Lesson 17

17.1. Second Present Class (अदादि = अद् etc.)

The verbal endings attach directly to the root. In doing so, one must observe the sound changes resulting from word-sandhi (phonetic combination).

The following formation types exist in the second present class:

1. Roots with stem gradation (apophony)

• mostly: Strong grade - Weak grade
• some roots: Guṇa/Extended grade - Weak grade

2. Roots without stem gradation (apophony)
3. Two-syllable roots ending in -i/-ī with stem gradation (apophony)

17.2. Roots of the second present class with stem gradation Strong grade - Weak grade

Examples:

द्विष् 2 U "to hate"

• strong present stem: dveṣ-
• weak present stem: dviṣ-

3. sg. Pres. P	द्वेष्टि (« dveṣ + -ti)
3. pl. Pres. P	द्विषन्ति (dviṣ-anti)
3. sg. Pres. Ā	द्विष्टे (« dviṣ + -te)
3. pl. Pres. Ā	द्विषते (dviṣ-ate)

The following word-sandhi rule applies here:

Word-sandhi of -ṣ + t(h)-

-ṣ + t(h)- » -ṣṭ(h)-

Further examples:

इ 2 P "to go" (Ā after certain prefixes)

• strong present stem: e-
• weak present stem:
• before consonant: i-
• before vowel: y-/iy-

3. sg. Pres. P	एति (e-ti)
3. pl. Pres. P	यन्ति (y-anti)
3. sg. Pres. Ā	इते (i-te)
3. pl. Pres. Ā	इयते (iy-ate)

दुह् 2 U "to milk"

• strong present stem: doh-
• weak present stem: duh-

3. sg. Pres. P	दोग्धि (« doh- + -ti)
3. pl. Pres. P	दुहन्ति (duh-anti)
3. sg. Pres. Ā	दुग्धे (« duh- + -te)
3. pl. Pres. Ā	दुहते (duh-ate)

हन् 2 P "strike, beat, kill"

• strong present stem: han-
• weak present stem:
• before consonant: ha- (« *hn-)
• before vowel: ghn-/han-

3. sg. pres. P	हन्ति (han-ti)
3. pl. pres. P	घ्नन्ति (ghn-anti)
3. sg. pres. Ā	हते (ha-te)
3. pl. pres. Ā	घ्नते (ghn-ate)

अस् 2 P "be"

• strong present stem: as-
• weak present stem: s-

3. sg. pres. P	अस्ति (as-ti)
3. pl. pres. P	सन्ति (s-anti)

17.3. Roots of the second present class with stem gradation: guṇa grade - zero grade

Example:

स्तु 2 U "praise"

• strong present stem: stau-
• weak present stem:
• before consonant: stu-
• before vowel: stuv-

3. sg. pres. P	स्तौति (stau-ti) oder: स्तवीति
3. pl. pres. P	स्तुवन्ति (stuv-anti)
3. sg. pres. Ā	स्तुते (stu-te)
3. pl. pres. Ā	स्तुवते (stuv-ate)

17.4. Roots of the second present class without stem gradation

Roots of the second present class ending in -ā have no stem gradation.

Example:

पा 2 P "protect, guard"

3. sg. pres. P	पाति (pā-ti)
3. pl. pres. P	पान्ति (« pā- + -anti)

A few other roots of the second class also lack stem gradation:

Examples:

अद् 2 P "eat"

3. sg. pres. P	अत्ति (« ad- + -ti)
3. pl. pres. P	अदन्ति (ad-anti)

आस् 2 Ā "to sit"

3. sg. Pres. Ā	आस्ते (ās-te)
3. pl. Pres. Ā	आसते (ās-ate)

वच् 2 P "to say"

3. sg. Pres. P	वक्ति (« vac- + -ti)
3. pl. Pres. P	does not occur

17.5. Disyllabic roots ending in -i/-ī with stem gradation

Several roots are disyllabic in a number of forms, i.e., they have an -i (or before some endings -ī) before a consonantal ending. Nevertheless, these roots are posited as monosyllabic by native grammarians and in dictionaries etc.

Examples:

रुद् 2 P "to weep, to howl"

• strong present stem: rodi-
• weak present stem:
• before consonant: rudi-
• before vowel: rud-

3. sg. Pres. P	रोदिति (rodi-ti)
3. pl. Pres. P	रुदन्ति (rud-anti)

ब्रू 2 U "to speak"

• strong present stem: bravī- (« bro- + -ī)
• weak present stem:
• before consonant: brū-
• before vowel: bruv-

3. sg. Pres. P	ब्रवीति (bravī-ti)
3. pl. Pres. P	ब्रुवन्ति (bruv-anti)
3. sg. Pres. Ā	ब्रूते (brū-te)
3. pl. Pres. Ā	ब्रुवते (bruv-ate)

Also स्तु 2 U "to praise" has, alongside the forms given under 3., forms according to this pattern:

3. sg. Pres. P	स्तवीति (« sto + ī + ti) oder: स्तौति

17.6. Vocabulary list

हन् 2 P हन्ति, घ्नन्ति Pass. हन्यते PPP हत : to strike, to slay, to kill

thereof:

घात m.: killing, slaughter

Fig.: घाताः
Bangalore = ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
(Image source: Details)

आस् 2nd class आस्ते Pass. आस्यते PPP आसित : to sit

thereof:

आसन n.: the sitting, seat; also: yogic postures

Fig.: योगासनम्
(Image source: Details)

रुद् 2nd class रोदिति Pass. रुद्यते PPP रुदित : to weep, howl

thereof:

रुद्र m.: (the howler =) the storm god Rudra

ब्रू 2nd class ब्रवीति Ā ब्रूते no Passive and PPP: to speak, say (something to someone: double accusative)

दुह् 2nd class दोग्धि Pass. दुह्यते PPP दुग्ध : to milk

Fig.: दोग्धि
(Image source: Details)

दिश् 6th class दिशति Pass. दिश्यते PPP दिष्ट : to show, instruct, command

thereof:

दिष्टि f.: instruction, happy coincidence

दिष्ट्या Instr.: (lit.: by a happy coincidence) O happy coincidence (exclamation of joy and bliss)

17.7. Exercise 1

A) Insert the verb in the following sentences and translate them:

१. ब्राह्मणो ऽनृतं न ... (ब्रू । वच् । वद्)

२. क्षत्रियो जनान् ... (पा । रक्ष्)

३. बलवद्योधो द्विजारीन् ... (जि । हन् । युध्)

८. द्विजदासः शूद्रस् ... (अस् २ । भू)

९. बालब्राह्मणी ... (रुद् । आस् । मृ)

१०. साधुजनो ऽधर्मम् ... (द्विष् । न कृ)

B) Use the plural for agent and verb in sentences formed in A)

17.8. Exercise 2

Translate the following verb forms and provide their corresponding roots:

१. अदन्ति २. सन्ति ३. आसते ४. यन्ति ५. इच्छति ६. कुर्वते ७. गच्छन्ति ८. जायते ९. जयति १०. तनोति ११. दहति १२. दोग्धि १३. पश्यति १४. द्विष्टे १५. नयन्ति १६. नृत्यति १७. पद्यन्ते १८. पिबति १९. पान्ति २०. पृच्छति २१. बुध्यन्ते २२. ब्रवीति २३. भवन्ति २४. मन्यते २५. मुञ्चन्ति २६. म्रियन्ते २७. यजते २८. युध्यन्ते २९. रक्षति ३०. रोदिति ३१. लभते ३२. वक्ति ३३. वदति ३४. शृणोति ३५. स्तौति ३६. स्मरति ३७. हन्ति ३८. अश्नुवते ३९. कुप्यते ४० कर्षन्ति ४१. उद्यते ४२. सहन्ते ४३. सिच्यन्ते ४४. आप्नोति ४५. जीव्यते ४६. दिश्यन्ते