Lesson 5

5.1. Nominal Compounds (samāsa m. = समास)

The formation of word compounds on a very large scale is a characteristic feature of Sanskrit.

The most important forms of compound formation are:
copulative compounds (dvandva n. = द्वन्द्व)
determinative compounds (tatpuruṣa m. = तत्पुरुष)
possessive compounds (bahuvrīhi m. = बहुव्रीहि)

(See later for the two latter types!)

5.2. On Sanskrit Terminology for Compounds

ghaṭakapadāni n. pl. = घटकपदानि : Members of a compound
vigrahavākyam n. = विग्रहवाक्यम् : Analysis of a compound
nityasamāsaḥ m. = नित्यसमासः : Compound for which there is no vigrahavākya or whose vigrahavākya cannot be formed with the words of the compound.
aluksamāsaḥ m. = अलुक्समासः : Compound in which the first member retains a case ending
luksamāsaḥ m. = लुक्समासः : Compound whose first members are without case endings (the normal case)
madhyamapadalopī m. = मध्यमपदलोपी : Compound in which one or more middle members are omitted

5.3. Copulative Compounds (Dvandva n. = द्वन्द्व)

Copulative compounds serve to link grammatically similar, coordinated members (nouns or adjectives).

A dvandva denotes:

1. either the summativ connection of persons, things, properties designated by its individual members:
   Itaretaradvandva = इतरेतरद्वन्द्व

2. or it combines these persons, things or properties into a unity:
   Samāhāradvandva ("collective dvandva") = समाहारद्वन्द्व

In the first case (Itaretaradvandva):
The Dvandva takes the grammatical gender of its last member and the endings of the dual (for two things) or plural (for more than two things). Singular endings are also permissible.

In the second case (Samāhāradvandva):
The Dvandva is generally a neuter (regardless of the gender of the last member) and stands in the singular.

The resolution:
Occurs with "and" (ca = च), occasionally with "or" (vā = वा) or "each".

See later for Dualdvandva!

5.3.1. Prefixes of Compounds

The prefixes of compounds (not only Dvandvas) generally have the form of the unchanged nominal stem. The individual members of compounds are connected according to the rules of sentence sandhi (i.e., the sandhi we have learned so far, in contrast to word sandhi, which applies within the word before formative elements).

5.3.2. Plural-Itaretaradvandva

Examples of plural dvandvas:

brāhmaṇa-kṣatriya-vaiśya-śūdrāḥ = ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियवैश्यशूद्राः

= brāhmaṇāḥ kṣatriyā vaiśyāḥ śūdrāś ca = ब्राह्मणाः क्षत्रिया वैश्याः शूद्राश्च
(Brahmans, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas and Śūdras)

or = brāhmaṇaḥ kṣatriyo vaiśyaḥ śūdraś ca = ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियो वैश्यः शूद्रश्च
((a/the) Brahman, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya and Śūdra)

kavi-guravaḥ = कविगुरवः

= kavayo guravaś ca = कवयो गुरवश्च
(poets and teachers [Plur.])
(Note: "One poet and one teacher" would have to be in the dual!)

För ordningen av led i en dvandva gäller bland annat följande regler:
Benämningen av de olika stånden (varṇa) ska ordnas enligt deras hierarki (högst först).
Den äldre broderns namn ska placeras före den yngre broderns namn.
I allmänhet ska det viktigare ordet placeras först.
Ord som slutar på -i eller -u ska föregå.
Ord som slutar på -a och börjar med en vokal ska föregå.
Ord som innehåller färre stavelser ska föregå.

Wo zwei der drei letztgenannten Vorschriften gleichzeitig in Frage kommen können, soll immer die später gegebene Regel befolgt werden. (Beispiele von Dualdvandva zu diesen Regeln bei Kielhorn, Grammatik § 570).

5.4. Wortliste

Lär dig följande ord:

abhiniveṣa m. = अभिनिवेष : benägenhet för, envishet, insisterande på; speciellt: tillgivenhet till kroppen som om den vore ens egen.

kāma m. = काम : Wunsch, Begehren, erwünschte Gabe, Sinnenlust, Liebe; Liebesgott Kāma.

Abb.: Gott Kāma = kāmadeva = कामदेव, 18. Jhdt.

(Bildkälla: Wikipedia, Public domain)

krodha m. = क्रोध : Zorn.

kleśa m. = क्लेश : Qual, Plage.

trayī f. = त्रयी : tretal; särskilt de tre Vedaböckerna (Ṛgveda, Sāmaveda, Yajurveda).

daṇḍanīti f. = दण्डनीति : politik (en Tatpuruṣa från daṇḍa m. = "käpp, makt, styre, straff" och nīti f. = "rätt ledning").

dvijāti 3 / dvija 3 = द्विजाति / द्विज : Zweimalgeborener.

ca ... ca = च ... च : both ... and.

5.5. Exercise

A) Translate the following sentences and compounds, and resolve the dvandvas occurring therein into Sanskrit:

1. catvāro varṇā brāhmaṇakṣatriyavaiśyaśūdrāḥ.
   (Āpastambīyadharmasūtra I,1,1,4 = Vāsiṣṭhadharmaśāstra II,1)
   चत्वारो वर्णा ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियवैश्यशूद्राः ॥
   (Explanation: catvāras = चत्वारस् = "four")

2. trayo varṇā dvijātayo brāhmaṇakṣatriyavaiśyāḥ.
   (Vāsiṣṭhadharmaśāstra II,1)
   त्रयो वर्णा द्विजातयो ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियवैश्याः ॥
   (Explanation: trayas = त्रयस् = "three")

3. sāmavedargvedayajurvedās trayī.
   (Kauṭilīya-arthaśāstra 1.3.1. / in good Sanskrit: sāmārgyajurvedās trayī)
   सामवेदर्ग्वेदयजुर्वेदास्त्रयी ॥
   (in good Sanskrit: सामार्यजुर्वेदास्त्रयी)

4. The three enemies of man, which form the gate to hell (Viṣṇusmṛti 33,1+6):
   kāmakrodhalobhāḥ
   कामक्रोधलोभाः ॥

5. maitrīkaruṇāmuditopekṣāś catvāro brahmavihārāḥ.
   मैत्रीकरुणामुदितोपेक्षाश्चत्वारो ब्रह्मविहाराः ॥
   (Explanation: brahmavihāra: "abiding states of Brahma", also called the "Immeasurables". They are Buddhist meditation practices.)

6. avidyāsmitārāgadveṣābhiniveṣāḥ pañca kleśāḥ.
   (Yogasūtra 2,3)
   अविद्यास्मितारागद्वेषाभिनिवेषाः पञ्च क्लेशाः ॥
   (Explanation: pañca = "five")

7. ānvīkṣikītrīvārttādaṇḍanitayo vidyāḥ.
   (According to Kauṭilīya-arthaśāstra 1.2.1.)
   आन्वीक्षिकीत्रयीवार्त्तादण्डनितयो विद्याः ॥

5.6. Review Exercise

A) Translate:

1. vidyā vārttā.
   विद्या वार्त्ता ।

2. brāhmaṇaḥ kṣatriyo vaiśyaś ca trayo varṇā dvijātayaḥ.
   ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियो वैश्यश्च त्रयो वर्णा द्विजातयः ।

3. dvijā vaiśyāḥ. (2 possibilities)
   द्विजा वैश्याः ।

B) Insert the corresponding form:

1. (dvija, sādhu, kavi) ... rāmaḥ
   (द्विज, साधु, कवि) ... रामः ।

2. (devī) ... indrāṇī
   (देवी) ... इन्द्राणी ।

3. dvijātayas ... (vaiśyā, kṣatriya)
   द्विजातयस् ... (वैश्या, क्षत्रिय) |

C) Resolve the compound in the following sentence into Sanskrit and form the same sentence with this resolved form:

sāmargyajurvedās trayī.
सामर्ग्यजुर्वेदास्त्रयी ।

D) Translate into Sanskrit in two ways (once with a compound, once without):

"Abiding states of Brahma" are: friendly goodwill, compassion, sympathetic joy, equanimity.