
a / -ā + ṛ- » -ar-
a / -ā + e- / ai- » -ai-
a / -ā + o- / au- » -au-

Za ovaj sandhi vrijedi sljedeći shematski prikaz:

(Izvor slike: Detalji)

See later for this so-called caste hierarchy!

e.g.

śūdrā + itarā » śudretarā "Itarā is a Śūdrafrau" = शूद्रेतरा

3.5. Satzsandhi of -ās

-ās is replaced by -ā before all voiced sounds.

e.g.

dvijās + vaiśyāḥ » dvijā vaiśyāḥ "Vaiśyas are twice-born" = द्विजा वैश्याः

3.6. Word list

Learn the following words:

śruti f. = श्रुति : hearing, eternal tradition (designation for the Vedas and Brāhmaṇa's).

dhenu f. = धेनु : (milch) cow.

paśu m. = पशु : domesticated livestock, cattle (collective).

devatā f. = देवता : deity (abstract and concrete).

brāhmaṇī f. = ब्राह्मणी : Brahmanin.

kṣatriyā f. = क्षत्रिया : weibliche Kṣatriya.

kṣatriyī f. = क्षत्रियी : Žena Kšatrije.

vaiśyā f. = वैश्या : weibliche Vaiśya.

śūdrā f. = शूद्रा : female Śūdra.

śūdrī f. / śūdrāṇī f. = शूद्री शूद्राणी : Frau eines Śūdra.

devī f. = देवी : goddess, esp. Durgā f. = दुर्गा, the wife of Śiva = शिव.

Abb.: Durgā = दुर्गा, Orissa

(Image source: Details)

sādhvī f. = साध्वी : fem. zu sādhu.

gurvī f. = गुर्वी : fem. zu guru.

asmitā f. = अस्मिता : "I-ness", i.e., the (false) belief: I am the one who sees, etc.

ānvīkṣikī f. = आन्वीक्षिकी : philosophy (the science that arrives at its conclusions through logically correct reasoning).

upekṣā f. = उपेक्षा : disregard, equanimity.

karuṇā f. = करुणा : compassion, pity.

muditā f. = मुदिता : joy, specifically sympathetic joy (opposite of envy).

3.7. Übung

A) Put the following sentences into the plural:

1. dvijo brāhmaṇaḥ = द्विजो ब्राह्मणः
2. dvijaḥ kṣatriyaḥ = द्विजः क्षत्रियः
3. dvijo vaiśyaḥ = द्विजो वैश्यः
4. gurur brāhmaṇaḥ = गुरुर्ब्राह्मणः
5. sādhur guruḥ = साधुर्गुरुः
6. guruḥ kaviḥ = गुरुः कविः
7. sādhvī brāhmaṇī = साध्वी ब्राह्मणी
8. devatā guruḥ = देवता गुरुः
9. paśur dhenuḥ = पशुर्धेनुः
10. gurvī sādhvī = गुर्वी साध्वी

B) Form nominalne rečenice ubacivanjem:

1. śrutis ... (veda) = श्रुतिस् ... वेद
2. paśus ... (dhenu) = पशुस् ... धेनु
3. devī ... (durgā, umā, indrāṇī) = देवी ... दुर्गा, उमा, इन्द्राणी
4. devatā ... (mīnākṣī, annapūrṇā) = देवता ... मीनाक्षी, अन्नपूर्णा
5. śūdrā ... (itarā) = शूद्रा ... इतरा

C) Prebacite u ženski rod:

1. gurur brāhmaṇaḥ = गुरुर्ब्राह्मणः
2. sādhur guruḥ = साधुर्गुरुः
3. kṣatriyaḥ sādhuḥ = क्षत्रियः साधुः

D) Prevedite na sanskrit:

1. Umā je boginja.
2. Veda je śruti.
3. Učiteljice su boginje.
4. Mliječne krave su domaća životinja.
5. Pjesnici su učitelji.
6. Kṣatriyas su dvaput rođeni.
7. Sveti muškarci su Śūdras.