Lesson 26

26.1. Law of cerebralisations for -s- within the word

-s- is replaced by -ṣ-, when k, r, l or a vowel — except for a, ā — immediately precedes it or is separated only by अनुस्वार or विसर्ग, and another sound than ṛ, r follows.

This Sandhi also applies to दुस्- before voiceless gutturals and labials in compounds.

Examples:

तेषाम् (from: te-sām)

but: तासाम् (tā-sām)

26.2. Law of cerebralisations for dentals within the word

Dental stops are replaced by the corresponding retroflexes after retroflexes (including -ṣ-):

iṣ + -ta = iṣṭa (इष्ट)
ti + sth + a + ti = tiṣṭhati (तिष्ठति)
(ṣ because of the preceding i, ṭh because of the subsequently following ṣ)

26.3. Word Sandhi for Palatal, Guttural, ṣ, h + -s

-k, -kh, -g, -gh; -c, -j; -ś, -ṣ; -h + s- » -kṣ

Examples see below

26.4. Grassmann's Law of aspiration dissimilation

An immediate sequence of two aspirates (aspirate - vowel - aspirate) results in the loss of aspiration on the first sound:

Example:

*dhu(gh) » du(g)h

If the second sound loses its aspiration due to phonetic laws, then aspiration reappears on the first sound.

Examples: see below future tense of  दुह् and  बुध्

Fig.: Hermann Grassmann
(Uppruni myndar: Upplýsingar)

26.5. Word Sandhi for -m, -n before sibilants

Before sibilants, -n and -m are replaced by -ṃ-:

Example: s. below future tense of मन्

26.6. Usage of the simple future tense (ऌत्, भविष्यन्ती f.)

The simple future tense (ऌत्, भविष्यन्ती f.) expresses:

the future
an intended or desired action ("I will go", "I want to go")
an expectation ("it will happen so")
hope
fear
probability
speaker's opinion
command

The future tense is partly in competition with the optative (see later).

e.g. व्रतं करिष्यन्देवगृहं गच्छति = "Someone who wishes to make a vow goes to the temple."

Fig.: व्रतं करिष्यन्देवगृहं गच्छति
(Uppruni myndar: Upplýsingar)

26.7. Formation of the simple future tense (ऌत्, भविष्यन्ती f.)

Simple future tense:

Future stem + primary endings

Future stem:

(usually) guṇa-strengthened root + -sya
or
(usually) guṇa-strengthened root + -i- + -sya (= - iṣya)

Which root has which formation of the future stem must be learned with the stem forms!
In general, root form and connecting vowel of the future correspond to the infinitive.
Some roots can optionally form the future with and without connecting vowel -i-.
The Parasmaipada participle of the future is formed by adding the suffix -nt- to the future stem, feminine optionally on -ntī or -tī:

कृ : करिष्यन्त्, करिष्यन्ती / करिष्यती

Examples:

Root	Future 3. sg. P (Ā)
नी	नेष्यति
भू	भविष्यति (भो + इ + स्य + ति)
दिश्	देक्ष्यति (देश् + स्य + ति)
दृश्	द्रक्ष्यति
पच्	पक्ष्यति
प्रच्छ्	प्रक्ष्यति
यज्	यक्ष्यति
सृज्	स्रक्ष्यति
पद्	पत्स्यति
अद्	अत्स्यति
दुह्	धोक्ष्यति (दोग् + स्य + ति)
बुध्	भोत्स्यते (बोध् before voiceless = भोत्)
मन्	मंस्यते (मन् + स्य + ते)

26.8. Exercise

Form the corresponding future forms in number, person and voice (Parasmaipada, Ātmanepada):

A) without connecting vowel -i-:

1. अत्ति
2. प्राप्नुवन्ति
3. सम्यन्ति
4. विजयन्ते
5. दहन्
6. आदिशन्ति
7. दोग्धि
8. पश्यति (form future of दृश्)
9. उपानयन्ति
10. पचति
11. उपपद्यन्ते
12. पिबति
13. पृच्छति
14. बुध्यन्ते
15. मन्यते
16. मुञ्चति
17. यजते
18. युध्यन्ते
19. भजति
20. कृषति
21. क्रुध्यन्ति
22. दुष्यति
23. द्वेष्टि
24. पान्ति
25. सीदति
26. लभते
27. वक्ति
28. प्रविशन्ति
29. शक्नोति
30. शृणोति
31. सिञ्चति
32. सुन्वन्ति
33. सृजति
34. स्तौति
35. तिष्ठति

B) With connecting vowel -i-:

1. अस्यति
2. आसते
3. इच्छति
4. संस्करोति
5. खादति
6. लुभ्यति
7. तनुते
8. उपागच्छन्ति
9. चरति
10. जायन्ते
11. नृत्यति
12. सहते
13. पतन्ति
14. रोदिति
15. प्रभवति
16. म्रियन्ते (in future Parasmaipada)
17. जीवन्ति
18. रक्षति
19. वदति
20. स्मरति
21. घ्नन्ति
22. अर्हन्ति
23. कुप्यन्ति

C) Future optional with and without -i-:

1. मुह्यन्ति
2. वर्तते
3. अश्नुवते (in the Future Parasmaipada)