Exercise 9

A) Attempt to determine the possible meanings of the following words:

1. brāhmānaka ब्राह्मणक : m. one who is only similar to a Brahmin = a bad Brahmin

2. mati मति : f. opinion

3. śravaṇa श्रवण : n. ear

4. dhenuka धेनुक : m. (coitus) in the manner of a cow

5. jayaka जयक : 3 victorious

6. rakṣikā रक्षिका : f. guardian, amulet

7. karṣaka कर्षक : 3 plowing ; m. farmer

8. kleśa क्लेश : m. torment

9. nāyikātva नायिकात्व : n. state of a beloved

10. tantraka तन्त्रक : 3 (just) coming from the warp / loom = newly woven

11. nartaka (f. nartakī) नर्तक (नर्तकी) : dancer

12. naraka नरक : m. hell

13. lābhaka लाभक : m. = lābha

14. īśvaratā ईश्वरता : f. lordship

15. dhenukā धेनुका : f. = dhenu

16. yodhaka योधक : m. fighter

17. kopa कोप : m. anger

18. veśaka वेशक : 3 entering

19. darśaka दर्शक : 3 seeing

20. kopaka कोपक : 3 someone who is easily angry, short-tempered

B) Translate:

1. Duties of all twice-borns:

ijyādhyayanadānāni इज्याध्ययनदानानि

(Yājñavalkyadharmaśāstra I, 118)

Sacrifice, study of the Vedas, giving gifts.

2. Specific duties of a Brahmin:

pravacanayājanapratigrahāḥ प्रवचनयाजनप्रतिग्रहाः

(Gautamadharmasūtra X,2)

Teaching, sacrificing on behalf of others, accepting gifts.

3. Specific duties of a Kṣatriya:

rakṣaṇaṃ sarvabhūtānām रक्षणं सर्वभूतानाम्

(sarvabhūtānām = Genitive: "of all beings")

(Gautamadharmasūtra X,7)

Protecting all beings.

4. Specific duties of a Vaiśya:

kṛṣivāṇijyapāśupālyakusīdam कृषिवाणिज्यपाशुपाल्यकुसीदम्

(after Gautamadharmasūtra X,49)

Agriculture, trade, cattle rearing and money lending.

5. Duties of a Śūdra:

dvijātīnāṃ śuśrūṣā vārttā kārukuśīlavakarma ca. द्विजातीनं शुश्रूषा वार्त्त्ता कारुकुशीलवकर्म च

(after Kauṭilīya-arthaśāstra 1.3.8.)

Explanation:
dvijātīnām = Genitive (possessive case) plural of dvijāti (translate here: "towards the twice-born")

kārukuśīlavakarma is a Tatpuruṣa compound with a Dvandva (kārukuśīlava) in the first member. karma = Nom. sg. of karman n. "deed, activity, karma" from the root kṛ 8 U). Translate as "deed / activity of the ... (denoted by the Dvandva)" (Genitive).

Obedience towards the twice-born, livelihood activities, activity as a craftsman or wandering showman.

6. kṛṣiḥ pāśupālyaṃ vaṇijyā ca vārttā. कृषिः पाशुपाल्यं वणिज्या च वार्त्ता

(after Kauṭilīya-arthaśāstra 1.4.1.)

Economics is agriculture, cattle rearing and trade.

Fig.: रक्षणं सर्वभूतानाम्
(Uppruni myndar: Upplýsingar)