Lesson 41

41.1. सुभाषिते (two proverbs)

पुस्तकस्था च या विद्या परहस्ते च यद्धनम् । कार्यकाले समुत्पन्ने न सा विद्या न तद्धनम् ॥१॥

Explanation: पर "other"

Fig.: पुस्तकस्था च या विद्या ...
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

उपदेशो हि मूर्खाणां प्रकोपाय न शान्तये । पयःपानं भुजङ्गानां केवलं विषवर्धनम् ॥२॥

Explanation: पयस् n. = दुग्धम्

41.2. Further कृत् formations on -a

41.2.1. Present Participle (लडादेशः) Ā, Passive Present Participle (लडादेशः) Ā, Future Participle (ऌडादेशः) Ā

41.2.1.1. Thematic present stems, passive and future

Formation:

Present stem / passive stem / future stem + -māna (fem. mānā)

Examples:

यज् 1U, Pres.Part.Ā यजमान 3 "one who is honored with a sacrifice for one's own benefit = lord of the sacrifice"

मन् 4Ā, Pres.Part.Ā मन्यमान 3 "a thinking one"

कृ 8U, Pres.Part.Passive क्रियमाण 3 "something that is done"

दा 3U, Fut.Part.Ā दास्यमान 3 "one who will give for one's own benefit"

41.2.1.2. A-thematic present classes

Formation:

Weak present stem (in the form it has before the ending -ate of the 3.pl.Ā) + -āna (fem. -ānā)

Examples:

Root / Class	Present Participle Ā
द्विष् 2U	द्विषाण
हु 3P	जुह्वान ju-hu + āna
सु 5U	सुन्वान su-nu + āna
रुध् 7U	रुन्धान ru-n-dh-āna
तन् 8U	तन्वान tan-u + āna
क्री 9U	क्रीणान krī + n-āna

41.2.2. "Participle" of Passive Necessity (Gerundivum) (कृत्य)

To express passive necessity ("what must/should be done"), adjectives derived from roots and derived verbal stems can optionally be formed with the following suffixes:

• -तव्य (fem. -तव्या)
• -अनीय (fem. -अनीया)
• -य (fem. -या)
• -त्य (fem. -त्या) (instead of -य/-या)

41.2.2.1. The Suffix -तव्य / -तव्या

The suffix -तव्य / -तव्या is attached to roots and derived verbal stems (e.g., causative) in the same way as the infinitive suffix -तुम् (see Lesson 23), i.e.

• guṇa-grade root + तव्य

or

• guṇa-grade root + -i- + तव्य

In the causative:

• Causative stem in -ay + -i- + तव्य

Examples:

जि 1P	जेतव्य 3	"someone who must be defeated; one to be defeated"
वृत् 1Ā	वर्तितव्य 3	"that where one should be located"
बुध् Caus.	बोधयितव्य	"someone who should be awakened; one to be awakened"

41.2.2.2. The Suffix -अनीय / -अनीया

Formation:

Guṇa-grade root + -अनीय / -अनीया

Causative and 10th present class:

Root as it appears in the causative stem, without -aya- + -अनीय / -अनीया

Examples:

दा 3U	दानीय 3	"to be given; what must be given"
जि 1P	जयनीय 3	"one to be defeated"
कृ 8U	करणीय 3	"to be done"
दृश्	दर्शनीय 3	"what must be seen; worth seeing"
बुध् Caus.	बोधनीय 3 bodh-aya - aya + -anīya	"one to be awakened"
दा Caus.	दापनीय 3 dā-paya - aya + -anīya	"what must be caused to give"

41.2.2.3. The Suffix -य / -या

Formation:

Root (in guṇa, vṛddhi, or lengthened grade) + -य

For the exact rules, see Kielhorn, Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, pp. 195 - 197!

Treatment of final vowels:

1. Roots ending in -ā form this gerundive with the suffix -eya

Examples:

ज्ञा 9U	ज्ञेय 3 "to be known; that which must be recognized"
दा 3U	देय 3 "that which must be given"

2. Roots ending in -i /-ī / -u / -ū /-ṛ generally have guṇa or vṛddhi grade, unless they belong to those roots ending in -i / -u /-ṛ that form a gerundive with the suffix -त्य (fem. -त्या) (list of these roots in Kielhorn, Grammar §537).

Example:

स्मृ 1P	स्मर्य 3 "that which must be remembered"

2a. Roots ending in -i/-ī have guṇa grade

Examples:

विक्री 9Ā	विक्रेय 3 "to be sold; salable"
नी 1U	नेय 3 "to be led"

Fig.: विक्रेयाणि पुष्पानि
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

2b. Roots ending in -u /-ū replace the guṇa grade -o before -ya with -av, and the vṛddhi grade -au with -āv. Vṛddhi grade formation in this case denotes necessity.

Example:

स्तु 2U	स्तव्य 3 "that which should be praised"
	स्ताव्य 3 "that which must necessarily be praised"

Examples of consonant-final roots (see rules in Kielhorn, Grammar § 533ff.):

Low-grade formation:

Examples:

दृश्	दृश्य 3	"worth seeing"
शास् 2P	शिष्य 3	"one who is to be instructed = student"

Fig.: दृश्यो मन्दिरः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

High-grade formation:

Examples:

द्विष् 2U	द्वेष्य 3	"to be hated = enemy"
भिद् 7U	भेद्य 3	"to be split"

Causatives and verbs of the 10th present class (चुरादि)

Formation:

Causative/present stem without -aya- + -य

Example:

मन् Causative¹	मान्य 3 mān-aya - aya + ya	"to be honored, highly revered"

¹ actually a denominative to मान

Fig.: मान्यः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

41.2.2.4. The suffix -त्य / त्या (instead of -य / -या)

List of roots ending in -i / -u /-ṛ that form a gerundive not with -य / -या but with the suffix -त्य (fem. -त्या), in Kielhorn, Grammar §537.

Formation:

low-grade root + -त्य / -त्या

Examples:

इ 2P	इत्य 3	"to be gone"
श्रु 5P	श्रुत्य 3	"to be heard"
कृ 8U	कृत्य 3	"to be done"

41.2.3. Syntactic Aspects of the "Participle" of Passive Necessity (Gerundivum) (कृत्य)

The gerundive can be used attributively:

दर्शनीयं नगरम् = "a city that must be seen; a worthwhile city to visit"

The gerundive can also be used as a predicative noun in sentences with passive construction, expressing an obligation or command (with न a prohibition, impossibility):

काशी द्विजैर्द्रष्टव्या = "The twice-born must see Benares"

Fig.: दर्शनीयं नगरं काशी
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

41.2.4. Differences in the Usage of Gerundive Suffixes

The usage of these suffixes largely overlaps

• -तव्य (fem. -तव्या): always expresses necessity and is preferably used predicatively (less frequently attributively). Formations with this suffix should not be used in nominal compounds.
• -अनीय (fem. -अनीया) and -य (fem. -या) / -त्य (fem. -त्या) (instead of -य/-या): can have an additional meaning (esp. -य) in the sense of German "-worth" (e.g. "worth seeing") or only possibility "-able" (दृश्य "visible"). Formations with these suffixes can be negated with अ-/-अन्- (but not formations with -तव्य) and there are तत्पुरुष as their second member in which they occur.

41.2.5. No Connection with सु- and दुस्-

Gerundives must not be combined with सु- and दुस्- in the meaning "easy" or "difficult". Instead, तत्पुरुष of the type सुकर 3 ("easy to do") are used (see Lesson 18).

41.3. Word List

मूर्ख m = मूढ भुजङ्ग m.: snake

Fig.: भुजङ्गः
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

केवलम् Adv.: only, alone, completely

विष n.: poison

Fig.: भुजङ्गस्य विषम्
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शास् 2P शास्ति : to reprimand, to control, to command, to teach

has the weak present stem शिष् : शिष्मस्, but the 3rd pl. pres. has the strong stem: शासति (!! ending -ati) alongside occasional शासन्ति. अशासुर्. Also the entire आत्मनेपद has, insofar as it occurs, the strong stem: शास्ते

Perf I शशास, शशासुर्
Fut. शासिष्यति
Pass. -शास्यते । शिष्यते
PPP शिष्ट : taught, wise
Inf. शासितुम्
Absol. -शिष्य । -शास्य

from this:

शासना f.: royal edict, teaching, religion

Fig.: शासना
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शास्त्र n.: teaching, treatise

शास्त्रिन् m.: learned, scholar

Fig.: शास्त्री
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

शिष्य 3: to be instructed = student

शरण 3: protecting, shielding; n. protection, refuge, taking refuge

सङ्घ n.: (to सम्-हन् : to strike together): group, crowd, community (e.g. Buddhist)

कन्या f.: young girl, daughter, maiden

अति Prefix: over, across -way, beyond (in space, in time, by number, by quantity, in order, by power, by intensity), exceedingly

इ + अति 2P अत्येति : to pass by

PPP अतीत : n. past tense

41.4. Exercise

A) Translate the two proverbs at the beginning of the lesson.

B) Translate:

बुद्धम् शरणं गच्छामि धर्मं शरणं गच्छामि सङ्घं शरणं गच्छामीति बुद्धगतैर्वक्तव्यम् ॥१॥ काशीं पत्स्ये गङ्गां द्रक्ष्यामि तत्र च मरिष्यामीति मन्यमानो मान्यो वृद्धनरः पुत्रांश्च पुत्रपुत्रांश्च धनं च तत्याज काशीं च प्राव्रजत् । एवं च रोध्यं दुःखं तरिष्यतीति मन्ये ॥२॥

Fig.: काशीं पत्स्ये गङ्गां द्रक्ष्यामि ...
(Bildekilde: Detaljer)

कन्यां व्युवह तस्यां च पुत्रमजनयं महाधनं च लेभ एवं सुखमापेत्यतीते मुमोह । ततः प्रजज्ञौ सुखाद्दुःखं जायते तस्माल्लोकसुखमपि त्यजनीयं न च किंचिदिन्द्रियैः स्प्रष्टव्यमिति ॥३॥ विक्रेयाणि विक्रीयापुत्रवैश्यो भिक्षुभ्यो विक्रयफलमददाद्दानपुण्यं चादत्त । एतत्कर्म स्तुत्यमिति भिक्षवः प्रोचुर्बुद्धिमन्तस्तु विकल्पयन्ति किमेवं कुर्वाणो वश्यः पुण्यं चकारेति ॥४॥ गुरुभिः शिष्याः शासितव्याः शिष्यैरध्ययनमध्येतव्यम् ॥५॥