Lesson 28

28.1. The Causative (णि, णिच्, कारित)

If one wants to express that someone or something causes or brings about that another person or thing does or experiences something expressed by a root (with or without prefix), the causative is used (णि, णिच्, कारित).

Example:
गम् "to go" » Causative: गमयति "he causes someone to go; he sends"
दृश् "to see" » Causative: दर्शयति "he causes to see = he shows"

28.2. Sentence Construction with the Causative (णि, णिच्, कारित)

Schema 1:

If the root underlying the causative (with or without prefix) is INTRANSITIVE (i.e., cannot take an accusative object) or expresses movement, knowledge, information, or eating:

Agent (कर्ता) of the causative in the Nominative (प्रथमा) — Agent of the caused action in the Accusative (द्वितीया) — (Goal of movement, object of knowledge, etc. in the Accusative = द्वितीया) — Verb in the Causative

Examples:

दुर्जनो रामं मोहयति = "an evil person causes Rāma to be confused = confuses Rāma = causes Rāma to err"
Result: रामो मुह्यति = "Rāma is confused / blinded / errs."

रामः शत्रून्स्वर्गं गमयति = "Rāma causes the enemies to go to heaven = sends the enemies to heaven"
Result: शत्रवः स्वर्गं गच्छन्ति = "the enemies go to heaven / come into heaven"

गुरू रामं वेदार्थं वेदयति = "The teacher causes Rāma to know the meaning of the Veda = explains / teaches Rāma the meaning of the Veda"
Result: रामो वेदार्थं वेत्ति = "Rāma knows / understands the meaning of the Veda"

स रामं वेदमध्यापयति = "he teaches Rāma the Veda"
Result: रामो वेदमधीते "Rāma studies the Veda"

रामो देवानामृतमाशयति = "Rāma causes the gods to eat nectar of immortality = gives the gods nectar of immortality to eat" (अश् 9 "to eat")
Result: देवा अमृतमश्नन्ति "The gods eat nectar of immortality"

Fig.: स नरान्प्रबन्धविज्ञानमध्यापयति
ISKCON Temple Bangalore.
(Image source: Details)

Constructed according to Schema 1, among others, is the root दृश्:

Exceptions to Schema 1 see under Schema 2

Example:
(स) रामं पुत्रं दर्शयति = "he shows the son to Rāma"

The following verse summarizes examples for the causative formation according to Schema 1 (the verbal forms are each in the 3rd person Imperfect Parasmaipada):

शत्रूनगमयत्स्वर्गं वेदार्थं स्वानवेदयत् । आशयच्चामृतं देवान् वेदमध्यापयद्विधिम् । आसयत्सलिलै पृथ्वीं यः स मे श्रीहरिगतिः ॥

My refuge and my goal is Hari,
Who sent the enemies to heaven,
Who taught his followers the meaning of the Veda,
Who fed the gods with nectar of immortality,
Who taught the Creator the Veda,
Who placed the earth in water.

Fig.: स मे श्रीहरिगतिः
Jadavpur University Management building.
(Image source: Details)

Schema 2:

For transitive verbs (except those mentioned under Schema 1). Also for all verbs, when the action denoted by the causative is caused (i.e., when the causative is a causative of a causative):

Agent (कर्ता) of the causative in the nominative (प्रथमा) — Agent of the caused action in the instrumental (तृतीया) — Object of the caused action in the case it would have after the simple verb (i.e., usually in the accusative) — Verb in the causative

Examples:
(स) रामेण भार्यां त्याजयति = "He causes Rāma to leave his wife"
Result: रामो भार्यां त्यजति = "Rāma leaves his wife"

विष्णुमित्रो रामेण गोविन्दं गमयति = "Viṣṇumitra causes Rāma to cause Govinda to go = Viṣṇumitra has Rāma send away Govinda"
Result: रामो गोविन्दं गमयति = "Rāma sends away Govinda"
Result of this result: गोविन्दो गच्छति = "Govinda goes"

Exceptions to Schema 1:

The following verbs also construct according to Schema 2:

Causative of:
नी "to lead"
वह् "to drive" (only when the agent of the caused action is not a driver)
स्मृ "to remember" (there are exceptions to this)
अद् "to eat"
खाद् "to chew"

Examples:

रामो भृत्येन भारं नाययति वाहयति वा = "Rāma has the servant lead or drive the load"
Result: भृत्यो भारं नयति वहति वा = "The servant leads or drives the load"

रामो बालेनान्नमादयति खादयति वा = "Rāma has the boy eat or chew food"
Result: बालो ऽन्नमत्ति खादति वा = "the boy eats or chews food"

(स) रामेण स्मारयति = "He causes Rāma to remember"
Result: रामः स्मरति = "Rāma remembers"

The following causatives can be constructed according to both Schema 1 and Schema 2:

हृ "to hold, to fetch"
कृ "to do, to make"
Ātmanepadakausativ zu दृश्

The following causatives can be constructed according to both Schema 1 and Schema 2:

हृ "to hold, to fetch"
कृ "to do, to make"
Ātmanepadakausativ zu दृश्

Examples:

रामो भृत्यं कटं कारयति हारयति वा = "Rāma has the servant make or fetch a mat (कट m.)"
or:
रामो भृत्येन कटं कारयति हारयति वा
Result: भृत्यः कटं करोति हरति वा = "The servant makes or fetches a mat"

रामो बालं प्रतिमां दर्शयते = "Rāma has the boy see the portrait = shows the boy the portrait (for his own benefit)"
or:
रामो बालेन प्रतिमां दर्शयते
Result: बालः प्रतिमां पश्यति = "the boy sees the portrait"

When the causative is used in a passive construction, the following schema is almost always applied:

Schema A (Passive Construction):

Agent of the causative in the Instrumental (तृतीया) — Agent of the caused action in the Nominative (प्रथमा) — Object of the caused action in the case it would have according to the simple verb (i.e., usually in the Accusative) — Verb in the causative

Examples:

गुरुणा रामो ग्रामं गम्यते = "The master sends Rāma to the village"
Result: रामो ग्रामं गच्छति = "Rāma goes to the village"

रामेण भृत्यः कटं कार्यते = "Rāma has the servant make a mat"
Result: भृत्यः कटं करोति = "The servant makes a mat"

रामेण भृत्यो भारं हार्यते = "Rāma has the servant fetch the load"
Result: भृत्यो भारं हरति = "The servant fetches the load"

28.3. Bildning av presensstammen för kausativ (णि, णिच्, कारित)

28.3. Bildning av presensstammen för kausativ (णि, णिच्, कारित)

Till kausativstammen fogas presensstammens tematiska ändelser

Es gibt verschiedene Bildungstypen:

Bildungstyp 1: (meist) hochstufige Wurzel + -aya-

Beispiele:

Wurzel	Kausativ 3. sg. Indikativ Präsens	Bedeutung
विश्	वेशयति	er/sie/es lässt eintreten, führt hinein
लुभ्	लोभयति	begehren machen, begehrlich machen, verlocken
दृश्	दर्शयति	sehen machen = zeigen
वृत्	वर्तयति	sich drehen machen, wenden (transitiv), rollen (transitiv), ins Rollen bringen

Bildungstyp 2: dehnstufige Wurzel + -aya-

Ofta för rötter som slutar vokaliskt, och för rötter där en enda slutkonsonant följer efter -a-.

Beispiele:

Wurzel	Kausativ 3. sg. Indikativ Präsens	Bedeutung
भू	भावयति (aus: bhau-aya-ti)	bewirken, dass jemand oder etwas wird, hervorbringen
इ	आययति (aus: ai-aya-ti)	bewirken, dass jemand geht
नी	नाययति (aus: nai-aya-ti)	führen lassen
कृ	कारयति (kār-aya-ti)	machen lassen
वच्	वाचयति (vāc-aya-ti)	sprechen lassen, sprechen machen, (einen Text sprechen machen =) laut lesen

Bildungstyp 3: tiefstufige Wurzel + -aya-

Förekommer i.

Beispiel:

Wurzel	Kausativ 3. sg. Indikativ Präsens	Bedeutung
दुष्	दूषयति (dūṣ-aya-ti)	(jemanden) verderben

Inhemska grammatiker betraktar följande former som kausativa:

han : Kaus. ghātayati¹ "låta slå ihjäl, döda"
pā 2 "vårda": pālayati² "föra över, rädda, skydda"

Anmärkningar:

1. ghātayati är i verkligheten ett verb som är avlett från substantivet ghāta m. "slag" (denominativum) och används istället för kausativum av han.
2. pālayati är ett äkta kausativum, men tillhör roten pṛ 3 "föra över, rädda, skydda": pārayati (pār-aya-ti) » pālayati (i vissa delar av Indien motsvaras r av l, och i andra omvänds l av r).

28.4. Bildning av passivum (यक्) till kausativum

Passivum till kausativum bildas så här:

Kausativstam UTAN -aya- + Passivsuffix -ya-

Exempel:
bhāvyate (bhāv-ya-te) "han/hon/det blir frambringat"
sthāpyate (sthāp-ya-te) "han/hon/det blir uppställt"

Medan passivum till den ursprungliga roten vanligen bildas från rotens låga grad, kan man oftast känna igen passivum till kausativum på att det bildas från rotens höga respektive förlängda grad.

28.5. Formation of the Future (ऌट्, भविष्यन्ती f.) for the Causative

The future of the causative is formed from the causative stem, whereby the final -a- of the causative suffix drops out:

-ay-iṣya-

Example:
budh Future-Causative: bodhayiṣyati (bodh-ay-i-ṣya-ti): "he/she/it will awaken"

28.6. Formation of the PPP (क्त) for the Causative

Causative stem ending in -ay- (without final a) + -i- + -ta

28.5. Formation of the Future (ऌट्, भविष्यन्ती f.) for the Causative

The future of the causative is formed from the causative stem, whereby the final -a- of the causative suffix drops out:

-ay-iṣya-

Example:
budh Future-Causative: bodhayiṣyati (bodh-ay-i-ṣya-ti): "he/she/it will awaken"

28.6. Formation of the PPP (क्त) for the Causative

Causative stem ending in -ay- (without final a) + -i- + -ta

Examples:
gam — gamayati — gamita (gam-i-ta) "sent" (PPP of the simple root: gata)
sthā — sthāpayati — sthāpita (sthāp-i-ta) "placed"

28.7. Formation of the Absolutives (क्त्वा . ल्यप्) for the Causative

The absolutives in -tvā are formed from the causative stem ending in -ay- (without final a):

Causative stem ending in -ay- + -i- + -tvā

Example:
sthāpayitvā (sthā-pay-i-tvā) "after he has placed"

The absolutives in -ya generally occur with causatives having a prefix at the causative stem WITHOUT -aya-

Examples:
prabudh — prabodhayati — prabodhya (pra-bodh-ya) "after he has awakened"
ānī — ānayati — ānāyya (ā-nāy-ya) "after he has let bring near, after he has let bring"

However, if the root syllable of the causative contains a short -a- before a single consonant, the -ya of the absolutives occurs at the causative stem ending in -ay- (without final a)

Example:
āgam — āgamayati — āgamayya (ā-gamay-ya) "after he has let come"

28.8. Bildning av infinitiv (तुमुन्) för kausativ

Infinitiven för kausativ bildas från kausativstammen på -ay- (utan utljudande a):

Kausativstam på -ay- + -i- + -tum

Beispiel:
jan — janayati — janayitum (janay-i-tum) "um zu erzeugen"

28.9. Den 10:e presensklassen (चुरादि = चुर् etc.)

På samma sätt som kausativerna bildar presens (och de andra tempora) vissa rötter i den 10:e presensklassen, utan att vara kausativer.

Beispiele:

1. Dehnstufige Wurzel + -aya- : कम् 10Ā कामयते "lieben"
2. Hochstufige Wurzel + -aya- : cur 10U corayati "stehlen"; Futur: corayiṣyate; Pass.: coryate

Formerna av kausativ för verb i den 10:e presensklassen är identiska med formerna av det enkla verbet. Beslutet om huruvida en kausativ föreligger är endast möjligt utifrån betydelsen eller ibland utifrån konstruktionen.

28.10. Wortliste

विद् 2P वेत्ति, विदन्ति: wissen, kennen
Fut. vediṣyati
Pass. vidyate
Kaus. vedayati
PPP vidita
Inf. vediṣyum
davon: vidyā f., veda m.

विद् 6U विन्दति (!): finna
Fut. vediṣyati / vetsyat
Pass. vidyate: det finns, det är tillgängligt
Kaus. vedayati
PPP vinna / vitta
Inf. vediṣtum / vettum

i + adhi 2Ā adhīte, adhīyate: studera, lära sig utantill
Kaus. adhyāpayati: låta studera, undervisa
därav: adhyayana n.: studium (särskilt av Veda); adhyāya m.: lektion, kapitel (avsnitt för utantillinlärning)

कम् 10Ā कामयते: lieben
Fut. kāmayiṣyate / kamiṣyate
Pass. kāmyate
Kaus. kāmayati
PPP kānta (!)
Inf. kāmayitum / kamitum

Abb.: कृष्णो राधां कामयति

Målning av राजा रवि वर्मा (1848 - 1906)
(Bildkälla: Details)

चुर् 10 चोरयति: stehlen
Fut. corayiṣyati
Pass. coryate
Kaus. corayati
PPP corita
Inf. coritum

Notera särskilt betydelsen av kausativa verb för följande verb:
dṛś — darśayati: visa
man — mānayati: uppskatta högt, hedra (är förmodligen dock ett denominativ till māna "ära")
vac — vācayati: även: läsa högt (få en text att tala)
vad — vādayati: även: få ett musikinstrument att tala = spela ett musikinstrument

Abb.: वीणां वादयति

Vīṇā-Spielerin.
(Bildkälla: Details)

भार m.: Last

Abb.: बाला भारं हरति

Flicka bär börda. Nära Ahmedabad.
(Bildkälla: Detaljer)

भृत्य m.: Untergebener, Diener

28.11. Übung

A) Bilda kausativum av följande verbformer och participformer och ange betydelsen:

1. Med högt rotvokalstadium:

1. अर्हन्ति
2. प्राप्य
3. एषिष्यन्ति
4. कुप्यति
5. कर्क्ष्यति
6. क्रुध्यन्ती
7. चोर्यते
8. गन्तुम्
9. जातः
10. देक्ष्यन्ति
11. दोग्धि
12. माद्यन्
13. द्रक्ष्यति
14. द्वेष्टि
15. नर्तितुम्
16. भोत्स्यन्ते
17. मुञ्चन्ति
18. पृच्छन्ति
19. मुह्यति
20. योत्स्यन्
21. रक्ष्यते
22. रोदिति
23. लुब्धा
24. प्रविश्य
25. वर्तते
26. सिक्त्वा
27. स्रक्ष्यति
28. लिम्पन्ति
29. वृद्धाः

3. Causative in -पय

1. स्थित्वा

4. Pay special attention to and learn the following causative formations

1. दुष् — दूषयति
2. पा 1 ("to drink") — पाययति
3. पा 2 ("to protect") — पालयति
4. लभ् — लम्भयति
5. हन् — घातयति
6. जि — जापयति
7. जीव् — जीवयति

B. Translate the following sentences, resolve the compounds into Sanskrit, and form sentences using the simple verbs that express what happens when the action expressed by the causative is brought about:

Example: रामो दासं भारं हारयति » दासो भारं हरति शत्रुजयाय क्षत्रियो ब्राह्मणेन हरिहरं याजयित्वारीन्योत्स्यते ॥१॥ गुरुर्बालान्वेदमध्याप्य गृहं गतः ॥२॥ गर्भगृहे देवीप्रतिमा दृश्यते ॥३॥ यजन्नग्निनान्नमादयति पानं च पाययति ॥४॥ पुत्रे जाते ब्राह्मणी दासं ब्राह्मणं गमयति । ब्राह्मणस्तं दासं गृहं प्रवेश्य पुत्रं पृच्छति । सुभगः पुत्र इति दासो वक्ति । तच्छ्रुत्वा ब्राह्मणो सुखतां गच्छति ॥५॥ स्तुवता नरेण देवा महाकवेः स्तोत्राणि श्राविताः ॥६॥ आर्ययोधैर्महायुद्धे ऽरयो मार्यन्ते ॥७॥ सत्क्षत्रिया ब्राह्मणेनेष्टदेवतापूजां कारयति । स ब्राह्मणः पूजां कृत्वा क्षत्रियाया धनमेषिष्यति ॥८॥ धनं जेतुं महाक्षत्रियो योधव्याघ्रैर्व्रतानि चारयिष्यति ॥९॥ पापान्मोक्षार्थेन सुगत आर्यजनानार्यसत्यानि बोधयति ॥१०॥