Lesson 40

40.1. सुभाषितानि

विद्या ददाति विनयं विनयाद्याति पात्रताम् । पात्रत्वाद्धनमाप्नोति धनाद्धर्मं ततः सुखम् ॥१॥ सुखार्थी चेत्त्यजेद्विद्यां विद्यार्थी चेत्त्यजेत्सुखम् । सुखार्थिनः कुतो विद्या कुतो विद्यार्थिनः सुखम् ॥२॥ आचार्यात्पादमादत्ते पादं शिष्यः स्वमेधया । पादं सब्रह्मचारिभ्यः पादं कालक्रमेण च ॥३॥

Fig.: पादं सब्रह्मचारिभ्यः
(Image source: Details)

40.2. Formation of the first person perfect forms (लिट्)

Endings of the first person (तृतीयः) in the perfect (लिट्)

परस्मैपदम्	←	आत्मनेपदम्	←
एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्	एकवचनम्	बहुवचनम्
-a	-ma	-e	-mahe

Note that the endings of the 1st person singular P,Ā are identical to those of the 3rd person singular. Therefore, in all perfect types except Type III(a,b) and Type V(a,b,c), the forms of the 1st singular P or Ā are always identical to those of the 3rd singular P or Ā.

In Type IV, the 1st sg. P ends like the 3.sg.P with -au.

In perfect types III and V, the 1st singular Ā is always identical to the 3rd singular Ā.

In perfect types III and V, the 1st singular P and the 3rd singular P are optionally identical: the 3.sg.P must always be in the guṇa grade for these formation types, while the 1.sg.P can optionally be in the vṛddhi grade or guṇa grade.

Before endings that begin with a consonant, the connecting vowel -i- appears in the majority of roots.

Except before the ending -re, to which -i- must always be added; this connecting vowel does not appear before consonant-initial endings in eight roots ending in -ṛ or -u, namely

1. कृ 8U (except संस्कृ)
2. भृ 1U
3. वृ 9U "to choose"
4. सृ 1P
5. द्रु 1p "to run"
6. श्रु 5P
7. स्तु 2U
8. स्रु 1P "to flow"

In so-called facultative अनिट्-roots, the connecting vowel may optionally be inserted or omitted. (List of these roots in Kielhorn, Grammar p. 92 § 298b,2,3)

40.2.1. Perfect Type I: no stem gradation

1.sg. = 3.sg.

Verbs that follow this type:

• Consonant-Long Vowel-Consonant
• Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Consonant
• a-Consonant(-Consonant)
• ā-Konsonant

बन्ध् 9P

• 1.sg.P बबन्ध
• 1.pl.P बबन्धिम

जीव् 1P

• 1.sg.P जिजीव
• 1.pl.P जिजिविम

अश् 5Ā

• 1.sg.Ā आनशे
• 1.pl.Ā आनशिमहे

अस् 2P and अस् 4P

• 1.sg.P आस
• 1.pl.P आसिम (a + as-i-ma)

40.2.2. Perfect Type II: strong stem in guṇa grade, weak stem in zero grade

Verbs that follow this type:

• (Consonant-)i/u/ṛ/ḷ-Consonant

भिद् 7U

• 1.sg.P बिभेद

• 1.pl.P बिभिदिम

• 1.sg.Ā बिभिदे

• 1.pl.Ā बिभिदिमहे

मुह् 4P facultative अनिट्

• 1.sg.P मुमोह

• 1.pl.P मुमुहिम । मुमुह्म

40.2.3. Perfect Type III: Strong stem in guṇa/long grade

1st person singular present optionally strong stem or lengthened grade

40.2.3.1. Perfect Type IIIa: Strong stem strong/lengthened grade, weak stem zero grade

Verbs that follow this type:

• (Consonant-)(Consonant-)i/ī/u/ū
• (Consonant-)-ṛ

इ 2nd person plural

• 1st person singular present इयाय । इयय (i+e+a)

• 1st person plural present ईयिम (i+iy+i+ma)

नी 1st person singular

• 1st person singular present निनाय । निनय

• 1st person plural present निन्यिम (ni-nī + i + ma !!!)

• 1st person singular middle निन्ये

• 1st person plural middle निन्यिमहे

स्तु 2nd person singular strictly अनिट्

• 1st person singular present तुष्टाव । तुष्टव (tu-stem + a)

• 1st person plural present तुष्टुम

• 1st person singular middle तुष्टुवे

• 1st person plural middle तुष्टुमहे

कृ 8th class strictly अनिट्

• 1st person singular present चकार । चकर

• 1st person plural present चकृम

• 1st person singular middle चक्रे

• 1st person plural middle चकृमहे

40.2.3.2. Perfect Type IIIb: Strong stem strong/lengthened grade, weak stem strong grade

Verbs that follow this type:

• (Consonant-)(Consonant-)-ṝ
• Konsonant-Konsonant-ṛ

पॄ 3rd person plural

• 1st person singular present पपार । पपर

• 1st person plural present पपरिम

स्मृ 1st person singular

• 1st person singular present सस्मार । सस्मर

• 1st person plural present सस्मरिम

संस्कृ 8th class

• 1st person singular present सञ्चस्कार । सञ्चस्कर

• 1st person plural present सञ्चस्करिम

• 1st person singular middle सञ्चस्करे

• 1st person plural middle सञ्चस्करिमहे

40.2.4. Perfect Type IV: Roots ending in -ā / -ai

• Strong stem:
• 1st,3rd person singular Parasamaipada: -au
• Weak stem:
• before consonant: zero grade-i
• before vowel: zero grade-ø

दा 3rd person singular

• 1st person singular present ददौ

• 1st pl.P ददिम (da-d-i-ma)

• 1st sg.Ā ददे

• 1st pl.Ā ददिमहे

40.2.5. Perfect Type V: Consonant-a-Consonant

1st sg.P. optionally strong-grade or lengthened-grade

40.2.5.1. Perfect Type Va: Consonant-a-Consonant, weak stem low-grade

Verbs that follow this type:

1. gam "to go"
2. han (»ghan) "to strike down"
3. jan "to be born"
4. vac "to speak"
5. vad "to say"
6. yaj "to sacrifice"
7. etc.

गम् 1P

• 1st sg.P जगाम । जगम

• 1st pl.P जग्मिम (ja-gm-i-ma)

हन् 2P

• 1st sg.P जघान । जघन

• 1st pl.P जघ्निम

जन् 4Ā

• 1st sg.Ā जज्ञे

• 1st pl.Ā जज्ञिमहे

वच् 2P

• 1st sg.P उवाच । उवच

• 1st pl.P ऊचिम (u + uc-ima)

वद् 1P (Ā)

• 1st sg.P उवाद । उवद

• 1st pl.P ऊदिम

• 1st sg.Ā ऊदे

• 1st pl.Ā ऊदिमहे

यज् 1U

• 1st sg.P इयाज । इयज

• 1st pl.P ईजिम

• 1st sg.Ā ईजे

• 1st pl.Ā ईजिमहे

40.2.5.2. Perfect Type Vb: Consonant-a-Consonant, initial consonant not guttural, aspirate, h, weak stem without reduplication, with -e-

पच् 1U

• 1st sg.P पपाच । पपच

• 1st pl.P पेचिम

• 1st sg.Ā पेचे

• 1st pl.Ā पेचिमहे

40.2.5.3. Perfect Type Vc: Consonant-a-Consonant, weak stem strong-grade

Verbs that follow this type:

• All other roots with medial -a-

क्रम् 1U

• 1st sg.P चक्राम । चक्रम

• 1.pl.P चक्रमिम

• 1.sg.Ā चक्रमे

• 1.pl.Ā चक्रमिमहे

40.2.6. Special Perfect Forms

विद् 2P present perfect:

• 1.sg.P वेद (= 3.sg.P)

• 1.pl.P विद्म

अह् 1st person not customary!

भू 1P

• 1.sg.P बभूव (= 3.sg.P)

• 1.pl.P बभूविम

जि 1P

• 1.sg.P जिगाय (= 3.sg.P) । जिगय

• 1.pl.P जिग्यिम (ji-gi + i + ma !)

40.3. Formation of the first-person verb forms of the periphrastic perfect (अनुप्रयोगलिट्)

The periphrastic perfect is formed from:

• derived verbal stems (causative, desiderative, frequentative, denominatives), especially causative
• roots that begin with a long vowel (except ā)
• roots: Vowel (except a-)-Consonant-Consonant
• some others
• for some roots, both perfects can optionally be formed: uṣ "to burn", vid "to know", jāgṛ "to wake", daridrā "to be poor"
• for the following roots, both perfects can optionally be formed and also the periphrastic perfect is reduplicated, namely with the reduplicating syllable of the present stem:
• bhī "to fear"
• bhṛ "to carry"
• hu "to sacrifice"
• hrī "to be ashamed"

ईक्ष् 1Ā

• 1.sg.Ā ईक्षां चक्रे । ईक्षामास । ईक्षां बभूव

• 1.pl.Ā ईक्षां चकृमहे । ईक्षामासिम । ईक्षां बभूविम

बन्ध् Causative P: बन्धयति

• 1.sg.P बन्धयां चकर । बन्धयां चकार (= 3.sg.P) । बन्धयामास (= 3.sg.P) । बन्धयां बभूव (= 3.sg.P)

• 1.pl.P बन्धयां चकृम । बन्धयामासिम । बन्धयां बभूविम

40.4. Syntax of the First Person (तृतीयः)

Since a finite verb (conjugated verb) also expresses the agent (कर्तृ), "I" and "we" do not need to be explicitly expressed by a personal pronoun in non-passive verbal sentences with a finite verb.

40.5. Personal Pronouns (पुरुषार्थकसर्वनाम) of the First Person Singular and Plural

The form of the personal pronoun (personal pronoun) is the same for all genders.

	एकवचनम् "I"	बहुवचनम् "We"
प्रथमा	अहम्	वयम्
द्वितीया	माम् / मा	अस्मान् / नस्
तृतीया	मया	अस्माभिस्
चतुर्थी	मह्यम् / मे	अस्मभ्यम् / नस्
पञ्चमी	मत्	अस्मत्
षष्ठी	मम / मे	अस्माकम् / नस्
सप्तमी	मयि	अस्मासु

The shorter forms, which stand in second place above (मा, मे, नस्), must never be used at the beginning of a sentence or verse.

Before the particles च, वा, एव these so-called enclitic forms must also not be used:

only: ... मां च ... "and me"

The genitive (षष्ठी) of the personal pronouns is used as a possessive pronoun:

मम । मे = "my"

अस्माकम् । नस् = "our"

As the first member of compounds, these pronouns have the stems:

e.g. मत्पुस्तकम् "my book" ; अस्मद्पुस्तकानि "our books"

40.6. Glossary

पात्र n.: Venerable, Master, Worthy One

मेधा f.: Wisdom, Intellect, Thought

पुस्तक m.n.: Manuscript, Book

कॢप् 1Ā कल्पते : to be in proper order, to fit (Loc.) ; to take shape, to form ; to resolve to, to condescend to (Dat.)

Perf. II चकॢपे optionally अनिट्
Fut. कल्पिष्यते । कल्प्स्यते
Caus. कल्पयति : to put in order, to create, to form in the imagination, to imagine
PPP कॢप्त
Inf. कल्पितुम् । कल्प्तुम्

from this:

कल्पना f.: The forming in thought, the assumption of something non-existent in reality, Fiction

कॢप् + वि Caus. विकल्पयति : (to imagine differently =) to question, to doubt

from this:

विक्ल्प m.: Alternative, Doubt

तुद् 6U तुदति : to strike

Perf. II तुतोद, तुतुदुर्
Fut. तोत्स्यति
Pass. तुद्यते
Caus. तोदयति
PPP तुन्न (tud + na)
Inf. तोत्तुम्

तॄ 1P तरति : to cross over, to transgress, to save oneself from someone (Acc. = to cross over someone)

Perf. IIIb ततार, ततरुर् । तेरुर्
Fut. तरिष्यति । तरीष्यति
Pass. तीर्यते
Caus. तारयति
PPP तीर्ण
Inf. तरितुम् । तरीतुम्

from this:

तीर्थ n.: Ford, sacred bathing place, pilgrimage site

Abb.: हरिद्वारे तीर्थम्
(Image source: Details)

तीर्थङ्कर m. (from: तीर्थम्+ कृ): Ford-maker (across suffering) = the 24 teachers of Jainism

Fig.: तीर्थङ्करः
(Uppruni myndar: Details)

अव Präverb.: herab, hinab, weg, ab-

तॄ + अव 1P अवतरति : herabsteigen

davon:

अवतार kk.: (Niðurstigandi, niðurstigning) Holdgervingur guðs, sérstaklega 10 holdgervingar Viṣṇu (sjá Basham, Wonder bls. 304 - 309)

Mynd: विष्णोर्दशावताराः
(Uppruni myndar: Details)

स्वप् 2P स्वपिति, स्वपन्ति : sofa, leggjast til svefns

Impf. अस्वपीत् । अस्वपत्
Perf. सुष्वाप, सुषुपुर्
Fut. स्वप्स्यति
Pass. सुप्यते (úr *svp-ya-te)
Kaus. स्वापयति
PPP सुप्त
Inf. स्वप्तुम्

davon:

स्वप्न m.: Schlaf, Traum

सुप्ति kv. (úr *svp-ti): svefn, sérstaklega djúpsvefn

Mynd: स्वपन्ति
(Uppruni myndar: Details)

40.7. Æfing

A) Þýðið सुभाषितानि í upphafi kennslustundar.

B) Transform the following verbal forms into the corresponding perfect forms. If there are multiple possibilities, please provide all of them.

(Zeichenerklärung: अ = अनिट्, इ = fakultativ अनिट्)

1. अश्नीमः
2. स्मः
3. स्रक्ष्यामि
4. स्तुमहे अ
5. वर्धामहे
6. आवर्ते
7. सेक्ष्यामि
8. अलुभ्याम
9. रुन्धे
10. रोदिमि
11. अयुध्यामहि
12. युञ्ज्मः
13. अजानीम
14. ददामि
15. अबिभयम्
16. वच्मः
17. कामये
18. वसामः
19. अभवाम
20. अस्यामि
21. अबिभ्रि अ
22. कल्पामहे इ
23. त्यज्यामि
24. अतरम्
25. चिन्मः
26. पृच्छामः
27. अनश्याम इ
28. चरामः
29. अवदाम
30. शोचयामः
31. दध्महे
32. पिबामि
33. धरामः
34. म्रिये
35. दूषयामः
36. मन्ये
37. स्वपिमः
38. पामि
39. शृणुमः अ
40. अतुदम्
41. अमिम
42. तिष्ठामि
43. अवहाम
44. अकुर्महि अ
45. जहीमः
46. अस्पृशम्
47. नेष्यामः
48. तन्महे
49. अक्रीणि
50. पुने
51. भुञ्ज्मः
52. स्मरिष्यामः
53. अभजाम (fer eftir tegund Vb)
54. जेष्यामः
55. आसे (umskrifandi)
56. विन्दामः
57. धक्ष्यामः
58. शक्नुमः
59. भिनद्मि
60. भोत्स्ये
61. लभे
62. नर्तिष्यामि
63. अगमयम्
64. द्विष्महे
65. चोरये
66. अजुहुम
67. अहनम्
68. पश्यामः
69. ईक्षे

40.8. Form Review Exercise

1. ददे
2. ददते
3. पापे
4. आसे
5. एते
6. इते
7. इतः
8. यतः
9. यते
10. ईयते
11. यत्
12. यदा
13. अस्तुवि
14. अस्तुवति
15. अस्तवीत्
16. ब्रह्मिणः
17. ब्रह्मणः
18. ब्राह्मणः
19. लभे
20. लाभे
21. लेभे
22. लोभे
23. काश्चन
24. तन्त्रे
25. तत्र
26. मनौ
27. मेने
28. सत्स्यामि
29. वेत्स्यामः
30. कच्चित्
31. तत्त्यागः
32. तत्याज
33. विद्ये
34. विद्याम्
35. एनेन
36. ऐक्षे
37. आह
38. आहन्