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Övning 25

A) Complete the declension examples from Lesson 16 by adding the 4th Dative (चतुर्थी) and 5th Ablative (पञ्चमी).

. सन्त् (being, good)

Casem. Singularm. Pluraln. Singularn. Plural
1. Nom.सन्सन्तःसत्सन्ति
2. Acc.सन्तम्सतःसत्सन्ति
3. Instr.सतासद्भुःसतासद्भुः
4. Dat.सतेसद्भ्यःateसद्भ्यः
5. Abl.सतःसद्भ्यःसतःसद्भ्यः

. महान्त् (large)

Casem. Singularm. Pluraln. Singularn. Plural
1. Nom.महान्महान्तःमहत्महान्ति
2. Acc.महान्तम्महतःमहत्महान्ति
3. Instr.महतामहद्भुःमहतामहद्भुः
4. Dat.महतेमहद्भ्यःमहतेमहद्भ्यः
5. Abl.महतःमहद्भ्यःमहतःमहद्भ्यः

. यद् (which, who)

Casem. Sg.m. Pl.n. Sg.n. Pl.f. Sg.f. Pl.
1. Nom.यःयेयत्यानियायाः
2. Acc.यम्यान्यत्यानियाम्याः
3. Instr.येनयैःयेनयैःययायाभिः
4. Dat.यस्मैयेभ्यःयस्मैयेभ्यःयस्यैयाभ्यः
5. Abl.यस्मात्येभ्यःयस्मात्येभ्यःयस्याःयाभ्यः

B) Translate and resolve the compounds into Sanskrit:

. गुर्वादेशाद्रामो ग्रामान्नगरं गत्वा साधुगृहं प्रविश्य साधुमुपस्थायालं क्रोधेनेति वक्ति ॥१॥
At the teacher's instruction, Rāma leaves the village for the city, enters the holy man's house, stands respectfully before the holy man and says: "Enough of anger!"

. गुरोरधर्मः श्रोतुं न शक्यत इति श्रुत्या च स्मृतिभिश्चोद्यते ॥२॥
The Veda (śruti) and the tradition (smṛti) say that one cannot hear anything unjust from a master.

. क्षत्रिया जनाञ्छत्रुभ्यो रक्षितुमर्हन्तीति क्षत्रियधर्मः ॥३॥
The duty of the Kṣatriyas is that the Kṣatriyas should protect the people from enemies.

. कृतयज्ञदोषत्वाद्ब्राह्मणो धनं लब्धुं नार्हti ॥४॥
Since he has committed a sacrificial error, the Brahmane must not receive any money.

. धनलाभहेतोस्ते वैश्या व्रतं कृत्वा ब्रह्मचर्यं चरन्ति ॥५॥
(धनस्य लाभाय)
In order to become rich, these Vaiśyas have made a vow and abstain sexually.

. बुद्द्धाश्चार्हन्तश्च दुःखान्मुक्ताः । मुञ्चन्ती बुद्धिर्हि तैः प्राप्ता ॥६॥
Buddhas and Arhants are freed from suffering. For they have attained the liberating insight.

. लोभen च क्रोधेन च मोहेन च जना दुष्यन्ति । ततः प्राप्तकाला नरकं पतन्ति ॥७॥
Through greed, hatred and delusion people are corrupted. When the time has come, they then fall into a hell.

Fig.: लोभेन च क्रोधेन च मोहेन च जना दुष्यन्ति
(Bildkälla: Detaljer)

. क्षत्रियो महानगरतः शत्रुग्रामं योद्धुं शूरयोधानानयति ॥८॥
The Kṣatriya brings heroic warriors from the big city to fight the village of enemies.

. पुत्रलाभकारणाद्ब्राह्मणी व्रतं चरति ॥९॥
In order to have a son, the Brahmanin keeps a vow (i.e. she fasts).

१०. लब्धपुत्रत्वाद्द्विजेन महासुखमाप्तम् ॥१०॥
Because he has received a son, great fortune overtakes the twice-born.

११. विष्णुर्भक्तान्मरणात्पाति ॥११॥
Viṣṇu protects his devotees from death.

१२. रामाद्विना = रामं विना = रामेण विना ॥१२॥
Without Rāma.

१३. साधोः शिक्षा गुणाय संपद्यते नासाधोः ॥१३॥
The instruction of a saint leads to virtue, not that of an unrighteous person.

१४. रामः कृष्णाय तिष्ठति ॥१४॥
Rāma väntar på Kṛṣṇa.

१५. सुखेन गच्छति ॥१५॥
It goes easily (happily).

१६. अलं भयेन ॥१६॥
Stop with the fear!

१७. लोकादधिको हरिः ॥१७॥
(Hari = Viṣṇu / Kṛṣṇa) Greater than the world is Hari.


Scholarly Fragments

यतो यतो निवर्तते ततस्ततो विमुच्यते । निवर्तनाद्धि सर्वतो न वेत्ति दुःखमण्वपि ॥ १ ॥
From which one withdraws, from that one is liberated. For if one withdraws from everything, then one knows no suffering, however small it may be like an atom.

मानाद्वा यदि वा लोभात् क्रोधाद्वा यदि वा भयात् । यो न्यायमन्यथा ब्रूते स याति नरकं नरः ॥ २ ॥
If someone, out of pride, greed, anger or fear, pronounces a false judgment, then he comes into hell.

भवन्ति नरकाः पापात् पापं दारिद्र्यसंभवम् । दारिद्र्यमप्रदानेन ॥ ३ ॥
Hells arise because of evil, evil arises from poverty, poverty arises from not giving.

Fig.: भवन्ति नरकाः पापात्
(Bildkälla: Detaljer)

शासनाद्वा विमोक्षाद्वा स्तेनः स्तेयाद्विमुच्यते । अशासित्वा तु तं राजा स्तेनस्याप्नोति किल्बिषम् ॥ मनुस्मृति ८.३१६ ॥ ॥ ४ ॥
A thief is freed from the guilt of theft through punishment or release. But if the king does not punish him, then he takes on the thief's guilt.


Fragments of Political Science (Arthaśāstra)

. वार्त्ता धान्यपुशुहिरण्यकुप्यविष्टिप्रदानादौपकारिकी ॥ (AS 1.4.1)
The economy is useful because it produces grain, cattle, gold, metals, and labor.

Fig.: वार्त्ता धान्यपुशुहिरण्यकुप्यविष्टिप्रदानादौपकारिकी
(Bildkälla: Detaljer)

. तस्माद्दण्डमूलास्तिस्रो विद्याः ॥ (AS 1.5)
Therefore, the three sciences have the staff (daṇḍa) as their foundation. The staff, which is the foundation of good conduct, brings beings acquisition and secure possession. Good conduct is acquired or innate. Activity educates suitable material, not unsuitable one. Knowledge educates a mind that has come to truth through obedience, listening, grasping, understanding, and reflection, not another one. ... For from what is heard arises knowledge, from knowledge practice, from practice self-possession; thus the sciences correspond to their purpose. Knowledge and good conduct are the cause for victory over the senses. This is necessary in order to lay aside lust, hatred, greed, conceit, intoxication, and agitation.

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